Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Demonstrate knowledge of the basic concepts of print.

Locate a printed word on a page.

Distinguish letters from words within sentences.

Match print to speech to demonstrate that language is represented by print.

Identify parts of a book (front cover, back cover, title page).

Move top to bottom and left to right on the printed page.

Identify all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Recognize that print conveys specific meaning and pictures may support meaning.

Demonstrate phonological awareness.

Blend and segment syllables in spoken words.

Identify and produce alliterative and rhyming words.

Blend and segment onset and rimes of single-syllable words.

Identify the initial, medial, and final sound of spoken words.

Add or delete phonemes at the beginning or end of a spoken word.

Segment and blend phonemes in single-syllable spoken words.

Use knowledge of phonics and word-analysis skills to decode words accurately.

Demonstrate knowledge of the most frequent sound for each consonant.

Demonstrate knowledge of the short and long sounds for the five major vowels.

Decode consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words.

Encode consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words.

Recognize and read with automaticity grade-level high frequency words.

Describe the main character(s), setting, and important events in a story.

Explain the roles of author and illustrator of a story.

Identify rhyme in a poem.

Use titles, headings, and illustrations to predict and confirm the topic of texts.

Identify the topic of and multiple details in a text.

Explain the difference between opinions and facts about a topic.

Identify and explain descriptive words in text(s).

Retell a text orally to enhance comprehension.

Use main character(s), setting, and important events for a story.

Use topic and details for an informational text.

Compare and contrast characters' experiences in stories.

Print many upper- and lowercase letters.

Using drawing, dictating, and/or writing, create narratives in chronological order.

Using drawing, dictating, and/or writing, express opinions with a supporting reason.

Using drawing, dictating, and/or writing, provide factual information about a topic.

With guidance, improve drawing and writing by planning, revising, and editing.

Present information orally using complete sentences.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.

Recall information to answer a question about a single topic.

Use a multimedia element to enhance oral or written tasks.

Use grade-level academic vocabulary appropriately in speaking and writing.

Ask and answer questions about unfamiliar words in grade-level content.

Identify and sort common words into basic categories.

Locate the title, table of contents, names of author(s) and illustrator(s), and glossary of books.

Demonstrate phonological awareness.

Segment spoken words into initial, medial, and final phonemes, including words with digraphs, blends, and trigraphs.

Orally blend initial, medial, and final phonemes together to produce a single-syllable word that includes digraphs, blends, or trigraphs.

Blend single-syllable spoken words with at least five phonemes.

Segment single-syllable spoken words with at least five phonemes.

Segment and blend phonemes in multi-syllable spoken words.

Use knowledge of grade-appropriate phonics and word-analysis skills to decode words accurately.

Decode words using knowledge of spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs, trigraphs, and blends.

Decode simple words with r-controlled vowels.

Decode and encode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Decode words with inflectional endings.

Decode two-syllable words with regular patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Decode words that use final -e and vowel teams to make long-vowel sounds.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Recognize and read with automaticity the grade-level sight words.

Identify and describe the main story elements in a story.

Identify and explain the moral of a story.

Explain who is telling the story using context clues.

Identify stanzas and line breaks in poems.

Use text features including titles, headings, captions, graphs, maps, glossaries, and/or illustrations to demonstrate understanding of texts.

Identify the topic of and relevant details in a text.

Explain similarities and differences between information provided in visuals and words in an informational text.

Identify an author's opinion(s) about the topic.

Identify and explain descriptive words and phrases in text(s).

Retell a text in oral or written form to enhance comprehension.

Compare and contrast two texts on the same topic.

Print all upper- and lowercase letters.

Write narratives that retell two or more appropriately sequenced events, including relevant details and a sense of closure.

Write opinions about a topic or text with at least one supporting reason from a source and a sense of closure.

Write expository texts about a topic, using a source, providing facts and a sense of closure.

With guidance and support from adults, improve writing, as needed, by planning, revising, and editing.

Present information orally using complete sentences and appropriate volume.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Participate in research to gather information to answer a question about a single topic.

Use a multimedia element to enhance oral or written tasks.

Use grade-level academic vocabulary appropriately in speaking and writing.

Identify and use frequently occurring base words and their common inflections in grade-level content.

Identify and use picture clues, context clues, word relationships, reference materials and/or background knowledge to determine the meaning of unknown words.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions in a variety of situations.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the writing process to collaboratively develop and enhance writing and oral communication.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Use knowledge of grade-appropriate phonics and word-analysis skills to decode words.

Decode words with variable vowel teams (e.g., oo, ea, ou) and vowel diphthongs (e.g., oi, oy, ow).

Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long and short vowels.

Decode words with open and closed syllables and consonant -le.

Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Decode words with silent letter combinations (e.g., knight, comb, island, ghost).

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Identify plot structure and describe main story elements in a literary text.

Explain and discuss the theme of stories.

Identify different characters' perspectives in a literary text.

Identify parts of poems using the terms line, line break, and rhyme scheme.

Describe how illustrations support and add meaning in a variety of written formats.

Compare and contrast different versions of the same story.

Explain how text features including titles, headings, captions, graphs, maps, and/or illustrations contribute to meaning.

Identify the central idea and important details in a grade-level informational text.

Explain an author's purpose in an informational text.

Identify an author's opinion(s) and the supporting details in grade-level informational texts.

Compare and contrast important details presented by two informational texts on the same topic.

Identify and discuss examples of figurative language, including similes, idioms, and alliteration in text(s).

Retell a text to enhance comprehension.

Use main story elements in a logical sequence for a literary text.

Use the central idea and relevant details for an informational text.

Compare and contrast important details presented by two texts on the same topic or theme.

Demonstrate legible printing skills.

Write personal or fictional narratives using a logical sequence of events, transitions, and an ending.

Write opinions about a topic or text with reasons supported by details, transitions, and a conclusion.

Write expository texts about a topic, using a source, providing an introduction, facts, transitions, and a conclusion.

Improve writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing with guidance and support.

Present information orally using complete sentences, appropriate volume, and clear pronunciation.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Participate in research to gather information to answer a question about a single topic using multiple sources.

Use one or more multimedia element(s) to enhance oral or written tasks.

Use digital tools to produce and publish writing individually or with peers and with support.

Use grade-level academic vocabulary appropriately in speaking and writing.

Identify and use base words and affixes to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Identify and use context clues, word relationships, reference materials, and/or background knowledge to determine meaning.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions in a variety of situations.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Use knowledge of grade-level phonics and word-analysis skills to decode words.

Decode words with common Greek and Latin roots and affixes.

Decode words with common derivational suffixes and describe how they turn words into different parts of speech.

Decode multisyllabic words.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Explain how one or more characters develop throughout the plot in a literary text.

Explain a theme and how it develops, using details, in a literary text.

Explain different characters' perspectives in a literary text.

Identify types of poems: free verse, rhymed verse, haiku, and limerick.

Explain how text features contribute to meaning and identify the text structures of chronology, comparison, and cause/effect in texts.

Identify the central idea and explain how relevant details support that idea in a text.

Explain the development of an author's purpose in an informational text.

Identify an author's claim and explain how an author uses evidence to support the claim.

Explain how figurative language contributes to meaning in text(s).

Summarize a text to enhance comprehension; include plot and theme for literary texts and central idea and details for informational texts.

Compare and contrast how two authors present information on the same topic or how two texts present similar themes or topics.

Write in cursive all upper- and lowercase letters.

Write personal or fictional narratives using a logical sequence of events, appropriate descriptions, dialogue, and an ending.

Write opinions about a topic or text, include reasons supported by details from one or more sources, use transitions, and provide a conclusion.

Write expository texts about a topic, using one or more sources, providing an introduction, facts, details, transitions, and a conclusion.

Improve writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing with guidance and support from adults and feedback from peers.

Present information orally, in a logical sequence, using nonverbal cues, appropriate volume, and clear pronunciation.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct research to answer a question, organizing information about the topic and using multiple sources.

Use multimedia elements to enhance oral or written tasks.

Use digital writing tools individually or collaboratively to plan, draft, and revise writing.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of Greek and Latin roots and affixes to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, word relationships, and reference materials to determine connotative and denotative meaning.

Use knowledge of grade-level phonics and word-analysis skills to decode words.

Apply knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read and write unfamiliar single-syllable and multisyllabic words in and out of context.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Explain how setting, events, conflict, and character development contribute to the plot in a literary text.

Explain a stated or implied theme and how it develops, using details, in a literary text.

Identify the narrator's point of view and explain the difference between a narrator's point of view and character perspective in a literary text.

Explain how rhyme and structure create meaning in a poem.

Explain how text features contribute to the meaning and identify the text structures of problem/solution, sequence, and description in texts.

Explain how relevant details support the central idea, implied or explicit.

Explain an author's perspective toward a topic in an informational text.

Explain an author's claim and the reasons and evidence used to support the claim.

Explain how figurative language contributes to meaning in text(s).

Summarize a text to enhance comprehension.

Include plot and theme for a literary text.

Include the central idea and relevant details for an informational text.

Compare and contrast accounts of the same event using primary and/or secondary sources.

Demonstrate legible cursive writing skills.

Write personal or fictional narratives using a logical sequence of events and demonstrating an effective use of techniques such as descriptions and transitional words.

Write to make a claim supporting a perspective with logical reasons, using evidence from multiple sources, elaboration, and an organizational structure with transitions.

Write expository texts about a topic, using multiple sources, elaboration, and an organizational structure with transitions.

Improve writing by planning, revising, and editing, with guidance and support from adults and feedback from peers.

Present information orally, in a logical sequence, using nonverbal cues, appropriate volume, and clear pronunciation.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct research to answer a question, organizing information about the topic, using multiple valid sources.

Arrange multimedia elements to create emphasis in oral or written tasks.

Use digital writing tools individually or collaboratively to plan, draft, and revise writing.

Use grade-level academic vocabulary appropriately in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of common Greek and Latin roots, prefixes, and suffixes to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words in grade-level content.

Use context clues, figurative language, word relationships, reference materials, and/or background knowledge to determine the meaning of multiple-meaning and unknown words.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions in a variety of situations.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Use knowledge of grade-appropriate phonics and word-analysis skills to decode words.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Analyze how setting, events, conflict, and characterization contribute to the plot in a literary text.

Explain the development of stated or implied theme(s) throughout a literary text.

Describe how an author develops a character's perspective in a literary text.

Explain how figurative language and other poetic elements work together in a poem.

Explain how text structures and/or features contribute to the overall meaning of texts.

Explain how relevant details support the central idea(s), implied or explicit.

Analyze an author's purpose and/or perspective in an informational text.

Track the development of an argument, identifying the specific claim(s), evidence, and reasoning.

Analyze how figurative language contributes to meaning in text(s).

Summarize a text to enhance comprehension, including plot/theme for literary and central idea/details for informational.

Compare and contrast primary and secondary sources related to the same topic.

Demonstrate fluent and legible cursive writing skills.

Write personal or fictional narratives using a logical sequence of events and effective techniques.

Write to make a claim supporting a perspective with logical reasons, evidence, and elaboration.

Write expository texts about a topic using multiple sources and an organizational structure.

Improve writing by planning, revising, and editing, with guidance and support.

Present information orally, in a logical sequence, using nonverbal cues and appropriate volume.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.

Conduct research to answer a question, organizing information and using multiple reliable sources.

Arrange multimedia elements to create emphasis and/or clarity in oral or written tasks.

Use digital writing tools individually or collaboratively to plan, draft, and revise writing.

Use grade-level academic vocabulary appropriately in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of Greek and Latin roots and affixes to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Use context clues, figurative language, and reference materials to determine word meanings.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Analyze how the interaction between characters contributes to the development of a plot in a literary text.

Analyze the development of stated or implied theme(s) throughout a literary text.

Explain the influence of multiple narrators and/or shifts in point of view in a literary text.

Describe the impact of various poetic forms on meaning and style.

Explain how individual text sections and/or features convey meaning in texts.

Analyze the central idea(s), implied or explicit, and its development throughout a text.

Analyze authors' purpose(s) in multiple accounts of the same event or topic.

