SECTION A — MULTIPLE CHOICE (Answers + short explanations)
- Answer: A (Mexico / Mexico City). Explanation: Mexico City is built on the site of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
- Answer: B. Belt development = when growth follows a narrow strip along a main road.
- Answer: C (Regulation). Tip: a notice that enforces behavior or restricts actions is usually a regulation.
- Answer: D. Members being allowed to buy goods on credit is NOT a basic cooperative rule (cooperatives may allow credit but it is not a fundamental principle).
- Answer: A. A trade union is an organization that advocates for workers’ rights and better working conditions.
- Answer: A. A traditional Pacific value is relying on extended family networks (communal/kin relationships).
- Answer: B. The most common migration globally is rural → urban (people move to cities).
- Answer: A. Push–pull theory is used to explain why people migrate (push factors force people out; pull factors attract them).
- Answer: D. War or famine is a push factor (forces people to leave).
- Answer: D. Traditional social structure is NOT a requirement for a place to be considered a city (cities need surplus, specialized production, transport, etc.).
- Answer: D. Port Moresby (PNG) has the largest population among the listed Pacific cities.
- Answer: D. Streets in early towns were not arranged in 'iron grid patterns' (this option is incorrect / unrealistic).
- Answer: B. If shipwrecked, you would create rules for survival.
- Answer: B. ACP = Africa, Caribbean, Pacific.
- Answer: A. Cooperatives were formed to protect consumers from being cheated (and to supply fair goods, savings opportunities, etc.).
- Answer: B. Rural means countryside.
- Answer: B. SPREP: established in 1993 with headquarters in Apia, Samoa (SPREP HQ = Apia). Explanation: SPREP = South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, HQ in Apia.
- Answer: C. The human figure on the island shows relationship between people and environment (representing closeness).
- Answer: B. Parts outside the CBD are called suburbs.
- Answer: A. A proposal normally passes through 3 main EU institutions (Commission proposes; Parliament and Council must approve) — so 3.
- Answer: A. The European Parliament is involved in law-making (debate and pass legislation together with the Council).
- Answer: C. The EU is important to Pacific countries because it is an important trading and donor partner.
- Answer: A. United Nations headquarters is in New York.
- Answer: C. Manners are norms of behaviour used within society.
- Answer: A. An economic reason to migrate is inability to find work.
- Answer: B. Boredom in division of labour comes from doing the same task over and over.
- Answer: C. In a cooperative, members have limited liability (not individual officers).
- Answer: B. Slaves in some ancient cities were often housed in warehouses or work quarters (many ancient urban slaves lived beside workplaces; warehouses is a reasonable answer here).
- Answer: A. A person trained to do only one kind of work is a specialist.
SECTION B — SHORT ANSWER MODEL RESPONSES
QUESTION 1: LIVING IN TOWNS
a) Urbanisation: the process by which people move from rural areas to towns and cities, causing city populations to grow.
b) About 50% (more than half) of the world’s population now lives in cities.
c) Two causes for >50% Pacific urban population by 2020:
(i) Increased rural-to-urban migration
(ii) High birth rates in urban areas
d) Example pull factor: Better job opportunities in the city — people move because there are more and higher-paid jobs, plus access to schools and health care.
e) Two urban problems:
(i) Overcrowding and housing shortages
(ii) Poor sanitation and lack of clean water or increased waste
f) Solutions:
(i) Build affordable housing and improve land-use planning to reduce overcrowding.
(ii) Invest in sanitation, water systems and waste management to improve health and environment.
QUESTION 2: LEARNING TO LIVE IN VANUATU
a) Arranged marriage: In the past, families (parents, elders) chose marriage partners for their children, often to strengthen family ties or agreements between families.
b) Reasons for arranged marriage:
(i) To strengthen alliances between families or clans (social and economic ties)
(ii) To ensure that cultural or social expectations (status, land, lineage) were preserved
c) Is it still common? Opinion: Less common today. Reasons:
1. Young people have more freedom to choose partners and value personal choice.
2. Increased education, urban life and contact with other cultures change marriage patterns.
d) "Some traditional customs are being commercialised." Explanation: Cultural practices are adapted or performed mainly to earn money from tourists, media, or events instead of being practiced only for their cultural meaning.
