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This textbook can show that Portuguese traders and some African leaders took part in the slave trade and that the voyage across the Atlantic was crowded and dangerous.

But it downplays how much people were forced, how cruel the capture and sale were, and the full horrors many enslaved people suffered on the Middle Passage.

So it is partly useful but incomplete and biased, and should be checked against slave testimonies and other sources to get the full truth.


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