Track the development of an argument, identifying the types of reasoning used.

Explain how figurative language contributes to tone and meaning in text(s).

Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.

Compare and contrast how authors from different time periods address the same or related topics.

Identify rhetorical appeals in a text.

Write personal or fictional narratives using narrative techniques, precise words and phrases, and figurative language.

Write and support a claim using logical reasoning, relevant evidence from sources, elaboration, and a logical organizational structure.

Write expository texts to explain and/or analyze information from multiple sources, using a logical organizational structure and varied transitions.

Improve writing by planning, revising, and editing, considering feedback from adults and peers.

Present information orally, in a logical sequence, using nonverbal cues, appropriate volume, clear pronunciation, and appropriate pacing.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct research to answer a question, drawing on multiple reliable and valid sources, and refocusing the inquiry when appropriate.

Integrate diverse digital media to enhance audience engagement in oral or written tasks.

Use digital tools to produce writing.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of Greek and Latin roots and affixes to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, word relationships, and reference materials to determine word meaning.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions in a variety of situations.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Analyze the impact of setting on character development and plot in a literary text.

Compare two or more themes and their development throughout a literary text.

Explain the influence of narrator(s), including unreliable narrator(s), and/or shifts in point of view in a literary text.

Analyze the impact of various poetic forms on meaning and style.

Explain how individual text sections and/or features convey a purpose in texts.

Compare two or more central ideas and their development throughout an informational text.

Explain how an author establishes and achieves purpose(s) through diction and syntax.

Track the development of an argument, analyzing the types of reasoning used and their effectiveness.

Analyze how figurative language contributes to tone and meaning and explain examples of allusions in text(s).

Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.

Compare and contrast how authors with differing perspectives address the same or similar topics or themes.

Explain the meaning and/or significance of rhetorical devices in a text.

Write personal or fictional narratives using narrative techniques, a recognizable point of view, precise words and phrases, and figurative language.

Write and support a claim using logical reasoning, relevant evidence, a logical organizational structure, and acknowledging at least one counterclaim.

Write expository texts to explain and analyze information from multiple sources, using relevant supporting details and a logical organizational pattern.

Improve writing by planning, revising, and editing, considering feedback from adults and peers.

Present information orally, utilizing a logical organization, relevant details, and appropriate tone, with clear pronunciation and appropriate pacing.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct research to answer a question, drawing on multiple reliable and valid sources, and generating additional questions for further research.

Integrate diverse digital media to build cohesion in oral or written tasks.

Use digital tools to produce and share writing.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of Greek and Latin roots and affixes to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, word relationships, and reference materials to determine connotative and denotative meaning.

Demonstrate an understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds.

Know and apply phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Know and apply phonics and word analysis skills in encoding words.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Demonstrate an understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds.

Know and apply phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Know and apply phonics and word analysis skills in encoding words.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Analyze the interaction between character development, setting, and plot in a literary text.

Analyze two or more themes and their development throughout a literary text.

Analyze how an author develops and individualizes the perspectives of different characters.

Analyze structure, sound, imagery, and figurative language in poetry.

Analyze how individual text sections and/or features convey a purpose and/or meaning in texts.

Analyze two or more central ideas and their development throughout a text.

Explain how an author establishes and achieves purpose(s) through rhetorical appeals and/or figurative language.

Track the development of an argument, analyzing the types of reasoning used and their effectiveness.

Analyze how figurative language contributes to meaning and explain examples of symbolism in text(s).

Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.

Compare and contrast the use or discussion of archetypes in texts.

Explain how an author uses rhetorical devices to support or advance an appeal.

Demonstrate fluent and legible cursive writing.

Write personal or fictional narratives using narrative techniques, varied transitions, and a clear point of view.

Write to argue a position, supporting claims and rebutting counterclaims with logical reasoning and evidence.

Write expository texts to explain and/or analyze information from multiple sources.

Improve writing by planning, editing, considering feedback, and revising for clarity and cohesiveness.

Present information orally, in a logical sequence, supporting the central idea with credible evidence.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.

Conduct research to answer a question, drawing on multiple reliable and valid sources.

Integrate diverse digital media to emphasize the relevance of a topic or idea in oral or written tasks.

Use a variety of digital tools to collaborate with others to produce writing.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of Greek and Latin roots and affixes to determine meanings of words and phrases.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, and word relationships to determine meaning.

Explain how key elements enhance or add layers of meaning and/or style in a literary text.

Analyze universal themes and their development throughout a literary text.

Analyze the influence of narrator perspective on a text, explaining how the author creates irony or satire.

Analyze the characters, structures, and themes of epic poetry.

Analyze how multiple text structures and/or features convey a purpose and/or meaning in texts.

Evaluate the support an author uses to develop the central idea(s) throughout a text.

Analyze how an author establishes and achieves purpose(s) through rhetorical appeals and/or figurative language.

Compare the development of two opposing arguments on the same topic, evaluating the effectiveness and validity of the claims.

Explain how figurative language creates mood in text(s).

Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.

Compare and contrast the ways in which authors have adapted mythical, classical, or religious literary texts.

Explain an author's use of rhetoric in a text.

Write narratives using narrative techniques, varied transitions, and a clearly established point of view.

Write to argue a position, supporting claims using logical reasoning and credible evidence from multiple sources.

Write expository texts to explain and analyze information from multiple sources, using a logical organization.

Improve writing by considering feedback from adults, peers, and/or online editing tools.

Present information orally, with a logical organization and coherent focus, with credible evidence.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct research to answer a question, drawing on multiple reliable and valid sources.

Create digital presentations with coherent ideas and a clear perspective.

Use online collaborative platforms to create and export publication-ready quality writing.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of etymology and derivations to determine meanings of words and phrases.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, and reference materials to determine word meaning.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Analyze how key elements enhance or add layers of meaning and/or style in a literary text.

Analyze and compare universal themes and their development throughout a literary text.

Analyze coming of age experiences reflected in a text and how the author represents conflicting perspectives.

Analyze how authors create multiple layers of meaning and/or ambiguity in a poem.

Analyze the impact of multiple text structures and the use of features in text(s).

Analyze the central idea(s) of historical American speeches and essays.

Analyze an author's choices in establishing and achieving purpose(s) in historical American speeches and essays.

Compare the development of two opposing arguments on the same topic, evaluating the effectiveness and validity of the claims.

Analyze how figurative language creates mood in text(s).

Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.

Analyze how mythical, classical, or religious texts have been adapted.

Analyze an author's use of rhetoric in a text.

Write narratives using an appropriate pace to create tension, mood, and/or tone.

Write to argue a position, supporting claims using logical reasoning and credible evidence from multiple sources.

Write expository texts to explain and analyze information from multiple sources.

Improve writing by considering feedback from adults, peers, and/or online editing tools.

Present information orally, with a logical organization and coherent focus, with credible evidence.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct research to answer a question, refining the scope of the question to align with findings.

Create digital presentations to improve understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence.

Use online collaborative platforms to create and export publication-ready quality writing.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of etymology and derivations to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, and word relationships to determine meaning.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Evaluate how key elements enhance or add layers of meaning and/or style in a literary text.

Track and analyze universal themes in literary texts from different times and places.

Analyze the author's choices in using juxtaposition to define character perspective.

Analyze ways in which poetry reflects themes and issues of its time period.

Evaluate the structure(s) and features in texts.

Analyze the central idea(s) of speeches and essays from the Classical Period.

Analyze an author's choices in establishing and achieving purpose(s) in speeches and essays from the Classical Period.

Compare the development of multiple arguments on the same topic, evaluating the effectiveness and validity of the claims and reasoning.

Analyze the author's use of figurative language and explain examples of allegory.

Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.

Compare and contrast how an author provides a new perspective on a specific theme or topic from a prior time period.

Evaluate an author's use of rhetoric in a text.

Write complex narratives using appropriate techniques to establish multiple perspectives.

Write literary analyses to support claims, using logical reasoning, credible evidence, and elaboration.

Write expository texts to explain and analyze information from multiple sources, using a logical organization and appropriate tone.

Improve writing by considering feedback from adults, peers, and/or online editing tools, revising for clarity and style.

Present information orally, with a logical organization, coherent focus, and credible evidence, employing rhetorical devices.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct literary research to answer a question, refining the scope and synthesizing information from primary and secondary sources.

Create digital presentations to improve the experience of the audience.

Create and publish digital writing using a variety of technologies, using a tone and voice appropriate to the task.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of etymology and derivations to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, and reference materials to determine connotative and denotative meaning.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Evaluate how key elements enhance or add layers of meaning and/or style in a literary text and explain the functional significance of those elements in interpreting the text.

Analyze two or more themes and evaluate their development throughout a literary text.

Evaluate the development of character perspective, including conflicting perspectives.

Evaluate works of major poets in their historical context.

Evaluate the structure(s) and features in texts, identifying how the author could make the text(s) more effective.

Evaluate how an author develops the central idea(s), identifying how the author could make the support more effective.

Evaluate an author's choices in establishing and achieving purpose(s).

Compare the development of multiple arguments on the same topic, evaluating the effectiveness and validity of the claims, the reasoning, and the evidence.

Evaluate an author's use of figurative language.

Paraphrase content from grade-level texts.

Analyze the influence of classic literature on contemporary world texts.

Evaluate rhetorical choices across multiple texts.

Write complex narratives using appropriate techniques to establish multiple perspectives and convey universal themes.

Write arguments to support claims based on an in-depth analysis of topics or texts, using valid reasoning and credible evidence from sources, elaboration, and demonstrating a thorough understanding.

Write an in-depth analysis of complex texts using logical organization and appropriate tone and voice, demonstrating a thorough understanding of the subject.

Improve writing by considering feedback from adults, peers, and/or online editing tools, revising to enhance purpose, clarity, structure, and style.

Present information orally, with a logical organization, coherent focus, and credible evidence while employing effective rhetorical devices where appropriate.

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Conduct research on a topical issue to answer a question and synthesize information from a variety of sources.

Design and evaluate digital presentations for effectiveness.

Create, publish, and share multimedia texts through a variety of digital formats.

Integrate academic vocabulary appropriate to grade level in speaking and writing.

Apply knowledge of etymology, derivations, and commonly used foreign phrases to determine meanings of words and phrases in grade-level content.

Apply knowledge of context clues, figurative language, word relationships, reference materials, and/or background knowledge to determine the connotative and denotative meaning of words.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions in a variety of situations.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

Demonstrate an understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds within grade-level texts.

Use an array of strategies to accurately encode single-syllable and multisyllabic words.

Read grade-level texts with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate prosody or expression.

Develop an understanding for counting using objects in a set.

Given a group of up to 20 objects, count the number of objects in that group and represent the number of objects with a written numeral.

Given a number from 0 to 20, count out that many objects.

Identify positions of objects within a sequence using the words "first," "second," "third," "fourth" or "fifth."

Compare the number of objects from 0 to 20 in two groups using the terms less than, equal to or greater than.

Recite number names sequentially within 100 and develop an understanding for place value.

Recite the number names to 100 by ones and by tens. Starting at a given number, count forward within 100 and backward within 20.

Represent whole numbers from 10 to 20, using a unit of ten and a group of ones, with objects, drawings and expressions or equations.

Locate, order and compare numbers from 0 to 20 using the number line and terms less than, equal to or greater than.

Develop an understanding of addition and subtraction operations with one-digit whole numbers.

Explore addition of two whole numbers from 0 to 10, and related subtraction facts.

Add two one-digit whole numbers with sums from 0 to 10 and subtract using related facts with procedural reliability.

Represent and solve addition problems with sums between 0 and 10 and subtraction problems using related facts.

For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number.

Given a number from 0 to 10, find the different ways it can be represented as the sum of two numbers.

Solve addition and subtraction real-world problems using objects, drawings or equations to represent the problem.

Develop an understanding of the equal sign.

Explain why addition or subtraction equations are true using objects or drawings.

Identify and compare measurable attributes of objects.

Identify the attributes of a single object that can be measured such as length, volume or weight.

Directly compare two objects that have an attribute which can be measured in common. Express the comparison using language to describe the difference.

