Identify and produce rhyme in spoken language and oral texts.

Identify and pair words that rhyme in spoken language and text, distinguishing them from those that do not.

Orally produce words that rhyme.

Recognize the basic relationships that exist between words and sentences.

Know words are put together to make sentences, and sentences communicate complete thoughts.

Segment phrases and sentences into words.

Know that sounds are put together to make words and that words have distinct meanings.

Identify and manipulate separate words in compound words.

Blend and segment separate words in spoken compound words.

Add, delete, and substitute single words in spoken compound words.

Identify and manipulate syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes in spoken words.

Identify and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce initial, final, and then medial sounds in spoken words with three phonemes.

Blend each sound in a word together.

Segment a spoken word into its separate sounds.

Add, delete, and substitute phonemes in spoken one-syllable words with up to three phonemes.

Understand that texts communicate messages.

Recognize that texts and images represent objects and ideas, have meaning, and convey messages.

Recognize and interpret print messages in the environment, such as labels and signs.

Distinguish between letters, words, digits, and graphics.

Understand the conventional layout of books and how to maneuver them.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page-by-page.

Build a knowledge base of print conventions.

Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Demonstrate knowledge of the alphabet.

Recite the letters of the alphabet in order.

Name and identify each uppercase and lowercase letter in random order.

Identify and produce phoneme-grapheme correspondences.

Identify and produce basic one-to-one phoneme-grapheme correspondences for the most frequently used sound for each consonant.

Identify and produce both long and short vowel sounds for A, E, I, O, U.

Use grade-level phonics skills to decode words in context and in isolation.

Blend letter sounds to decode simple one-syllable words (VC, CV, CVC).

Identify and decode parts of irregularly spelled high-frequency words.

Use grade-level phonics skills to encode words in context and in isolation.

Use phoneme-grapheme correspondences to spell simple one-syllable words (VC, CV, CVC).

Read grade-level text with accuracy and expression.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Develop print handwriting skills.

Print uppercase and lowercase letters using appropriate strokes and spacing.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics.

Print many upper- and lowercase letters.

Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.

Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/.

Understand and use question words (interrogatives).

Use the most frequently occurring prepositions.

Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately.

Explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Explore the relationships and roles of authors, purposes, and audiences of texts.

Build and apply knowledge about language and organizational structures and elements in texts.

Identify and use organizational structures to craft meaning.

Explain, analyze, and use various techniques to comprehend and shape meaning.

Develop personal and academic identities as readers and writers.

Approach texts for a variety of tasks and purposes and engage in literacy practices.

Identify and manipulate syllables in spoken words.

Add, delete, and substitute syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes in spoken words.

Blend onsets and rimes of spoken one-syllable words with blends, digraphs, and trigraphs.

Segment onsets and rimes of spoken one-syllable words with blends, digraphs, and trigraphs.

Identify and manipulate the individual sounds in spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce initial, medial, and final sounds in spoken one-syllable words.

Distinguish between short and long vowel sounds in spoken one-syllable words.

Blend and segment up to five phonemes, including consonant blends and digraphs.

Add, delete, and substitute phonemes in spoken one-syllable words.

Identify and produce phoneme-grapheme correspondences.

Identify and produce correspondences for frequently used consonant blends and digraphs.

Identify and produce long and short vowel sounds for A, E, I, O, U.

Use grade-level phonics skills to decode words in context and in isolation.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words with a variety of spelling patterns.

Identify and decode parts of irregularly spelled words, including high-frequency words.

Decode one-syllable nonsense words with a variety of spelling patterns.

Decode two-syllable words with basic patterns by applying knowledge of syllable types.

Use grade-level phonics skills to encode words in context and in isolation.

Encode one-syllable nonsense words with a variety of spelling patterns.

Encode two-syllable words with basic patterns by applying knowledge of syllable types.

Demonstrate oral and silent reading fluency while reading texts for understanding.

Increase sight word vocabulary using decoding skills with increasing automaticity.

Read a wide range of grade-level texts aloud with increasing accuracy.

Read grade-level texts aloud with appropriate prosody to demonstrate understanding.

Self-correct while reading text to improve comprehension and fluency.

Use fine motor skills to form legible letters and words in print.

Form all uppercase and lowercase letters and words with accuracy and consistency.

Form words with accuracy and consistency.

Use appropriate spacing between letters, words, and sentences across lines.

Use working memory to transcribe oral language to written text.

Perform basic transcription skills.

Build handwriting fluency by forming accurate letters and words with increasing speed.

