Revision Guide for Year 10 / Age 15 — Social Studies: Towns, Migration, Pacific Organisations, Cooperatives, Culture & UN Agencies (Complete Test Revision)

SECTION A — MULTIPLE CHOICE (answers with short explanations)

1. Answer: A. Mexico — Mexico City stands on the site of the old Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.
2. Answer: B. When a town or part of it grows in a narrow strip along a main road — that describes belt development (ribbon development).
3. Answer: C. Regulation — Notices that set required behaviours or restrictions are regulations.
4. Answer: D. Members are allowed to buy goods on credit — not a basic rule for all cooperatives (some allow credit but it is not a founding principle).
5. Answer: A. An organization that advocates for workers’ rights and better working conditions — this is the main role of trade unions.
6. Answer: B. Clan members acting as caretakers of the land — stewardship of land and communal responsibility is a core Pacific value.
7. Answer: B. Migration from rural areas to urban centers — rural-to-urban drift is the most common global pattern.
8. Answer: A. To explain why people immigrate — push-pull theory explains why people leave (push) and are attracted (pull) to places.
9. Answer: D. War or famine — these are push factors forcing people to leave.
10. Answer: D. A traditional social structure — a city does not require a traditional social structure; the other items are typical city features.
11. Answer: D. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea — among the choices, Port Moresby is the largest by population.
12. Answer: D. Streets arranged in iron grid patterns — the phrase is odd; early towns did not have iron-grid streets for leisure — grid planning is modern; the other options were typical.
13. Answer: B. Rules for survival — if shipwrecked you need survival rules (food sharing, safety, rotation of duties).
14. Answer: B. Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific — ACP = Africa, Caribbean, Pacific.
15. Answer: A. To protect consumers from being cheated by landlords and shopkeepers — cooperatives began to protect consumers and allow fair prices and savings.
16. Answer: B. Countryside — rural means countryside.
17. Answer: B. 1993, Apia, Samoa — SPREP (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme) was established in the early 1990s; headquarters in Apia.
18. Answer: C. The human figure on the island — that element links people and environment in the SPREP logo.
19. Answer: B. Suburbs — areas outside the CBD are called suburbs.
20. Answer: A. 3 — many summaries of the EU process say a proposal passes through three main institutions (Commission proposal, then Parliament and Council approval).
21. Answer: A. Law-making — the European Parliament is a legislative body representing EU citizens.
22. Answer: C. It is an important trading and donor partner — the EU is a major donor and trading partner for many Pacific countries.
23. Answer: A. New York — the UN Headquarters is in New York City.
24. Answer: C. Behaviour used within society — manners are part of social norms applied in society.
25. Answer: A. They cannot find work — lack of jobs is a common economic reason for migration.
26. Answer: B. Doing the same work over and over again — this repetitive work can cause boredom in a divided labour system.
27. Answer: C. Members — in many cooperatives members have limited liability (they are not personally liable beyond their share contribution).
28. Answer: C. In large houses — historically many slaves lived with or in the homes of masters or in poor housing associated with households (answer shows they lived inside cities within masters' dwellings).
29. Answer: A. Specialist — a specialist is trained to do one kind of work.

SECTION B — SHORT ANSWER MODEL RESPONSES (use these as revision answers)

QUESTION 1: LIVING IN TOWNS

a) Definition of Urbanisation (1 mark):
Urbanisation is the process by which more and more people move from rural areas to towns and cities, increasing the proportion of people living in urban areas.

b) Percentage of the world living in cities (1 mark):
More than 50% (over half) of the world’s population now lives in urban areas.

c) Two factors causing Pacific urban growth by 2020 (2 marks):
(i) Increased rural-to-urban migration (people moving to towns for jobs and services).
(ii) High birth rates in urban and peri-urban areas.

d) One pull factor explanation (1 mark):
Better job opportunities in towns pull people from rural areas — cities often have more factories, businesses and paid work than villages.

e) Two urban problems from rapid urbanisation (2 marks):
(i) Overcrowded and inadequate housing (slums, poor sanitation).
(ii) Unemployment or underemployment and overcrowded services (schools, hospitals).

f) Solutions to slow or reduce each problem (2 marks):
(i) For overcrowded housing — build affordable public housing and enforce planning/zoning standards.
(ii) For unemployment — support small businesses, vocational training, and encourage industries to locate in or near towns.

QUESTION 2: LEARNING TO LIVE IN VANUATU

a) Practice concerning arranged marriage (1 mark):
In the past families arranged marriages — parents or chiefs chose partners for their children to strengthen family ties or alliances.

b) Two reasons arranged marriage was practised (2 marks):
(i) To strengthen family, clan or village alliances and settle disputes.
(ii) To secure economic or social advantages (land, pigs, bride-price, status).

c) Is this practice still common? Give two reasons (2 marks):
Opinion: Not as common today — many people choose their own partners.
Reason 1: Greater education and individual rights encourage young people to choose partners.
Reason 2: Influence of Christianity, modern laws and urbanization changed customs and gave more personal freedom.

d) "Some traditional customs are being commercialised" — explanation and two examples (3 marks):
Explanation: Commercialisation means traditional customs are turned into products or performances to earn money (often for tourists), which can change their meaning.
Example 1: Land-diving being organized as a tourist show.
Example 2: Traditional dances and ceremonies performed regularly for visitors and sold as part of a tourism package.