Express the length of an object, up to 20 units long, as a whole number of lengths by laying non-standard objects end to end.

Identify, compare and compose two- and three-dimensional figures.

Identify two- and three-dimensional figures regardless of their size or orientation. Figures are limited to circles, triangles, rectangles, squares, spheres, cubes, cones and cylinders.

Compare two-dimensional figures based on their similarities, differences and positions. Sort two-dimensional figures based on their similarities and differences.

Compare three-dimensional figures based on their similarities, differences and positions. Sort three-dimensional figures based on their similarities and differences.

Find real-world objects that can be modeled by a given two- or three-dimensional figure.

Combine two-dimensional figures to form a given composite figure.

Develop an understanding for collecting, representing and comparing data.

Collect and sort objects into categories and compare the categories by counting the objects in each category.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and with others.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Starting at a given number, count forward and backwards within 120 by ones. Skip count by 2s to 20 and by 5s to 100.

Read numbers from 0 to 100 written in standard form, expanded form and word form. Write numbers from 0 to 100 using standard form and expanded form.

Compose and decompose two-digit numbers in multiple ways using tens and ones. Demonstrate each composition or decomposition with objects, drawings and expressions or equations.

Plot, order and compare whole numbers up to 100.

Recall addition facts with sums to 10 and related subtraction facts with automaticity.

Add two whole numbers with sums from 0 to 20, and subtract using related facts with procedural reliability.

Identify the number that is one more, one less, ten more and ten less than a given two-digit number.

Explore the addition of a two-digit number and a one-digit number with sums to 100.

Explore subtraction of a one-digit number from a two-digit number.

Apply properties of addition to find a sum of three or more whole numbers.

Solve addition and subtraction real-world problems using objects, drawings or equations to represent the problem.

Restate a subtraction problem as a missing addend problem using the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Determine and explain if equations involving addition or subtraction are true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation, relating three whole numbers, with the unknown in any position.

Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal-sized parts. Name the parts of the whole using appropriate language including halves or fourths.

Estimate the length of an object to the nearest inch. Measure the length of an object to the nearest inch or centimeter.

Compare and order the length of up to three objects using direct and indirect comparison.

Using analog and digital clocks, tell and write time in hours and half-hours.

Identify pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters, and express their values using the ¢ symbol. State how many of each coin equal a dollar.

Find the value of combinations of pennies, nickels and dimes up to one dollar, and combinations of dollar bills up to $100.

Identify, compare and sort two- and three-dimensional figures based on their defining attributes.

Sketch two-dimensional figures when given defining attributes. Figures are limited to triangles, rectangles, squares and hexagons.

Compose and decompose two- and three-dimensional figures.

Given a real-world object, identify parts that are modeled by two- and three-dimensional figures.

Collect data into categories and represent the results using tally marks or pictographs.

Interpret data represented with tally marks or pictographs by calculating the total number of data points and comparing totals.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and with others.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Read and write numbers from 0 to 1,000 using standard form, expanded form and word form.

Compose and decompose three-digit numbers in multiple ways using hundreds, tens and ones. Demonstrate with objects, drawings and expressions.

Plot, order and compare whole numbers up to 1,000.

Round whole numbers from 0 to 100 to the nearest 10.

Recall addition facts with sums to 20 and related subtraction facts with automaticity.

Identify the number that is ten more, ten less, one hundred more and one hundred less than a given three-digit number.

Add two whole numbers with sums up to 100 and subtract whole numbers no larger than 100 with procedural reliability.

Explore the addition of two whole numbers with sums up to 1,000 and subtraction of numbers no larger than 1,000.

Solve one- and two-step addition and subtraction real-world problems.

Determine and explain whether equations involving addition and subtraction are true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation, relating three or four whole numbers, with the unknown in any position.

Represent an even number using two equal groups or addends and an odd number as two equal groups plus 1 or two equal addends plus 1.

Use repeated addition to find the total number of objects in a collection of equal groups. Represent using rectangular arrays and equations.

Partition circles and rectangles into two, three or four equal-sized parts. Name parts and describe the whole as halves, thirds or fourths.

Partition rectangles into two, three or four equal-sized parts in two different ways showing that equal-sized parts may have different shapes.

Estimate and measure the length of an object to the nearest inch, foot, yard, centimeter or meter by selecting and using an appropriate tool.

Measure the lengths of two objects using the same unit and determine the difference between their measurements.

Solve one- and two-step real-world measurement problems involving addition and subtraction of lengths given in the same units.

Tell and write time to the nearest five minutes using a.m. and p.m. appropriately.

Solve one- and two-step addition and subtraction real-world problems involving money using $ and ¢ symbols appropriately.

Identify and draw two-dimensional figures based on their defining attributes. Figures limited to triangles, rectangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons and octagons.

Categorize two-dimensional figures based on the number and length of sides, number of vertices, and whether they are closed or curved.

Identify line(s) of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure.

Explore perimeter as an attribute of a figure by placing unit segments along the boundary. Find perimeters of rectangles by counting unit segments.

Find the perimeter of a polygon with whole-number side lengths. Polygons limited to triangles, rectangles, squares and pentagons.

Collect, categorize and represent data using tally marks, tables, pictographs or bar graphs. Use appropriate titles, labels and units.

Interpret data represented with tally marks, tables, pictographs or bar graphs including solving addition and subtraction problems.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and collectively.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Understand the place value of four-digit numbers.

Read and write numbers from 0 to 10,000 using standard form, expanded form and word form.

Compose and decompose four-digit numbers in multiple ways using thousands, hundreds, tens and ones.

Plot, order and compare whole numbers up to 10,000.

Round whole numbers from 0 to 1,000 to the nearest 10 or 100.

Add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers. Build an understanding of multiplication and division operations.

Add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers including using a standard algorithm with procedural fluency.

Explore multiplication of two whole numbers with products from 0 to 144, and related division facts.

Multiply a one-digit whole number by a multiple of 10, up to 90, or a multiple of 100, up to 900.

Multiply two whole numbers from 0 to 12 and divide using related facts with procedural reliability.

Solve multiplication and division problems.

Apply the distributive property to multiply a one-digit number and two-digit number.

Solve one- and two-step real-world problems involving any of four operations with whole numbers.

Develop an understanding of equality and multiplication and division.

Restate a division problem as a missing factor problem using the relationship between multiplication and division.

Determine and explain whether an equation involving multiplication or division is true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in a multiplication or division equation, relating three whole numbers.

Identify numerical patterns, including multiplicative patterns.

Determine and explain whether a whole number from 1 to 1,000 is even or odd.

Determine whether a whole number from 1 to 144 is a multiple of a given one-digit number.

Identify, create and extend numerical patterns.

Understand fractions as numbers and represent fractions.

Represent and interpret unit fractions in the form 1/n as the quantity formed by one part.

Represent and interpret fractions, including fractions greater than one, in the form of m/n.

Read and write fractions, including fractions greater than one, using standard form and word form.

Order and compare fractions and identify equivalent fractions.

Plot, order and compare fractional numbers with the same numerator or the same denominator.

Identify equivalent fractions and explain why they are equivalent.

Measure attributes of objects and solve problems involving measurement.

Select and use appropriate tools to measure the length of an object, volume and temperature.

Solve real-world problems involving any of the four operations with whole-number measurements.

Tell and write time and solve problems involving time.

Using analog and digital clocks tell and write time to the nearest minute using a.m. and p.m.

Solve one- and two-step real-world problems involving elapsed time.

Describe and identify relationships between lines and classify quadrilaterals.

Describe and draw points, lines, line segments, rays, intersecting, perpendicular and parallel lines.

Identify and draw quadrilaterals based on their defining attributes.

Draw line(s) of symmetry in a two-dimensional figure and identify line-symmetric figures.

Solve problems involving the perimeter and area of rectangles.

Explore area as an attribute of a two-dimensional figure by covering the figure with unit squares.

Find the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths using a visual model and formula.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the perimeter and area of rectangles.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the perimeter and area of composite figures.

Collect, represent and interpret numerical and categorical data.

Collect and represent numerical and categorical data using tables, pictographs, bar graphs or line plots.

Interpret data represented with tables, pictographs, circle graphs, bar graphs or line plots.

Express how the value of a digit in a multi-digit whole number changes if the digit moves one place to the left or right.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers from 0 to 1,000,000 using standard form, expanded form and word form.

Plot, order and compare multi-digit whole numbers up to 1,000,000.

Round whole numbers from 0 to 10,000 to the nearest 10, 100 or 1,000.

Plot, order and compare decimals up to the hundredths.

Recall multiplication facts with factors up to 12 and related division facts with automaticity.

Multiply two whole numbers, up to three digits by up to two digits, with procedural reliability.

Multiply two whole numbers, each up to two digits, including using a standard algorithm with procedural fluency.

Divide a whole number up to four digits by a one-digit whole number with procedural reliability. Represent remainders as fractional parts of the divisor.

Explore the multiplication and division of multi-digit whole numbers using estimation, rounding and place value.

Identify the number that is one-tenth more, one-tenth less, one-hundredth more and one-hundredth less than a given number.

Explore the addition and subtraction of multi-digit numbers with decimals to the hundredths.

Model and express a fraction, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than one, with the denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with the denominator 100.

Use decimal notation to represent fractions with denominators of 10 or 100, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than 1, and convert decimals to fractions.

Identify and generate equivalent fractions, including fractions greater than one. Describe how the numerator and denominator are affected.

Plot, order and compare fractions, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than one, with different numerators and different denominators.

Decompose a fraction, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than one, into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way.

Add and subtract fractions with like denominators, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than one, with procedural reliability.

Explore the addition of a fraction with denominator 10 to a fraction with denominator 100 using equivalent fractions.

Extend previous understanding of multiplication to explore the multiplication of a fraction by a whole number or a whole number by a fraction.

Solve real-world problems involving multiplication and division of whole numbers including problems in which remainders must be interpreted within the context.

Solve real-world problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with like denominators, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than one.

Solve real-world problems involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number or a whole number by a fraction.

Determine and explain whether an equation involving any of the four operations with whole numbers is true or false.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write an equation involving multiplication or division to determine the unknown whole number.

Determine factor pairs for a whole number from 0 to 144. Determine whether a whole number from 0 to 144 is prime, composite or neither.

Generate, describe and extend a numerical pattern that follows a given rule.

Select and use appropriate tools to measure attributes of objects.

Convert within a single system of measurement using the units: yards, feet, inches; kilometers, meters, centimeters, millimeters; pounds, ounces; kilograms, grams; gallons, quarts, pints, cups; liter, milliliter; and hours, minutes, seconds.

Solve two-step real-world problems involving distances and intervals of time using any combination of the four operations.

Solve one- and two-step addition and subtraction real-world problems involving money using decimal notation.

Informally explore angles as an attribute of two-dimensional figures. Identify and classify angles as acute, right, obtuse, straight or reflex.

Estimate angle measures. Using a protractor, measure angles in whole-number degrees and draw angles of specified measure in whole-number degrees.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving unknown whole-number angle measures. Write an equation to represent the unknown.

Solve perimeter and area mathematical and real-world problems, including problems with unknown sides, for rectangles with whole-number side lengths.

Solve problems involving rectangles with the same perimeter and different areas or with the same area and different perimeters.

Collect and represent numerical data, including fractional values, using tables, stem-and-leaf plots or line plots.

Determine the mode, median or range to interpret numerical data including fractional values, represented with tables, stem-and-leaf plots or line plots.

Solve real-world problems involving numerical data.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and collectively.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Understand the place value of multi-digit numbers with decimals to the thousandths place.

Express how the value of a digit in a multi-digit number with decimals to the thousandths changes if the digit moves one or more places to the left or right.

Read and write multi-digit numbers with decimals to the thousandths using standard form, word form and expanded form.

Compose and decompose multi-digit numbers with decimals to the thousandths in multiple ways using the values of the digits in each place.

Plot, order and compare multi-digit numbers with decimals up to the thousandths.

Round multi-digit numbers with decimals to the thousandths to the nearest hundredth, tenth or whole number.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide multi-digit numbers.

Multiply multi-digit whole numbers including using a standard algorithm with procedural fluency.