Build an identity as a reader and writer, developing a repertoire of resources.

Generate, understand, monitor, and discuss personal and academic reading and writing goals.

Discuss or write about personal and academic reading and writing preferences.

Select, read, and write texts of personal interest and academic relevance.

Build a repertoire of comprehension and composition skills, strategies, and techniques.

Participate in a community of readers and writers by developing group norms.

Develop independence and autonomy as a reader and writer.

Develop and apply knowledge of key components of context when interpreting and constructing texts.

Use prior knowledge, research, and discussions to identify relevant components of context.

Interpret and construct texts by applying knowledge of strategies authors use for audience and purpose.

Interpret texts through the author's lens by identifying and evaluating craft techniques.

Identify, apply, and analyze literary, expository, and opinion elements in texts.

Collaborate with others to accomplish shared goals and projects.

Arrive to group discussions and collaborative meetings prepared to be an active participant.

Contribute to discussions by offering ideas, listening to others, and providing feedback.

Work with others to discuss topics, investigate questions, solve problems, and create texts.

Use presentation skills to tailor communication to target audiences for specific purposes.

Communicate clearly to present ideas, information, and texts.

Integrate modes and genres most appropriate to purpose and audience.

Vary tone, pace, and nonverbal gestures as appropriate to purpose and audience.

Observe, analyze, and use the structures and conventions of Standard English grammar and usage.

Usage: Use nouns and verbs to share complete thoughts when speaking.

Usage: Form and use singular and plural nouns when speaking.

Usage: Use interrogatives to ask questions when speaking.

Mechanics: Capitalize the first word of a sentence and the pronoun I.

Grammar: Form regular plural nouns by adding -s or -es.

Grammar: Form and use verbs by adding -ing, -ed, or -s.

Recognize and compose coherent sentences that express complete thoughts.

Distinguish between complete and incomplete simple sentences, and identify the sentence type.

Use a variety of simple sentences to develop clarity in written texts.

Use singular and plural subjects with matching verbs.

With adult support, use adjectives or adverbs to add details or clarify meaning.

Acquire and use general, academic, and specialized vocabulary words and phrases.

Acquire and apply general, academic, and specialized vocabulary through grade-level texts.

Use grade-level general, academic, and specialized vocabulary to communicate in settings.

Acquire and apply word analysis skills to deconstruct and construct words to make meaning.

Identify frequently occurring root words and inflectional endings to form new words.

Construct words using frequently occurring root words and inflectional endings.

Explain how authors of texts use language for a specific purpose and a target audience.

Identify the general purpose and target audience in a variety of texts.

Identify different modes of communication: print, digital, auditory, and visual.

Create texts in teacher-selected modes.

Investigate the relationships between authors and speakers in texts.

Identify who is speaking or telling the story at various points in a text.

Identify and use organizational structures to craft meaning.

Identify and use various text features to locate information and make meaning.

Use text features to add clarity and meaning to texts.

Use transition words or phrases to sequence events and actions.

Identify and use descriptive and engaging language.

Identify and explain the use of descriptive and engaging language.

Identify and describe key ideas and details in a variety of texts.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of central message.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Integrate knowledge and ideas from a variety of texts.

Use illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

Identify and produce all phoneme grapheme correspondences for all consonants, including consonant blends and digraphs.

Identify and produce both long and short vowel sounds for A, E, I, O, U, including final -e, vowel digraphs, r-controlled vowels, and diphthongs.

Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with a variety of spelling patterns (VVCC, VVCe, VCCC, VVCCC) by applying knowledge of basic phonics skills.

Identify and decode parts of irregularly spelled words, including high-frequency words.

Decode two-syllable nonsense words by applying rules of basic phonics skills.

Decode two-syllable words by applying knowledge of all major syllable types.

Encode regularly spelled two-syllable words with a variety of spelling patterns by applying knowledge of basic phonics skills.

Identify and encode parts of irregularly spelled words, including high-frequency words.

Increase sight word vocabulary using decoding skills by reading grade appropriate regularly and irregularly spelled words with increasing automaticity.

Read a wide range of grade-level texts aloud with increasing automaticity.

Read a wide range of grade-level texts aloud with appropriate prosody (phrasing, expression, juncture/pause, and intonation).

Self-correct while reading text (silently or aloud) to improve comprehension and fluency, rereading as necessary.

Form all uppercase and lowercase letters and words with accuracy, consistency, and efficiency.

Form words and sentences efficiently.

Use appropriate spacing throughout the body of a text.