QUESTION 3: COMMERCIALISATION OF LAND-DIVING (and culture)

a) Why land-diving has been commercialized (1 mark):
Because it attracts tourists and generates income for villages, so communities stage land-diving as a cultural tourism event.

b) Two other examples of commercialization of culture (2 marks):
1) Traditional dance performances staged nightly for tourists.
2) Sale of handmade traditional crafts at markets specifically targeted at visitors.

c) How do people learn traditional activities? (1 mark):
People learn through family teaching, elders, apprenticeships, and community training (oral instruction and practice).

d) State a change that may occur in your home area related to such activities (1 mark):
Example: Fewer young people take part because they move to towns for school and jobs.

e) One factor that contributed to this change (1 mark):
Urbanization and migration to the city for education and employment reduce the number available to learn and practice traditions.

QUESTION 4: REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS (logo question — typical answers)

(If the logo shown was for the Pacific Islands Forum / Secretariat of the Pacific Forum)
a) Organisation that owns the logo: Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) / Forum Secretariat (1 mark).
b) Headquarters city and country: Suva, Fiji (1 mark).
c) Why the organisation was formed: To promote cooperation and collective action by Pacific island countries on political, economic and regional issues (1 mark).
d) Two advantages of being a member (2 marks):
1) Stronger regional voice in international negotiations and access to development assistance.
2) Cooperation on regional projects (trade, fisheries, security, disaster response) and technical support.

QUESTION 5: SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY (SPC / Pacific Forum references)

a) Year SPC was established (1 mark): 1947 (the South Pacific Commission was created in 1947; it later became SPC/Secretariat of the Pacific Community).

b) Major aim when first formed (1 mark): To support social and economic development in the Pacific and provide technical advice and cooperation among member governments (health, agriculture, fisheries, statistics).

c) One activity done by the Pacific Forum / Secretariat (1 mark): Provided funds and assistance to develop fishing, tourism, air transport or agriculture (example from the extract: financed projects worth millions of vatu).

SECTION C — MATCHING: UN AGENCIES AND AIMS (quick mapping)

Match the agencies to the aims — these short pairings are useful to memorise:

• UNESCO — to build peace and security through international cooperation in education, science, and culture.
• UN Security Council — to maintain international peace and security by investigating disputes, recommending peaceful settlements, and (if needed) authorizing action.
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) — to end poverty, build democratic governance and strengthen institutions.
• ILO (International Labour Organization) — to promote social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights.
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) — to eliminate hunger and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries.
• WHO (World Health Organization) — to achieve the highest possible level of health for all people worldwide.
• UNICEF — to protect the rights of every child, meet their basic needs and help them reach their potential.

SECTION C — ESSAY (COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRADITIONAL CUSTOMS)

Short structured model answer:

1. What the phrase means (2 marks): Commercialization of traditional custom means turning cultural practices, rituals, or objects into goods or paid services (often for tourists), making them sources of income rather than only community or spiritual activities.
2. Example in Vanuatu (2 marks): Land-diving (Nagol) staged for tourists, or traditional dances performed at hotels and tourist sites for a fee.
3. Why it was commercialized (3 marks): Villages and individuals commercialize customs to earn income from tourism, to pay for community needs (schools, clinics), and because outside demand encourages regular performances. Tourism and economic pressures make commercialization attractive.
4. Three ways to conserve customs without commercializing (3 marks):
   • (i) School and community education — teach customs in schools and community programs so youth value them for identity, not only for money.
   • (ii) Community control and cultural protocols — set rules about when and how customs are shared or performed; keep sacred rituals private and non-commercial.
   • (iii) Cultural documentation and festivals managed by communities — record stories, songs and dances, and hold community-led (non-commercial) cultural days to strengthen practice without turning them into tourist shows.

SECTION D — MAPPING SKILLS (Five largest countries by land area)

Most common list of the five largest countries by land area (and approximate areas):

1. Russia — about 17,098,246 km²
2. Canada — about 9,984,670 km²
3. United States of America — about 9,833,517 km²
4. China — about 9,596,961 km²
5. Brazil — about 8,515,767 km²

For the map question: use a single colour for each of these five countries (or the same colour to show them) and label them clearly: Russia (Eurasia), Canada (North America), USA (North America), China (Asia), Brazil (South America). That will get full marks if the map asked to colour them.

Study tips for exam day: go through the multiple-choice answers first (they are quick marks), write short definitions you can remember, and use bullet points for short-answer questions. For essays, plan 3 main points and expand each with a sentence or two.