Divide multi-digit whole numbers, up to five digits by two digits, including using a standard algorithm with procedural fluency. Represent remainders as fractions.

Add and subtract multi-digit numbers with decimals to the hundredths, including using a standard algorithm with procedural fluency.

Explore the multiplication and division of multi-digit numbers with decimals to the hundredths using estimation, rounding and place value.

Multiply and divide a multi-digit number with decimals to the hundredths by tenth and hundredth with procedural reliability.

Interpret a fraction as an answer to a division problem.

Given a mathematical or real-world problem, represent the division of two whole numbers as a fraction.

Perform operations with fractions.

Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than 1, with procedural reliability.

Extend previous understanding of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a fraction, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than 1, with procedural reliability.

When multiplying a given number by a fraction less than 1 or a fraction greater than 1, predict and explain the relative size of the product to the given number without calculating.

Extend previous understanding of division to explore the division of a unit fraction by a whole number and a whole number by a unit fraction.

Solve problems involving the four operations with whole numbers and fractions.

Solve multi-step real-world problems involving any combination of the four operations with whole numbers, including problems in which remainders must be interpreted within the context.

Solve real-world problems involving the addition, subtraction or multiplication of fractions, including mixed numbers and fractions greater than 1.

Solve real-world problems involving division of a unit fraction by a whole number and a whole number by a unit fraction.

Write, interpret and evaluate numerical expressions.

Translate written real-world and mathematical descriptions into numerical expressions and numerical expressions into written descriptions.

Evaluate multi-step numerical expressions using order of operations.

Determine and explain whether an equation involving any of the four operations with whole numbers and fractions is true or false.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write an equation involving any of the four operations to determine an unknown whole number or fraction.

Analyze numerical patterns and relationships.

Given a numerical pattern, identify and write the rule that can be used to generate the next term and the nth term.

Given a rule for a numerical pattern, generate a table of values and plot the ordered pairs on a coordinate plane.

Classify two-dimensional figures and three-dimensional figures based on defining attributes.

Classify triangles or quadrilaterals into different categories based on shared defining attributes. Explain why a triangle or quadrilateral would or would not belong to a category.

Identify and classify three-dimensional figures into categories based on their defining attributes. Figures are limited to right pyramids, right prisms, right circular cylinders, right circular cones and spheres.

Find the perimeter and area of rectangles with fractional or decimal side lengths.

Find the perimeter and area of a rectangle with fractional or decimal side lengths using visual models and formulas.

Solve problems involving the volume of right rectangular prisms.

Explore the volume of a right rectangular prism with whole-number side lengths by packing it with unit cubes and show that the volume is the same as would be found by multiplying the edge lengths.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with whole-number side lengths using a visual model and a formula.

Solve real-world problems involving the volume of right rectangular prisms, including problems with an unknown edge length, and problems involving the total volume of composite figures.

Plot points and represent problems on the coordinate plane.

Identify the origin and axes in the first quadrant of a coordinate plane and plot and label ordered pairs in the first quadrant.

Represent real-world and mathematical problems by plotting points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane and interpret coordinate values of points in the context of the situation.

Convert measurement units to solve multi-step problems.

Solve multi-step real-world problems that involve converting measurement units to equivalent measurements within a single system of measurement.

Solve problems involving money.

Solve multi-step real-world problems involving money using decimal notation.

Collect, represent and interpret data and find the mean, mode, median or range of a data set.

Collect and represent numerical data, including fractional and decimal values, using tables, line graphs or line plots.

Interpret numerical data, with whole-number values, represented with tables or line plots by determining the mean, median, mode or range.

Extend previous understanding of numbers to define rational numbers. Plot, order and compare rational numbers.

Represent quantities that have opposite direction using rational numbers. Compare them on a number line and explain the meaning of zero.

Interpret the absolute value of a number as the distance from zero on a number line. Find the absolute value of rational numbers.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving absolute value, including the comparison of absolute value.

Multiply and divide positive multi-digit numbers with decimals to the thousandths using a standard algorithmic approach with procedural fluency.

Extend previous understanding of multiplication and division to compute products and quotients of positive fractions by positive fractions.

Solve multi-step real-world problems involving any of the four operations with positive multi-digit decimals or positive fractions.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, find the greatest common factor and least common multiple of two whole numbers.

Rewrite the sum of two composite whole numbers having a common factor, as a common factor multiplied by the sum of two whole numbers.

Evaluate positive rational numbers and integers with natural number exponents.

Express composite whole numbers as a product of prime factors with natural number exponents.

Rewrite positive rational numbers in different but equivalent forms including fractions, terminating decimals and percentages.

Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with whole numbers to add and subtract integers with procedural fluency.

Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with whole numbers to multiply and divide integers with procedural fluency.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, translate written descriptions into algebraic expressions and vice versa.

Translate a real-world written description into an algebraic inequality and represent the inequality on a number line.

Evaluate algebraic expressions using substitution and order of operations.

Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent algebraic expressions with integer coefficients.

Given an equation or inequality and a specified set of integer values, determine which values make the statement true or false.

Write and solve one-step equations in one variable using addition and subtraction, where all terms and solutions are integers.

Write and solve one-step equations in one variable using multiplication and division, where all terms and solutions are integers.

Determine the unknown decimal or fraction in an equation involving any of the four operations, relating three numbers.

Given a real-world context, write and interpret ratios to show the relative sizes of two quantities using appropriate notation.

Given a real-world context, determine a rate for a ratio of quantities with different units. Calculate and interpret the unit rate.

Extend prior knowledge of equivalent fractions to generate or complete a table to display equivalent ratios.

Apply ratio relationships to solve mathematical and real-world problems involving percentages using the relationship between two quantities.

Solve problems involving ratios, rates and unit rates, including mixtures, ratios of lengths and measurement conversions.

Extend understanding of the coordinate plane to plot rational number ordered pairs in all four quadrants. Identify reflections across axes.

Find distances between ordered pairs, limited to the same x-coordinate or the same y-coordinate, represented on the coordinate plane.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems by plotting points on a coordinate plane, including finding the perimeter or area of a rectangle.

Derive a formula for the area of a right triangle using a rectangle. Apply a formula to find the area of a triangle.

Solve problems involving the area of quadrilaterals and composite figures by decomposing them into triangles or rectangles.

Solve problems involving the volume of right rectangular prisms with positive rational number edge lengths using a visual model and a formula.

Find the surface area of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids using the figure's net.

Recognize and formulate a statistical question that would generate numerical data.

Given a numerical data set within a real-world context, find and interpret mean, median, mode and range.

Given a box plot, determine the five-number summary. Use this summary to describe the spread and distribution of the data.

Given a histogram or line plot, qualitatively describe and interpret the spread and distribution of the data.

Create box plots and histograms to represent sets of numerical data within real-world contexts.

Explain why the median and IQR are better measures than mean and range when a data set is skewed or contains outliers.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and with others.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Use appropriate collaborative techniques and active listening skills when engaging in discussions.

Use the accepted rules governing a specific format to create quality work.

Use appropriate voice and tone when speaking or writing.

English language learners communicate information, ideas and concepts necessary for academic success in Mathematics.

English language learners communicate for social and instructional purposes within the school setting.

Rewrite numbers in equivalent forms.

Know and apply the Laws of Exponents to evaluate and generate equivalent numerical expressions, limited to whole-number exponents and rational number bases.

Rewrite rational numbers in different but equivalent forms including fractions, mixed numbers, repeating decimals and percentages to solve problems.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide rational numbers.

Solve mathematical problems using multi-step order of operations with rational numbers including grouping symbols, whole-number exponents and absolute value.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide rational numbers with procedural fluency.

Solve real-world problems involving any of the four operations with rational numbers.

Rewrite algebraic expressions in equivalent forms.

Apply properties of operations to add and subtract linear expressions with rational coefficients.

Determine whether two linear expressions are equivalent.

Write and solve equations and inequalities in one variable.

Write and solve one-step inequalities in one variable within a mathematical or real-world context, where all terms are rational numbers.

Write and solve two-step equations in one variable within a mathematical or real-world context, where all terms are rational numbers.

Use percentages and proportional reasoning to solve problems.

Apply previous understanding of percentages and ratios to solve multi-step real-world percent problems.

Apply previous understanding of ratios to solve real-world problems involving proportions.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the conversion of units across different measurement systems.

Analyze and represent two-variable proportional relationships.

Determine whether two quantities have a proportional relationship by examining a table, graph or written description.

Determine the constant of proportionality within a mathematical or real-world context given a table, graph or written description.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, graph proportional relationships from a table, equation or a written description.

Given any representation of a proportional relationship, translate the representation to a written description, table or equation.

Solve real-world problems involving proportional relationships.

Solve problems involving two-dimensional figures, including circles.

Apply formulas to find the areas of trapezoids, parallelograms and rhombi.

Solve mathematical or real-world problems involving the area of polygons or composite figures by decomposing them into triangles or quadrilaterals.

Explore the proportional relationship between circumferences and diameters of circles. Apply a formula for circumference to solve problems.

Explore and apply a formula to find the area of a circle to solve mathematical and real-world problems.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving dimensions and areas of geometric figures, including scale drawings and scale factors.

Solve problems involving three-dimensional figures, including right circular cylinders.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, find the surface area of a right circular cylinder using the figure's net.

Solve real-world problems involving surface area of right circular cylinders.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the volume of right circular cylinders.

Represent and interpret numerical and categorical data.

Determine an appropriate measure of center or variation to summarize numerical data, considering the context and any outliers.

Given two numerical or graphical representations of data, use measures of center and variation to make comparisons.

Given categorical data, choose and create an appropriate graphical representation.

Use proportional reasoning to construct, display and interpret data in circle graphs.

Given a real-world numerical or categorical data set, group the data to create a histogram or a bar graph.

Develop an understanding of probability.

Determine the sample space for a simple experiment.

Given the probability of a chance event, interpret the likelihood of it occurring.

Find the theoretical probability of an event related to a simple experiment.

Use a simulation of a simple experiment to find experimental probabilities and compare them to theoretical probabilities.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and with others.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Extend previous understanding of rational numbers to define irrational numbers within the real number system. Locate an approximate value on a number line.

Plot, order and compare rational and irrational numbers, represented in various forms.

Extend previous understanding of the Laws of Exponents to include integer exponents. Apply laws to evaluate and generate equivalent numerical expressions.

Express numbers in scientific notation to represent and approximate very large or very small quantities.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers expressed in scientific notation.

Solve real-world problems involving operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation.

Solve multi-step mathematical and real-world problems involving the order of operations with rational numbers including exponents and radicals.

Apply the Laws of Exponents to generate equivalent algebraic expressions, limited to integer exponents and monomial bases.

Apply properties of operations to multiply two linear expressions with rational coefficients.

Rewrite the sum of two algebraic expressions having a common monomial factor as a common factor multiplied by the sum of two algebraic expressions.

Solve multi-step linear equations in one variable, with rational number coefficients. Include equations with variables on both sides.

Solve two-step linear inequalities in one variable and represent solutions algebraically and graphically.

Given an equation in the form of x^2 = p and x^3 = q, where p is a whole number and q is an integer, determine the real solutions.

Determine if a linear relationship is also a proportional relationship.

Given a table, graph or written description of a linear relationship, determine the slope.

Given a table, graph or written description of a linear relationship, write an equation in slope-intercept form.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, graph a two-variable linear equation from a written description, a table or an equation in slope-intercept form.

Given a real-world context, determine and interpret the slope and y-intercept of a two-variable linear equation.

Given a system of two linear equations and a specified set of possible solutions, determine which ordered pairs satisfy the system.

Given a system of two linear equations represented graphically, determine whether there is one solution, no solution or infinitely many solutions.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, solve systems of two linear equations by graphing.

Given a set of ordered pairs, a table, a graph or mapping diagram, determine whether the relationship is a function. Identify the domain and range.

Given a function defined by a graph or an equation, determine whether the function is a linear function.

Analyze a real-world written description or graphical representation of a functional relationship and identify where the function is increasing, decreasing or constant.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to solve mathematical and real-world problems involving unknown side lengths in right triangles.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the distance between two points in a coordinate plane.

Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem to determine if a triangle can be formed. Use the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem to determine if a right triangle can be formed.

Solve mathematical problems involving the relationships between supplementary, complementary, vertical or adjacent angles.

Solve problems involving the relationships of interior and exterior angles of a triangle.

Develop and use formulas for the sums of the interior angles of regular polygons by decomposing them into triangles.

Given a preimage and image generated by a single transformation, identify the transformation that describes the relationship.

Given a preimage and image generated by a single dilation, identify the scale factor that describes the relationship.

Describe and apply the effect of a single transformation on two-dimensional figures using coordinates and the coordinate plane.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving proportional relationships between similar triangles.

Given a set of real-world bivariate numerical data, construct a scatter plot or a line graph as appropriate for the context.

Given a scatter plot within a real-world context, describe patterns of association.

Given a scatter plot with a linear association, informally fit a straight line.

Determine the sample space for a repeated experiment.

Find the theoretical probability of an event related to a repeated experiment.

Solve real-world problems involving probabilities related to single or repeated experiments, including making predictions based on theoretical probability.

Mathematicians who participate in effortful learning both individually and with others: Analyze the problem in a way that makes sense.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Generate equivalent expressions and perform operations with expressions involving exponents, radicals or logarithms.

Extend Laws of Exponents to rational exponents. Convert between radicals and rational exponents.

Generate equivalent algebraic expressions using properties of exponents.

Apply operations with rational numbers to add, subtract, multiply and divide numerical radicals.

Interpret and rewrite algebraic expressions and equations in equivalent forms.

Identify and interpret parts of an equation or expression that represent a quantity in a mathematical or real-world context.

Rearrange equations or formulas to isolate a quantity of interest.

Add, subtract and multiply polynomial expressions with rational number coefficients.

Divide a polynomial by a monomial or a binomial, with rational number coefficients.

Rewrite a polynomial expression as a product of polynomials over the real numbers.

Write, solve and graph linear equations, functions and inequalities in one and two variables.

Given a real-world context, write and solve one-variable multi-step linear equations.

Write a linear two-variable equation to represent relationships between quantities from a graph, description or table.

Write a linear two-variable equation for a line that is parallel or perpendicular to a given line through a given point.

Given a table, graph or description, write a linear two-variable inequality to represent the relationship.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with linear functions.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable linear inequalities.

Write two-variable linear inequalities to represent relationships from a graph or a written description.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with two-variable linear inequalities.

Write, solve and graph quadratic equations, functions and inequalities in one and two variables.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable quadratic equations over the real number system.

Write a quadratic function to represent the relationship between two quantities from a graph, description or table.

Given the x-intercepts and another point on the graph of a quadratic function, write the equation for the function.

Given a table, graph or description, write a quadratic function to represent the relationship between quantities.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, graph and solve problems modeled with quadratic functions.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with quadratic functions.

Write, solve and graph absolute value equations, functions and inequalities in one and two variables.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable absolute value equations.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with absolute value functions.

Write, solve and graph exponential and logarithmic equations and functions in one and two variables.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable exponential equations.

Write an exponential function to represent the relationship between two quantities from a graph, description or table.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, graph and solve problems modeled with exponential functions.

Write and solve a system of two- and three-variable equations and inequalities that describe quantities or relationships.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve a system of two-variable linear equations algebraically or graphically.

Graph the solution set of a system of two-variable linear inequalities and interpret the meaning in context.

Given a real-world context, represent constraints as systems of linear equations or inequalities.

Understand, compare and analyze properties of functions.

Given an equation, graph or table, determine whether a relationship is a function. Identify the domain and range.

Given a function represented in function notation, evaluate the function for an input in its domain.

Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a real-world situation represented by a graph, table or equation.

Compare key features of two functions each represented algebraically, graphically, in a table or with a written description.

Compare key features of two functions each represented in different ways.

Determine whether a linear, quadratic or exponential function best models a given real-world situation.

Identify and describe the effects of transformations on functions. Create new functions given transformations.

Identify the effect on the graph or table of a function by replacing f(x) with f(x)+k, kf(x), f(kx) and f(x+k).

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of short-term and long-term purchases.

Solve real-world problems involving simple and compound interest.

Explain the relationship between simple and compound interest.

Summarize, represent and interpret categorical and numerical data with one and two variables.

Given a set of data, select an appropriate display and justify the choice.

Interpret data displays and identify any trends or patterns.

Explain the difference between correlation and causation.

Estimate a line of best fit for a scatter plot and use it to make predictions.

Solve problems involving univariate and bivariate numerical data.

Fit a linear function to a scatter plot that suggests a linear association and interpret the slope and y-intercept.

Compute the correlation coefficient of a linear model using technology and interpret the strength and direction.

Solve problems involving categorical data.

Construct a two-way frequency table and interpret joint and marginal relative frequencies.

Extend previous understanding of the Laws of Exponents to include rational exponents. Apply the Laws of Exponents to evaluate and generate equivalent numerical expressions involving rational exponents.

Generate equivalent expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the Laws of Exponents.

Apply previous understanding of operations with rational numbers to add, subtract, multiply and divide real numbers.

Identify and interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors and coefficients, in context.

Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations.

Add, subtract and multiply polynomial expressions with rational number coefficients.

Given a real-world context, write and solve one-variable multi-step linear equations.

Write a linear two-variable equation to represent relationships between quantities from a graph, a written description or a table of values.

Write a linear two-variable equation for a line that is parallel or perpendicular to a given line and goes through a given point.

Given a table, equation or written description of a linear function, graph that function and determine its key features.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable quadratic equations over the real and complex number systems.

Given a table, equation or written description of a quadratic function, graph that function and determine its key features.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with quadratic functions.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable absolute value equations.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve a system of two-variable linear equations.

Given a graph, table, or written description of a relation, determine whether it is a function and identify the domain and range.

Given a function represented by a graph, table or equation, determine the value of the function for a given element in the domain.

Identify the effect on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with f(x) + k, kf(x), f(kx) and f(x + k) for specific values of k.

Prove relationships and theorems about lines and angles, including vertical angles and angles formed by transversals crossing parallel lines.

Prove relationships and theorems about triangles, including the Triangle Sum Theorem and base angles of isosceles triangles.

Prove relationships and theorems about quadrilaterals, including properties of parallelograms, rectangles, rhombi and squares.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving congruence and similarity in geometric figures.

Given a geometric figure and a sequence of transformations, draw the transformed figure on a coordinate plane.

Use coordinate geometry to solve problems involving parallel and perpendicular lines and to determine if a figure is a specific type of quadrilateral.

Use coordinate geometry to solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the perimeter and area of polygons.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the surface area and volume of three-dimensional figures.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the arc length and area of a sector of a circle.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the properties of circles, including chords, tangents and secants.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving the equation of a circle.

Define trigonometric ratios for acute angles in right triangles using side ratios.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving right triangles using trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem.

Given a set of data, select an appropriate display and justify the choice.

Interpret and compare datasets using summary statistics, including measures of center and spread.

Describe events as subsets of a sample space using characteristics of the outcomes or as unions, intersections or complements of other events.

Calculate the probability of the union of two events using the Addition Rule.

Solve problems involving credit and debt, including credit card interest and loan payments.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and collectively.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Extend previous understanding of the Laws of Exponents to include rational exponents.

Generate equivalent expressions involving rational exponents and radicals.

Generate equivalent algebraic expressions involving radicals or rational exponents using properties of exponents.

Apply previous understanding of operations with real numbers to numerical expressions involving radicals and rational exponents.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide algebraic expressions involving radicals or rational exponents.

Evaluate and generate equivalent numerical expressions using the properties of logarithms or exponents.

Given an algebraic logarithmic expression, generate an equivalent algebraic expression using properties of logarithms or exponents.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers.

Identify and interpret parts of an equation or expression that represent a quantity in terms of a context.

Add, subtract and multiply polynomial expressions with rational number coefficients.

Divide polynomial expressions using long division, synthetic division or algebraic manipulation.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication or division of polynomials.

Rewrite a polynomial expression as a product of polynomials over the real or complex number system.

Apply previous understanding of rational number operations to add, subtract, multiply and divide rational algebraic expressions.

Solve algebraic transpositions of formulas for a specified variable.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable quadratic equations.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, solve one-variable quadratic inequalities over the real number system.

Write a quadratic function to represent the relationship between two quantities from a graph, description or table.

Given the x-intercepts and another point on the graph of a quadratic function, write the equation.

Given an expression or equation representing a quadratic function, determine the vertex and zeros.

Given a table, equation or written description of a quadratic function, graph the function and determine key features.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with quadratic functions.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write two-variable quadratic inequalities to represent relationships.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, graph the solution set to a two-variable quadratic inequality.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable absolute value inequalities.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with absolute value functions.

Solve one-variable equations involving logarithms or exponential expressions.

Write an exponential function to represent a relationship between two quantities from a graph, description or table.

Given an expression or equation representing an exponential function, reveal the constant percent rate of change.

Given a table, equation or written description of an exponential function, graph the function and determine key features.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with exponential functions.

Interpret exponential and logarithmic functions given graphically or algebraically to predict behavior.

Given a factorization, solve one-variable polynomial equations of degree 3 or higher.

Explain and apply the Remainder Theorem and the Factor Theorem.

Explain and apply the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.

Given a table, equation or description of a polynomial function of degree 3 or higher, graph and determine features.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with polynomial functions of degree 3 or higher.

Solve one-variable radical equations and identify any extraneous solutions.

Given a table, equation or written description of a square root or cube root function, graph and determine features.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with radical functions.

Write and solve one-variable rational equations and identify any extraneous solutions.

Given a table, equation or written description of a rational function, graph the function and determine features.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with rational functions.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, solve a system for a linear equation and a quadratic equation.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, solve a system of two-variable quadratic equations.

Graph the solution set to a system of two-variable inequalities, including at least one quadratic inequality.

Given a real-world context, represent constraints as systems of linear and non-linear equations or inequalities.

Solve and graph mathematical and real-world problems that are modeled with piecewise functions.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve problems involving arithmetic and geometric sequences.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve problems involving arithmetic and geometric series.

Given an equation or graph that defines a function, determine the function type.

Given a function represented in multiple ways, compare the key features of the two functions.

Compare key features of linear, quadratic and exponential functions, each represented in multiple ways.

Compare key features of two functions each represented algebraically, graphically, in a table or with a description.

Determine whether a function is even, odd or neither when represented algebraically, graphically or in a table.

Identify the effect on the graph of a given function of two or more transformations.

Given the graph or equation of a parent function and a transformed function, write the equation of the transformation.

Given a table, equation or written description of a function, graph a transformation of the function.

Given a context, combine two or more functions using arithmetic operations.

Given a context, combine two or more functions using composition of functions.

Determine whether an inverse function exists by analyzing tables, graphs and equations.

Fit a quadratic function to bivariate numerical data and interpret intercepts or the vertex.

Fit an exponential function to bivariate numerical data and interpret intercepts or the rate of growth.

Describe events as subsets of a sample space using characteristics of outcomes.

Determine if two events are independent and use the results to solve problems.

Calculate and interpret the conjunction of two independent events.

Calculate and interpret the conditional probability of two events.

Apply the Addition Rule for probabilities and interpret the answer.

Apply the Multiplication Rule for probabilities and interpret the answer.

Given a two-way table with raw data, construct and interpret a two-way relative frequency table.

Estimate a population total, mean or percentage using data from a sample survey.

Compare and contrast a sample survey, an experiment and an observational study.

Explain the role of randomization in surveys and experiments.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and collectively.

Demonstrate understanding by representing problems in multiple ways.

Complete tasks with mathematical fluency.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Use patterns and structure to help understand and connect mathematical concepts.

Assess the reasonableness of solutions.

Apply mathematics to real-world contexts.

Extend previous understanding of the Laws of Exponents to include rational exponents.

Generate equivalent expressions involving rational exponents and radicals.

Apply previous understanding of operations with whole numbers to add and subtract radical expressions.

Given a numerical logarithmic expression, generate an equivalent numerical expression.

Extend previous understanding of the real number system to include the complex number system.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving vectors.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving matrices.