Efficiently and accurately transcribe text.

Track and maintain speed and efficiency while forming words and sentences.

Read texts written in cursive.

Practice forming cursive letters and connectors in words.

Use appropriate spacing between cursive words in a sentence.

Build an identity as a reader and writer, developing a repertoire of resources and tools to expand participation as an active consumer and producer of texts.

Engage in written or spoken dialogue as author and audience for a variety of tasks and purposes, making intentional connections within, between, and beyond texts.

Establish a purpose and set goals for reading, monitor comprehension, and adjust as needed.

Scan and skim the text, making note of structures and sections that might be most useful.

Draw from, compare, build, and integrate prior knowledge with the material in the text.

Summarize and visualize sections of the text to maintain understanding.

Compose a range of texts for a variety of purposes and audiences, flexibly engaging in writing processes to plan, draft, evaluate, revise, and edit texts.

Select and use appropriate strategies and tools to aid in the interpretation and construction of texts.

Interpret and construct texts by developing and applying knowledge of the strategies and techniques authors use to accommodate the target audience and achieve purpose.

Arrive to group discussions and collaborative meetings prepared to be an active participant in the work.

Communicate clearly to present ideas, information, and texts.

Integrate modes and genres most appropriate to purpose and audience.

Learn and apply conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics to aid the comprehension of texts and to communicate clearly.

Apply understandings of sentence structure to comprehend a wide variety of grade-level texts.

Elaborate on ideas and information, using adjectives and adverbs when incorporating details and descriptions to convey precise meaning.

Acquire and apply general, academic, and specialized vocabulary words and phrases through grade-level texts and content.

Use grade-level general, academic, and specialized vocabulary words and phrases to communicate in a variety of settings.

Identify and use frequently occurring root words and affixes (e.g., prefixes, suffixes) to deconstruct words to determine or clarify meaning.

Construct words using frequently occurring root words and affixes.

Use context within and beyond a sentence to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Determine the relationship between words and their synonyms and antonyms.

Determine the general purpose and target audience in a variety of texts.

Recognize different modes of communication: print, digital, auditory, spoken, visual, and multimodal.

Choose two or more modes and create a multimodal text on a self-selected topic.

Investigate the relationships between authors and speakers in texts.

Explain how various text features (e.g., captions, subheadings, charts, indexes) contribute to meaning and organization of texts.

Use text features (e.g., illustrations, page numbers, bold print, headings) to add clarity and meaning to texts.

Use conjunctions and transition words or phrases to sequence events and actions.

Identify interesting and/or descriptive words that express feelings or appeal to the senses in texts.

Use descriptive words to craft engaging texts.

Identify and describe techniques used to craft stories, including characters, setting, major events, and dialogue.

Identify the major plot events that occur between a problem and solution.

Identify and describe how characters' responses to major challenges or events support the central message, lesson, or moral of the story.

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from diverse cultures.

Use knowledge of narrative techniques to create texts that recount real or imagined experiences and events with a sense of closure.

Identify and describe techniques used to craft expository texts, including main idea and key supporting details within specific paragraphs.

Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in a text.

Use knowledge of expository techniques to create texts that introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to supply facts, and provide a conclusion.

Identify and describe techniques used to craft opinion texts, including the author's opinion, supporting reasons, and facts.

Use knowledge of opinion techniques to create opinion pieces that introduce the topic, state an opinion, supply reasons with linking words, and provide a conclusion.

Identify, classify, and describe poetic techniques used to craft texts, including rhyme, alliteration, repeated lines, stanzas, and line breaks.

Use poetic techniques to create poems using words and/or phrases that may or may not rhyme.

Generate questions about self-selected topics of interest for research.

Work collaboratively or individually to conduct research to answer questions by gathering and organizing information from multiple sources.

Organize and share related, relevant, and accurate information through a variety of different modes.

Refer to specific parts of texts when supporting an idea, answer, or opinion.

Explore various sources of information, including print, digital, and personal communication, and discuss connections to various topics.

Use knowledge of phonics to decode and encode grade-level words.

Decode and encode words with graphemes that represent multiple letter-sound correspondences.

Decode and encode single-syllable and multisyllabic words of all syllable types.

Decode and encode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Demonstrate oral and silent reading fluency to read grade-level texts for understanding, self-correcting as necessary.

Increase sight word vocabulary by reading regularly and irregularly spelled words with accuracy and automaticity.

Read a variety of unfamiliar grade-level texts with increasing accuracy.