Examples: (1) Land-diving performed as a tourist attraction. (2) Traditional dances and ceremonies staged and sold as performances to visitors.
QUESTION 3
Why has land-diving been commercialized?
Answer: Because it attracts tourists, brings income to communities, and gains media attention — so people organise performances for visitors to earn money.
Two other examples of commercialisation of culture:
1) Traditional dance shows organised for tourists.
2) Handicrafts and ceremonial items sold as souvenirs.
Photograph activity / learning / change / factor — if the photo shows a cultural activity:
c) Activity: (example) traditional dance or land-diving.
d) Learning method: passed down by elders, observation, practice and mentoring by experienced members.
e) Change in home area: e.g., the activity is now performed for tourists or on festival stages.
f) Contributing factor: growth of tourism and visitor demand.
QUESTION 4 — ORGANISATION LOGO (example answers if logo is SPREP)
a) Organisation: SPREP (South Pacific Regional Environment Programme) — if that was the logo shown.
b) Headquarters: Apia, Samoa.
c) Why formed: to coordinate and promote protection and management of the Pacific environment.
d) Two advantages of membership:
1) Technical and policy support for environmental projects.
2) Access to regional funding, training and shared information on conservation.
QUESTION 5 — PACIFIC FORUM / SECRETARIAT
a) The Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) was established in 1947 (originally the South Pacific Commission).
b) Major initial aim: to provide technical assistance, research and cooperation to improve welfare and development in Pacific islands (health, development, resources).
c) One activity of the Pacific Forum/Secretariat: funding or supporting projects in fishing, tourism, air transport and agriculture (development programs and grants).
SECTION C — MATCHING UN AGENCIES TO AIMS
Group 1 (peace, security, development, labour):
- to build peace and security through international cooperation in education, science, and culture = UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
- to maintain international peace and security by investigating disputes, recommending peaceful settlements, and, when necessary, imposing sanctions or authorizing the use of force = United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
- to end poverty, build democratic governance, rule of law and inclusive institutions = UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)
- to promote social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights = ILO (International Labour Organization)
Group 2 (food, health, children):
- to eliminate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition, and to make agriculture, forestry, and fisheries more productive and sustainable = FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)
- to achieve the highest possible level of health for all people worldwide = WHO (World Health Organization)
- to protect the rights of every child, meet their basic needs, and help them reach their full potential = UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)
SECTION C — ESSAY HELP (Commercialization of Traditional Customs)
What it means (2 marks): Turning cultural practices, rituals or items into goods, services or performances sold to outsiders (often tourists) for money, rather than keeping them purely for community, religious or family use.
Example from Vanuatu (2 marks): Land-diving performed at set times to attract tourists and pay local guides or performers.
Why commercialization happens (3 marks):
- Economic benefit: communities earn income from tourists and visitors.
- Demand from tourism industry and media increases performances.
- Modernisation and fewer livelihood options push communities to monetise traditions.
3 ways to conserve without commercialising (3 marks):
1) Community control and rules: set clear rules about when and how customs are shown to outsiders so core meanings are protected.
2) Education: teach youth about the cultural significance in schools and community programs so practices continue authentically.
3) Cultural protocols and limited access: restrict commercial performances and create cultural centers or controlled cultural festivals where income supports the community and respects traditions.
SECTION D — MAPPING SKILLS
a) The five largest countries by land area (with the areas the question listed):
1. Canada — 9,984,670 km²
2. United States of America — 9,596,960 km²
3. China — 9,525,067 km²
4. Brazil — 8,519,346 km²
5. Australia — 7,741,220 km²
b) Colour these five countries clearly on the world map (use different colours or one colour and label each country).
Study tips for revision:
- Read each multiple-choice question and eliminate clearly wrong answers first.
- Learn key definitions: urbanisation, push/pull factors, cooperative principles, trade union, rural vs urban.
- Memorise a few key regional organisations and their HQ (SPREP—Apia; SPC—Noumea/ regional offices; Pacific Forum Secretariat—Suva historically for the Forum; check your textbook for exact names and years).
- Practice short-answer writing: give a concise definition, then one or two examples or causes, and one short solution if needed.
- When images or logos are shown in exams, describe what you see first (symbols, words) and then link to the known organisation or idea.