Identify and interpret parts of an equation or expression that represent a quantity in context.

Add, subtract and multiply polynomial expressions with rational number coefficients.

Given a real-world context, write and solve one-variable multi-step linear equations.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable quadratic equations.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, write and solve one-variable absolute value equations.

Solve one-variable exponential equations using the properties of exponents.

Write and solve one-variable logarithmic equations.

Write and solve a system of two-variable linear equations algebraically or graphically.

Given an equation or graph, determine whether a relation is a function.

Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a real-world situation.

Given a mathematical or real-world context, combine two functions using composition.

Extend previous knowledge of operations of fractions, percentages and decimals to solve problems involving money.

Solve real-world problems involving investment and retirement.

Prove and apply geometric theorems to solve problems.

Use coordinate geometry to solve problems or prove relationships.

Determine the surface area and volume of three-dimensional figures.

Define trigonometric ratios for acute angles in right triangles.

Solve mathematical and real-world problems involving right triangles using trigonometric ratios.

Define the trigonometric functions for any angle using the unit circle.

Interpret data distributions represented in various ways.

Describe events as subsets of a sample space using characteristics or categories.

Calculate the conditional probability of two events and interpret the result.

Define and use the terms statement, negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication and biconditional.

Identify and interpret 'if...then,' 'if and only if,' 'all' and 'not' statements.

Construct proofs, including proofs by contradiction.

Demonstrate understanding of the concept of a limit and estimate limits from graphs and tables.

Apply and interpret derivatives geometrically and numerically.

Demonstrate understanding of the concept of a definite integral.

Collaborate with a partner to collect information.

Make observations of the natural world and know that they are descriptors collected using the five senses.

Keep records as appropriate -- such as pictorial records -- of investigations conducted.

Observe and create a visual representation of an object which includes its major features.

Recognize that learning can come from careful observation.

Explore the Law of Gravity by investigating how objects are pulled toward the ground unless something holds them up.

Recognize the repeating pattern of day and night.

Recognize that the Sun can only be seen in the daytime.

Observe that sometimes the Moon can be seen at night and sometimes during the day.

Observe that things can be big and things can be small as seen from Earth.

Observe that some objects are far away and some are nearby as seen from Earth.

Sort objects by observable properties, such as size, shape, color, temperature, weight and texture.

Recognize that the shape of materials such as paper and clay can be changed by cutting, tearing, smashing, or rolling.

Observe that things that make sound vibrate.

Investigate that things move in different ways, such as fast, slow, etc.

Observe that a push or a pull can change the way an object is moving.

Recognize the five senses and related body parts.

Recognize that some books and other media portray animals and plants with characteristics they do not have in real life.

Observe plants and animals, describe how they are alike and how they are different in the way they look and do things.

Use scientific inquiry to investigate questions about the natural world through exploration, observation, and experimentation.

Use evidence-based reasoning to construct explanations, develop models, and analyze data.

Communicate scientific understanding through multiple representations, media, and collaborative discussions.

Solve problems and design solutions using engineering practices and systems thinking.

Evaluate evidence and make informed decisions based on scientific knowledge and ethical considerations.

Understand the historical development of scientific knowledge and its impact on society and the environment.

Raise questions about the natural world, investigate them in teams through free exploration, and generate appropriate explanations based on those explorations.

Using the five senses as tools, make careful observations, describe objects in terms of number, shape, texture, size, weight, color, and motion, and compare their observations with others.

Keep records as appropriate - such as pictorial and written records - of investigations conducted.

Ask "how do you know?" in appropriate situations.

Observe and discuss that there are more stars in the sky than anyone can easily count and that they are not scattered evenly in the sky.

Explore the Law of Gravity by demonstrating that Earth's gravity pulls any object on or near Earth toward it even though nothing is touching the object.

Investigate how magnifiers make things appear bigger and help people see things they could not see without them.

Identify the beneficial and harmful properties of the Sun.

Recognize that water, rocks, soil, and living organisms are found on Earth's surface.

Describe the need for water and how to be safe around water.

Recognize that some things in the world around us happen fast and some happen slowly.

Sort objects by observable properties, such as size, shape, color, temperature, weight, texture, and whether objects sink or float.

Demonstrate and describe the various ways that objects can move, such as in a straight line, zigzag, back-and-forth, round-and-round, fast, and slow.

Demonstrate that the way to change the motion of an object is by applying a push or a pull.

Make observations of living things and their environment using the five senses.

Identify the major parts of plants, including stem, roots, leaves, and flowers.

Differentiate between living and nonliving things.

Make observations that plants and animals closely resemble their parents, but variations exist among individuals within a population.

Through observation, recognize that all plants and animals, including humans, need the basic necessities of air, water, food, and space.

Raise questions about the natural world, investigate them in teams through free exploration and systematic observations, and generate appropriate explanations based on those explorations.

Compare the observations made by different groups using the same tools.

Ask "how do you know?" in appropriate situations and attempt reasonable answers when asked the same question by others.

Explain how particular scientific investigations should yield similar conclusions when repeated.

Distinguish between empirical observation (what you see, hear, feel, smell, or taste) and ideas or inferences (what you think).

Explain how scientists alone or in groups are always investigating new ways to solve problems.

Recognize that Earth is made up of rocks. Rocks come in many sizes and shapes.

Describe how small pieces of rock and dead plant and animal parts can be the basis of soil and explain the process by which soil is formed.

Classify soil types based on color, texture (size of particles), the ability to retain water, and the ability to support the growth of plants.

Compare and describe changing patterns in nature that repeat themselves, such as weather conditions including temperature and precipitation, day to day and season to season.

Investigate by observing and measuring, that the Sun's energy directly and indirectly warms the water, land, and air.

Investigate, observe and describe how water left in an open container disappears (evaporates), but water in a closed container does not disappear (evaporate).

Investigate that air is all around us and that moving air is wind.

State the importance of preparing for severe weather, lightning, and other weather related events.

Observe and measure objects in terms of their properties, including size, shape, color, temperature, weight, texture, sinking or floating in water, and attraction and repulsion of magnets.

Identify objects and materials as solid, liquid, or gas.

Recognize that solids have a definite shape and that liquids and gases take the shape of their container.

Observe and describe water in its solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

Measure and compare temperatures taken every day at the same time.

Measure and compare the volume of liquids using containers of various shapes and sizes.

Investigate that materials can be altered to change some of their properties, but not all materials respond the same way to any one alteration.

Discuss that people use electricity or other forms of energy to cook their food, cool or warm their homes, and power their cars.

Investigate the effect of applying various pushes and pulls on different objects.

Demonstrate that magnets can be used to make some things move without touching them.

Recognize that objects are pulled toward the ground unless something holds them up.

Demonstrate that the greater the force (push or pull) applied to an object, the greater the change in motion of the object.

Distinguish human body parts (brain, heart, lungs, stomach, muscles, and skeleton) and their basic functions.

Observe and describe major stages in the life cycles of plants and animals, including beans and butterflies.

Compare and contrast the basic needs that all living things, including humans, have for survival.

Recognize and explain that living things are found all over Earth, but each is only able to live in habitats that meet its basic needs.

Raise questions about the natural world, investigate them through free exploration and systematic investigations, and generate appropriate explanations.

Compare the observations made by different groups using the same tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups.

Keep records as appropriate, such as pictorial, written, or simple charts and graphs, of investigations conducted.

Recognize the importance of communication among scientists.

Recognize that scientists question, discuss, and check each others' evidence and explanations.

Infer based on observation.

Explain that empirical evidence is information, such as observations or measurements, that is used to help validate explanations of natural phenomena.

Recognize that words in science can have different or more specific meanings than their use in everyday language.

Recognize that scientists use models to help understand and explain how things work.

Recognize that all models are approximations of natural phenomena; as such, they do not perfectly account for all observations.

Explain that stars can be different; some are smaller, some are larger, and some appear brighter than others.

Identify the Sun as a star that emits energy; some of it in the form of light.

Recognize that the Sun appears large and bright because it is the closest star to Earth.

Explore the Law of Gravity by demonstrating that gravity is a force that can be overcome.

Investigate that the number of stars that can be seen through telescopes is dramatically greater than those seen by the unaided eye.

Demonstrate that radiant energy from the Sun can heat objects and when the Sun is not present, heat may be lost.

Measure and compare temperatures of various samples of solids and liquids.

Measure and compare the mass and volume of solids and liquids.

Compare materials and objects according to properties such as size, shape, color, texture, and hardness.

Describe the changes water undergoes when it varies from its solid state to its liquid state and its liquid state to its solid state.

Identify some basic forms of energy such as light, heat, sound, electrical, and mechanical.

Recognize that energy has the ability to cause motion or create change.

Demonstrate that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object or travels from one medium to another.

Demonstrate that light can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed.

Investigate, observe, and explain that things that give off light often also give off heat.

Investigate, observe, and explain that heat is produced when one object rubs against another, such as rubbing one's hands together.

Describe structures in plants and their roles in food production, support, water and nutrient transport, and reproduction.

Investigate and describe how plants respond to stimuli (heat, light, gravity).

Classify animals into major groups according to their physical characteristics and behaviors.

Classify flowering and non-flowering plants into major groups such as those that produce seeds, or those like ferns and mosses that produce spores.

Explain that animals need food that they get from plants or other animals.

Recognize that plants use energy from the Sun, air, and water to make their own food.

Raise questions about the natural world, use reference materials, conduct investigations, and generate explanations based on explorations.

Compare the observations made by different groups using multiple tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups.

Explain that science does not always follow a rigidly defined method but does involve the use of observations and empirical evidence.

Attempt reasonable answers to scientific questions and cite evidence in support.

Compare the methods and results of investigations done by other classmates.

Keep records that describe observations in sufficient detail to allow examination by others.

Recognize and explain that scientists base their explanations on evidence.

Recognize that science involves creativity in designing experiments.

Explain that science focuses solely on the natural world.

Explain that models can be three dimensional, two dimensional, an explanation in your mind, or a computer model.

Observe that the patterns of stars in the sky stay the same although they appear to shift across the sky nightly and seasonally.

Describe the changes in the observable shape of the moon over the course of about a month.

Recognize that Earth revolves around the Sun in a year and rotates on its axis in a 24-hour day.

Relate that the rotation of Earth and apparent movements of the Sun, Moon, and stars are connected.

Investigate and report the effects of space research and exploration on the economy and culture of Florida.

Identify the three categories of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

Identify the physical properties of common earth-forming minerals and recognize the role of minerals in the formation of rocks.

Recognize that humans need resources found on Earth and that these are either renewable or nonrenewable.

Describe the basic differences between physical weathering and erosion.

Investigate how technology and tools help to extend the ability of humans to observe very small things and very large things.

Identify resources available in Florida (water, phosphate, oil, limestone, silicon, wind, and solar energy).

Measure and compare objects and materials based on their physical properties including: mass, shape, volume, color, hardness, texture, odor, taste, and magnetism.

Identify properties and common uses of water in each of its states.

Explore the Law of Conservation of Mass by demonstrating that the mass of a whole object is the same as the sum of its parts.

Investigate and describe that many physical and chemical changes are affected by temperature.

Identify some familiar changes in materials that result in the formation of new substances.

Observe and describe some basic forms of energy, including light, heat, sound, electrical, and the energy of motion.

Investigate and describe that energy has the ability to cause motion or create change.

Investigate and explain that sound is produced by vibrating objects and that pitch depends on how fast or slow the object vibrates.

Describe how moving water and air are sources of energy and can be used to move things.

Recognize that heat flows from a hot object to a cold object and that heat can be produced in many ways.

Identify common materials that conduct heat well or poorly.

Recognize that an object in motion always changes its position and may change its direction.

Investigate and describe that the speed of an object is determined by the distance it travels in a unit of time.

Identify processes of sexual reproduction in flowering plants, including pollination, fertilization, seed dispersal, and germination.

Explain that although characteristics of plants and animals are inherited, some characteristics can be affected by the environment.

Recognize that animal behaviors may be shaped by heredity and learning.

Compare and contrast the major stages in the life cycles of Florida plants and animals.