Read grade-level texts with appropriate rate and expression (prosody) to support comprehension.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding.

Develop handwriting skills in cursive.

Form and join cursive letters to create words.

Write legibly in cursive to produce a text.

Learn and apply conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics to aid comprehension and analysis.

Apply understandings of sentence structure to comprehend and compose varied sentences.

Distinguish between correctly structured simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Use a variety of simple, compound, and complex sentences to strengthen clarity and coherence.

Use correct subject-verb agreement in a variety of sentences.

Acquire and use general, academic, and specialized vocabulary words with precision.

Acquire and apply word analysis skills to determine the meanings of words.

Make connections between words and phrases and use reference materials to determine or clarify meanings.

Use knowledge of purposes and audiences to make meaning of texts in multiple modes.

Make connections between authors, speakers, perspectives, and the circumstances in which texts are produced.

Demonstrate and apply understanding of organizational structures and elements to create coherent texts.

Use language to interpret meaning and craft engaging texts.

Explain, analyze, and use narrative techniques to shape understandings.

Explain, analyze, and use expository techniques to shape understandings.

Explain, analyze, and use opinion techniques to shape understandings.

Explain, analyze, and use poetic techniques to shape understandings.

Conduct research to ask and answer questions that clarify, deepen, and extend understanding of a topic.

Integrate evidence from print and digital sources, assessing credibility and relevance.

Engagement and Intention for Comprehension and Composition.

Collaboration and Communication.

Critical Thinking and Analysis.

Writing Processes.

Decode and encode words with graphemes that represent multiple letter-sound correspondences.

Decode and encode single-syllable and multisyllabic words of all syllable types.

Decode and encode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Read text aloud or silently with speed, accuracy, and expression to support comprehension.

Develop handwriting skills in cursive.

Form and use prepositional phrases.

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs.

Ensure pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Recognize and use conventional capitalization, quotation marks, and commas to indicate exact words and dialogue.

Use relative pronouns and relative adverbs.

Use interjections.

Use helping and linking verbs.

Correctly use frequently confused words (e.g., to/too/two; there/their/they're).

Recognize and use conventional capitalization in abbreviations, proper adjectives, and formal titles.

Use commas to indicate direct address and to set off the words yes and no.

Use apostrophes to form plural possessive nouns.

Use indefinite pronouns, ensuring correct agreement.

Use subordinating conjunctions to join clauses.

Use commas after introductory phrases or clauses.

Use conventional capitalization and underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works.

Use intensive pronouns.

Form and use the progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive verb aspects.

Form and use participles.

Apply understandings of sentence structure to comprehend a wide variety of grade-level texts.

Use a variety of simple, compound, and complex sentences to strengthen clarity and coherence.

Use correct subject-verb agreement to consistently achieve clarity in a variety of sentences.

Elaborate on ideas and information, using adjectives and adverbs when incorporating details and descriptions.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Determine audience and explain the development of the purpose across a text.

Classify various texts by mode and describe how the mode is impacted by audiences and contributes to purpose.

Create multimodal texts, using features of pre-selected modes for a specific purpose and audience.

Compare and contrast the perspectives of different narrators or speakers in a text.

Identify the ways in which the author indicates the context in which a text is written.

Compare and contrast the text features and structures of texts written in different genres on the same topic.

Design texts using a variety of text structures and features, according to purpose and audience.

Use conjunctions and transition words or phrases to show relationships between ideas and information.

Craft related sentences into cohesive paragraphs that follow a chosen structure using transitions.

Identify and explain how figurative language shapes how ideas and information in texts are understood.

Use figurative language for intentional effects when expressing ideas or conveying information.

Analyze the use of narrative techniques to present ideas, design texts, and convey information.

Describe how the text's protagonist and antagonist function in the plot and drive the conflict.

Identify and describe common themes in texts that are revealed through details about characters.

Compare and contrast the approach to similar themes and topics in stories, myths, and traditional literature.

Apply narrative techniques to develop a real or imagined experience.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences.

Determine the main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text.

Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively and explain how it contributes to understanding.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

Build an identity as a reader and writer, developing a repertoire of resources and tools.

Engage in written or spoken dialogue as author and audience for a variety of tasks and purposes.

Access and use strategies for comprehension before, during, and after reading as part of the meaning-making process.

Compose a range of texts, flexibly engaging in writing processes to plan, draft, evaluate, revise, and edit.

Read, write, and communicate for a variety of purposes and audiences across multiple modes and genres.