Compare the seasonal changes in Florida plants and animals to those in other regions of the country.

Explain that animals, including humans, cannot make their own food and that energy stored in food is passed to them.

Trace the flow of energy from the Sun as it is transferred along the food chain through the producers to the consumers.

Recognize ways plants and animals, including humans, can impact the environment.

Define a problem, use reference materials, plan and carry out scientific investigations, collect and organize data, interpret data, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions.

Explain the difference between an experiment and other types of scientific investigation.

Recognize and explain the need for repeated trials in a scientific investigation.

Identify a control group and explain its importance as a standard, even though not all experiments may have a control group.

Recognize and explain that authentic scientific investigation frequently does not parallel the steps of 'the scientific method.'

Recognize and explain the difference between personal opinion/interpretation and verified observation.

Recognize and explain that science is grounded in empirical observations that are testable; explanation must always be lodged with evidence.

Recognize and explain that when scientific investigations are carried out, the evidence produced by those investigations should be replicable by others.

Recognize that a galaxy consists of gas, dust, and many stars, including any objects orbiting the stars. Identify our home galaxy as the Milky Way.

Recognize the major common characteristics of all planets and compare/contrast the properties of inner and outer planets.

Distinguish among the following objects of the Solar System—Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, comets—and identify Earth's position in it.

Create a model to explain the parts of the water cycle. Water can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid and can go back and forth from one state to another.

Recognize that the ocean is an integral part of the water cycle and is connected to all of Earth's water reservoirs via evaporation and precipitation processes.

Recognize how air temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, wind speed and direction, and precipitation determine the weather in a particular place and time.

Distinguish between the various forms of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, and hail), making connections to the weather in a particular place and time.

Recognize that some of the weather-related differences, such as temperature and humidity, are due to their proximity to bodies of water and to latitude.

Describe characteristics (temperature and precipitation) of different climate zones as they relate to latitude, elevation, and proximity to bodies of water.

Design a family preparedness plan for natural disasters and identify the reasons for having such a plan.

Compare and contrast the basic properties of solids, liquids, and gases, such as mass, volume, color, texture, and temperature.

Investigate and identify materials that will dissolve in water and those that will not and identify the conditions that will speed up or slow down the dissolving process.

Demonstrate and explain that mixtures of solids can be separated based on observable properties of their parts such as particle size, shape, color, and magnetic attraction.

Explore the scientific theory of atoms by recognizing that all matter is composed of parts that are too small to be seen without magnification.

Investigate and describe that many physical and chemical changes are affected by temperature.

Investigate and describe some basic forms of energy, including light, heat, sound, electrical, chemical, and mechanical.

Investigate and explain that energy has the ability to cause motion or create change.

Investigate and explain that an electrically-charged object can attract an uncharged object and can either attract or repel another charged object without contact.

Investigate and explain that electrical energy can be transformed into light, heat, and sound in everyday devices.

Investigate and illustrate that the flow of electricity requires a closed circuit (a complete loop).

Identify and classify materials that conduct electricity and materials that do not.

Identify familiar forces that cause objects to move, such as pushes or pulls, including gravity acting on an object.

Investigate and describe that the greater the force applied to it, the greater the change in motion of a given object.

Investigate and describe that the more mass an object has, the less effect a given force will have on the object's motion.

Investigate and explain that when a force is applied to an object but it does not move, it is because another opposing force is being applied.

Identify the organs in the human body and describe their functions, including the skin, brain, heart, lungs, stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, bladder, and sensory organs.

Compare and contrast the function of organs and other physical structures of plants and animals, including reservoirs of water, skeletons, and structures for support.

Describe how, when the environment changes, differences between individuals allow some plants and animals to survive and reproduce while others die or move.

Compare and contrast adaptations displayed by animals and plants that enable them to survive in different environments.

Define a problem from the sixth grade curriculum, use appropriate reference materials, plan and carry out scientific investigations, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions.

Explain why scientific investigations should be replicable.

Explain the difference between an experiment and other types of scientific investigation, and explain the relative benefits and limitations of each.

Discuss, compare, and negotiate methods used, results obtained, and explanations among groups of students conducting the same investigation.

Recognize that science involves creativity, not just in designing experiments, but also in creating explanations that fit evidence.

Distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific ideas.

Explain that scientific knowledge is durable because it is open to change as new evidence or interpretations are encountered.

Recognize that scientists who make contributions to scientific knowledge come from all kinds of backgrounds and possess varied talents, interests, and goals.

Recognize and explain that a scientific theory is a well-supported and widely accepted explanation of nature and is not simply a claim posed by an individual.

Recognize and explain that a scientific law is a description of a specific relationship under given conditions in the natural world.

Give several examples of scientific laws.

Identify the role of models in the context of the sixth grade science benchmarks.

Describe and give examples of ways in which Earth's surface is built up and torn down by physical and chemical weathering, erosion, and deposition.

Recognize that there are a variety of different landforms on Earth's surface such as coastlines, dunes, rivers, mountains, glaciers, deltas, and lakes and relate these landforms as they apply to Florida.

Differentiate among radiation, conduction, and convection, the three mechanisms by which heat is transferred through Earth's system.

Investigate and apply how the cycling of water between the atmosphere and hydrosphere has an effect on weather patterns and climate.

Describe how global patterns such as the jet stream and ocean currents influence local weather in measurable terms such as temperature, air pressure, wind direction and speed, and humidity and precipitation.

Differentiate and show interactions among the geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.

Explain how energy provided by the sun influences global patterns of atmospheric movement and the temperature differences between air, water, and land.

Differentiate between weather and climate.

Investigate how natural disasters have affected human life in Florida.

Describe ways human beings protect themselves from hazardous weather and sun exposure.

Describe how the composition and structure of the atmosphere protects life and insulates the planet.

Describe and identify patterns in the hierarchical organization of organisms from atoms to molecules and cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to organisms.

Investigate and explain the components of the scientific theory of cells (cell theory): all organisms are composed of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.

Recognize that among cells of multicellular organisms, there is a homology of structures that perform similar functions.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of major organelles of plant and animal cells, including cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and vacuoles.

Identify and investigate the general functions of the major systems of the human body and describe ways these systems interact with each other to maintain homeostasis.

Compare and contrast types of infectious agents that may infect the human body, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

Analyze and describe how and why organisms are classified according to shared characteristics with emphasis on the Linnaean system combined with the concept of Domains.

Explore the Law of Conservation of Energy by differentiating between potential and kinetic energy. Identify situations where kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy and vice versa.

Measure and graph distance versus time for an object moving at a constant speed. Interpret this relationship.

Investigate and describe types of forces such as gravity, friction, and magnetic force.

Explore the Law of Gravity by recognizing that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object and that the force depends on mass and distance.

Investigate and describe that an unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed and/or direction.

Define a problem, use reference materials, plan and carry out investigations, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data, analyze information, make predictions, and defend conclusions.

Differentiate replication (by others) from repetition (multiple trials).

Distinguish between an experiment (involving variables) and other forms of scientific investigation and explain that not all scientific knowledge is derived from experimentation.

Identify test variables (independent variables) and outcome variables (dependent variables) in an experiment.

Describe the methods used in the pursuit of a scientific explanation as seen in different fields of science such as biology, geology, and physics.

Explain that empirical evidence is the cumulative body of observations of a natural phenomenon on which scientific explanations are based.

Explain that scientific knowledge is the result of a great deal of debate and confirmation within the science community.

Identify an instance from the history of science in which scientific knowledge has changed when new evidence or new interpretations are encountered.

Recognize and explain the difference between theories and laws and give several examples of scientific theories and the evidence used to support them.

Identify the benefits and limitations of the use of scientific models.

Describe the layers of the solid Earth, including the lithosphere, the hot convecting mantle, and the dense metallic liquid and solid cores.

Identify the patterns within the rock cycle and relate them to surface events (weathering and erosion) and sub-surface events (plate tectonics and mountain building).

Identify current methods for measuring the age of Earth and its parts, including the law of superposition and radioactive dating.

Explain and give examples of how physical evidence supports scientific theories that Earth has evolved over geologic time due to natural processes.

Explore the scientific theory of plate tectonics by describing how the movement of Earth's crustal plates causes changes in Earth's surface.

Identify the impact that humans have had on Earth, such as deforestation, urbanization, desertification, erosion, and air and water quality.

Recognize that heat flow and movement of material within Earth causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creates mountains and ocean basins.

Illustrate that the sun's energy arrives as radiation with a wide range of wavelengths and that white light is made up of a spectrum of many colors.

Observe and explain that light can be reflected, refracted, and/or absorbed.

Recognize that light waves, sound waves, and other waves move at different speeds in different materials.

Recognize that adding heat to or removing heat from a system may result in a temperature change and/or a change of state.

Investigate and describe the transformation of energy from one form to another.

Cite evidence to explain that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.

Observe and describe that heat flows in predictable ways until a common temperature among the substances is reached.

Recognize that fossil evidence is consistent with the scientific theory of evolution that living things have changed over time.

Explore the scientific theory of evolution by explaining ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to natural selection.

Explore the scientific theory of evolution by relating how the inability of a species to adapt within a changing environment may contribute to extinction.

Understand and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions (DNA) that specifies its traits and that heredity is the passage of these instructions.

Determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations using Punnett Squares and pedigrees.

Compare and contrast the general processes of sexual reproduction requiring meiosis and asexual reproduction requiring mitosis.

Recognize and explore the impact of biotechnology (cloning, genetic engineering, artificial selection) on the individual, society and the environment.

Explain and illustrate the roles of and relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in the process of energy transfer in a food web.

Compare and contrast the relationships among organisms such as mutualism, predation, parasitism, competition, and commensalism.

Describe and investigate various limiting factors in the local ecosystem and their impact on native populations.

Pose questions and define problems.

Plan and conduct investigations.

Analyze and interpret data.

Develop and use models.

Construct explanations and design solutions.

Engage in argument from evidence.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information.

Understand the nature of science and the historical development of scientific knowledge.

Define a problem, plan and carry out scientific investigations, identify variables, collect and organize data, interpret data, and defend conclusions.

Design and conduct a study using repeated trials and replication.

Use phrases such as 'results support' or 'fail to support' in science, understanding that science does not offer conclusive 'proof'.

Explain how hypotheses are valuable if they lead to further investigations, even if they turn out not to be supported by the data.

Analyze the methods used by different scientists to address the same scientific question and explain why they may reach different conclusions.

Understand that scientific investigations involve empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and imagination to make sense of collected evidence.

Distinguish between scientific and pseudoscientific ideas.

Discuss what characterizes science and its methods.

Select models to provide support, explanations and predictions for real-world phenomena.

Explain why theories may be modified but are rarely discarded.

Explain that science is one of the ways that people can learn about the natural world and that there are questions that science cannot answer.

Explain how political, social, and economic concerns can affect science, and vice versa.

Recognize enormous distances between objects in space and apply knowledge of light and space travel to understand this distance.

Recognize that the universe contains many billions of galaxies and that each galaxy contains many billions of stars.

Distinguish hierarchical relationships between planets and other astronomical bodies relative to solar system, galaxy, and universe.

Explore the Law of Universal Gravitation by explaining the role that gravity plays in the formation of planets, stars, and solar systems.

Describe and classify specific physical properties of stars: apparent magnitude, temperature, size, and luminosity.

Create models of solar properties including: rotation, structure of the Sun, convection, sunspots, solar flares, and prominences.

Compare and contrast the properties of objects in the Solar System including the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets.

Compare various historical models of the Solar System, including geocentric and heliocentric.

Explain the impact of objects in space on each other including seasons, gravitational attraction, moon phases, tides, and eclipses.

Assess how technology is essential to science for purposes such as access to outer space, sample collection, and data computation.

Identify and compare characteristics of the electromagnetic spectrum and recognize its application to planetary images and satellite photographs.

Summarize the effects of space exploration on the economy and culture of Florida.

Explore the scientific theory of atoms by using models to explain the motion of particles in solids, liquids, and gases.

Differentiate between weight and mass recognizing that weight is the amount of gravitational pull on an object.

Explore and describe the densities of various materials through measurement of their masses and volumes.

Classify and compare substances on the basis of characteristic physical properties such as density, conductivity, solubility, and boiling points.

Recognize that there are a finite number of elements and that their atoms combine to produce compounds.

Recognize that elements are grouped in the periodic table according to similarities of their properties.

Explore the scientific theory of atoms by recognizing that atoms are composed of sub-atomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons).

Identify basic examples of and compare and classify the properties of compounds, including acids, bases, and salts.

Distinguish among mixtures (including solutions) and pure substances.

Explore the Law of Conservation of Mass by demonstrating that mass is conserved when substances undergo physical and chemical changes.

Differentiate between physical changes and chemical changes.

Investigate and describe how temperature influences chemical changes.

Describe and investigate the process of photosynthesis, such as the roles of light, carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll.

Describe and investigate how cellular respiration breaks down food to provide energy and releases carbon dioxide.

Construct a scientific model of the carbon cycle to show how matter and energy are transferred within and between organisms.

Cite evidence that living systems follow the Laws of Conservation of Mass and Energy.

Describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.

Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a selective barrier.

Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells, and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Compare and contrast structure and function of various types of microscopes.

Explain the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells.

Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes.

Identify the major parts of the brain and explain the functions of each.

Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses.

Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology.

Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships.

Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified (e.g., introduction of domains).

Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms.

Describe the scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth.

Identify basic trends in hominid evolution from early ancestors to modern humans.

Describe the conditions required for natural selection, including overproduction, variation, and differential reproductive success.

Discuss mechanisms of evolutionary change other than natural selection such as genetic drift and gene flow.

Describe how mutation and genetic recombination increase genetic variation.

Use Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.

Discuss observed inheritance patterns caused by various modes (e.g., dominance, codominance, sex-linked).

Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of genetic information.

Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change and how they relate to cancer.

Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.

Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer.

Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms.

Evaluate the impact of biotechnology on the individual, society and the environment, including medical and ethical issues.

Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.

Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester.

Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over, and explain how they contribute to genetic variation.

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate them to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Explain the general distribution of life in aquatic systems as a function of chemistry, geography, light, depth, and temperature.

Describe changes in ecosystems, including succession, and how they affect the organisms within them.

Analyze how population size is determined by births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors.

Recognize the consequences of the losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events, climate changes, and human activity.

Use a food web to identify producers, consumers, and decomposers and explain energy transfer through trophic levels.

Evaluate the costs and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable resources, such as water, energy, fossil fuels, and wildlife.

Discuss the need for adequate monitoring of environmental parameters when making policy decisions.

Predict the impact of individuals on environmental systems and examine how human lifestyles affect sustainability.

Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.

Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.

Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.

Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell.

Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.

Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life.

Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge and pose questions, plan investigations, and use tools to gather data.

Recognize that the strength of a scientific claim is evaluated through scientific argumentation and logical thinking.

Identify sources of information and assess their reliability according to the strict standards of scientific investigation.

Describe how scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations and provide examples from the content being studied.

Identify what is science, what clearly is not science, and what superficially resembles science.

Identify which questions can be answered through science and which are outside the boundaries of scientific investigation.

Explain that a scientific theory is the culmination of many scientific investigations drawing together all current evidence.

Recognize that theories do not become laws, nor do laws become theories; theories explain and laws describe.

Scientific Inquiry: Formulate questions, plan and conduct investigations, and use tools to gather and analyze data.

Evidence-based Reasoning: Use empirical evidence and logical reasoning to construct and justify scientific explanations.

Modeling: Develop, evaluate, and use models to represent and explain natural phenomena and systems.

Problem-solving and Engineering Design: Apply scientific knowledge and engineering practices to solve problems.

Communication: Communicate scientific information, arguments, and ideas clearly and accurately using multiple formats.

Ethical Decision-making: Evaluate the ethical, social, and environmental implications of scientific and technological advancements.

Historical Development: Analyze how scientific knowledge has changed over time through observation and experimentation.

Define a problem based on a specific body of knowledge and pose questions, conduct observations, plan investigations, and use tools to gather and analyze data.

Describe and explain what constitutes scientific knowledge and how it is generated through the process of inquiry.

Recognize that the strength or usefulness of a scientific claim is evaluated through scientific argumentation and logical thinking.

Identify sources of information and assess their reliability according to the strict standards of scientific investigation.

Describe and provide examples of how similar investigations conducted in parallel can result in the same outcome.

Describe how scientific inferences are drawn from scientific observations and provide examples from the content being studied.

Explain the role of models in the development of scientific knowledge and describe their limitations.

Identify what is science, what clearly is not science, and what superficially resembles science (pseudoscience).

Identify which questions can be answered through science and which questions are outside the boundaries of scientific investigation.

Identify examples of how scientific knowledge is durable because it is open to change as new evidence or interpretations are encountered.

Explain that scientific knowledge is both durable and robust, but open to change as new evidence or interpretations are encountered.

Describe the instances in which scientists' varied backgrounds, talents, and interests contribute to the progress of science.

Explain that a scientific theory is the culmination of many investigations and is the most powerful explanation scientists have to offer.

Describe the role of consensus in the development of scientific theories and how they are subject to change.

Explain that scientific laws are descriptions of specific relationships under given conditions in nature, but do not offer explanations.

Recognize that theories do not become laws and laws do not become theories; they are different types of knowledge.

Describe the function of models in science and their role in representing systems or phenomena.

Explain how scientific knowledge and reasoning provide an empirically based perspective to inform society's decision making.

Weigh the merits of alternative strategies for solving a specific societal problem by comparing a number of different costs and benefits.

Cite evidence to explain and justify reasoning.

Read and comprehend grade-level complex texts proficiently.

Make inferences to support comprehension.

Actively participate in effortful learning both individually and collectively.

Engage in discussions that reflect on the mathematical thinking of self and others.

Scientific Inquiry: Engage in scientific inquiry to investigate phenomena and develop evidence-based explanations.

Evidence-based Reasoning: Apply evidence-based reasoning to evaluate scientific claims and explanations.

Communication: Communicate scientific information, ideas, and evidence clearly and accurately.

Problem-solving: Apply scientific knowledge and practices to solve problems and design solutions.

Engineering Design: Apply engineering design processes to develop and refine solutions to real-world problems.

Ethical Decision-making: Apply ethical principles and scientific reasoning to make informed decisions.

Historical Development of Scientific Knowledge: Understand how scientific knowledge has developed and changed over time.

The Science of Energy: Investigate the structure and behavior of energy transfer and transformation within physical systems.

The Science of Energy in Earth Systems: Analyze energy transfer and transformation within Earth's systems.

The Science of Energy in Space Systems: Analyze energy transfer and transformation within planetary and space systems.

The Science of Matter: Examine the structure and behavior of matter, including atomic theory and chemical interactions.

The Science of Force and Motion: Investigate forces, interactions, and the motion of objects within physical systems.

The Science of Planet Earth: Explore Earth systems, Earth history, weather, climate, and natural processes.

The Science of Space: Explore planetary systems, the universe, and the history of space exploration.

The Science of Life: Investigate living systems, organisms, and the processes that sustain life.

The Science of Cell Biology: Analyze the structure and function of cells and cellular processes.

The Science of Plants: Investigate plant biology, including structure, function, and physiological processes.

The Science of Animals: Investigate animal biology, including structure, function, and behavior.

The Science of Human Body: Analyze the structure and function of human body systems and health.

The Science of Nutrition: Examine the principles of nutrition and their impact on health and biological systems.

The Science of Fungi and Microorganisms: Investigate the biology and ecological roles of fungi and microorganisms.

Applying the Science of Life: Apply life science concepts to solve problems and understand heredity and ecosystems.

Develop an understanding of how to use and create a timeline.

Develop an awareness of a primary source.

Compare children and families of today with those in the past.

Recognize the importance of celebrations and national holidays as a way of remembering and honoring people, events, and our nation's ethnic heritage.

Compare our nation's holidays with holidays of other cultures.

Listen to and retell stories about people in the past who have shown character ideals and principles including honesty, courage, and responsibility.

Recognize the importance of U.S. symbols.

Use words and phrases related to chronology and time to explain how things change and to sequentially order events that have occurred in school.

Explain that calendars represent days of the week and months of the year.

Recognize African American inventors and explorers (i.e., Lonnie Johnson [inventor], Mae C. Jemison, George Washington Carver).

Identify the purpose of rules and laws in the home and school.

Identify people who have the authority and power to make and enforce rules and laws.

Describe and demonstrate the characteristics of being a responsible citizen.

Describe ways for groups to make decisions.

Define patriotism as the allegiance to one's country.

Recognize symbols that represent the United States.

Recognize symbols that represent Florida.

Describe different kinds of jobs that people do and the tools or equipment used.

Recognize that United States currency comes in different forms.

Recognize that people work to earn money to buy things they need or want.

Identify the difference between basic needs and wants.

Describe the relative location of people, places, and things by using positional words.

Explain that maps and globes help to locate different places and that globes are a model of the Earth.

Identify cardinal directions (north, south, east, west).

Differentiate land and water features on simple maps and globes.

Locate and describe places in the school and community.

Know one's own phone number, street address, city or town and that Florida is the state in which the student lives.

Identify basic landforms.

Identify basic bodies of water.

Describe and give examples of seasonal weather changes and illustrate how weather affects people and the environment.

Develop an understanding of a primary source.

Understand how to use the media center/other sources to find answers to questions about a historical topic.

Understand history tells the story of people and events of other times and places.

Compare life now with life in the past.

Identify celebrations and national holidays as a way of remembering and honoring the heroism and achievements of the people, events and our nation's ethnic heritage.

Identify people from the past who have shown character ideals and principles including honesty, courage and responsibility.

Distinguish between historical fact and fiction using various materials.

Use terms related to time to sequentially order events that have occurred in school, home, or community.

Create a timeline based on the student's life or school events, using primary sources.

Identify African American artists (i.e., Aretha Franklin, Charles White [Abraham Lincoln portrait], James Earl Jones, Maya Angelou).

Use physical, political, and cultural maps to locate places in Florida.

Identify key elements (i.e., compass rose, cardinal directions, title, key, or legend with symbols) of maps and globes.

Construct a basic map using key elements including cardinal directions and map symbols.

Identify a variety of physical features using a map and globe.

Locate on maps and globes the student's local community, the state of Florida, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of America (formerly Gulf of Mexico).

Describe how location, weather, and physical environment affect the way people live in our community.

Recognize that money is used in the exchange of goods and services.

Define opportunity costs as giving up one thing for another.

Distinguish between examples of goods and services.

Distinguish people as buyers, sellers and producers of goods and services.

Recognize the importance of saving money for future purchases.

Identify that people need to make choices because of scarce resources.

Explain the purpose of rules and laws in the home, school, and community.

Describe how the absence of rules and laws impacts individuals and the community.

Explain the rights and responsibilities students have in the school community.

Describe the characteristics of citizenship in the school community.

Recognize ways citizens can demonstrate patriotism.

Recognize symbols and individuals that represent the United States.

Recognize symbols and individuals that represent Florida.

Recognize that the United States and Florida have Constitutions.

Explain responsible ways for individuals and groups to make decisions.

Examine primary and secondary sources.

Utilize the media center, technology, or other informational sources to locate information that provides answers to questions about a historical topic.

Recognize that Native Americans were the first inhabitants in North America.

Compare the cultures of Native American tribes from various geographic regions of the United States.

Describe the impact of immigrants on the Native Americans.

Explore ways the daily life of people living in Colonial America changed over time.

Identify reasons people came to the United States throughout history.

Discuss the importance of Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty to immigration from 1892 – 1954.

Discuss why immigration continues today.

Explain the cultural influences and contributions of immigrants today.

Identify terms and designations of time sequence.

Identify African Americans who demonstrated civic service.

Identify oral traditions and folktales of African Americans.

Use different types of maps (political, physical, and thematic) to identify map elements.

Using maps and globes, locate the student's hometown, Florida, and North America, and locate the state capital and the national capital.

Label on a map or globe the continents, oceans, Equator, Prime Meridian, North and South Pole.

Use a map to locate the countries in North America (Canada, United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean Islands).