Conduct research to build and present knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Collaborate with others to broaden perspectives, build community, and solve problems.

Decode and encode words with graphemes that represent multiple letter-sound correspondences.

Decode and encode multisyllabic words of all syllable types.

Decode and encode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Increase sight word vocabulary by reading regularly and irregularly spelled words in isolation and context with accuracy and automaticity.

Read a wide range of unfamiliar grade-level texts with expression to show meaning and to demonstrate an understanding of tone.

Read texts written in cursive.

Use fine motor skills to form legible letters and words in cursive.

Use verb tenses (perfect, progressive) to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions.

Use conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections.

Use punctuation (commas, quotation marks, underlining/italics) to aid comprehension and communicate clearly.

Spell grade-level words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Acquire a range of general, academic, and specialized vocabulary words and phrases through grade-level texts and content.

Use grade-level general, academic, and specialized vocabulary words and phrases to enhance communication.

Use Greek and Latin roots and affixes to determine the meanings of words.

Determine or clarify the meanings of words and phrases using context clues.

Use reference materials to determine or clarify word meanings.

Understand figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings (e.g., similes, metaphors, idioms).

Describe the influences of purpose and audience on texts.

Describe how a narrator or speaker's perspective influences the text.

Make inferences about the context in which the text is written (e.g., time period, individual, situational).

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences.

Determine a theme or main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story, or explain relationships in informational text.

Describe how text features and organizational structure function in conjunction to represent ideas and information coherently.

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a text.

Explain, analyze, and use narrative techniques (e.g., dialogue, pacing, description) to comprehend and shape meaning.

Explain, analyze, and use expository techniques (e.g., definitions, details, quotations) to comprehend and shape meaning.

Explain, analyze, and use opinion techniques (e.g., reasons, evidence) to comprehend and shape meaning.

Explain, analyze, and use poetic techniques (e.g., imagery, rhythm) to comprehend and shape meaning.

Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer or solve a problem.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; summarize or paraphrase.

Reading Processes: Engage in reading processes to deepen comprehension of grade-level texts.

Speaking & Listening Processes: Engage in speaking and listening processes to communicate and collaborate.

Language Processes: Engage in language processes to observe and analyze how grammar and vocabulary work.

Writing Processes: Engage in writing processes to strengthen composition and communicate clearly.

Build an identity as a reader and writer, developing a repertoire of resources and tools to continuously expand participation as an active consumer and producer of texts.

Generate, understand, monitor, and discuss personal and academic reading and writing goals, revising as appropriate.

Select, read, and write texts of personal interest and academic relevance to grade-level texts and topics.

Build a repertoire of comprehension and composition skills, strategies, and techniques, drawing from them as needed to aid the interpretation and construction of texts.

Engage in written or spoken dialogue as author and audience for a variety of tasks and purposes, making intentional connections within, between, and beyond texts.

Develop and apply knowledge of key components of context such as background information, geographic location, cultural influences, time period, and contemporary events when interpreting and constructing texts.

Interpret texts through the author's lens by identifying, analyzing, and evaluating craft techniques that are connected to the responses, thoughts, decisions, and questions triggered by the text.

Identify, apply, and analyze the literary, expository, or rhetorical elements in texts, explaining or evaluating how specific elements affect the target audience and support the text's purpose.

Identify, apply, and analyze important, interesting, or effective uses of language, explaining or evaluating how specific word choices affect the target audience and support the text's purpose.

Explain, analyze, and evaluate how the author's use of sentence structure and syntax affects the target audience and supports the text's purpose.

Describe, analyze, and evaluate the design and organization of the text, explaining how specific formats, structures, patterns, and features influence the audience and support the text's purpose.

Construct texts with the audience's experience in mind, basing decisions about craft techniques on context and purpose.

Integrate literary, expository, or rhetorical elements to appeal to target audiences and achieve specific purposes.

Craft words and phrases in order to influence the responses, thoughts, decisions, and questions of the target audience and achieve a specific purpose.

Make decisions about sentence structure and syntax in order to accommodate and influence the audience and achieve a specific purpose.

Organize texts by incorporating specific formats, structures, patterns, and features to influence the audience, facilitate accessibility, and support the text's purpose.

Consider the impact of text design on audience and purpose when consuming and producing texts across modes and genres.

Collaborate with others to accomplish shared goals and projects.

Communicate clearly to present ideas, information, and texts.

Communicate clearly to present ideas, information, and texts.

Integrate modes and genres most appropriate to purpose and audience.

Vary tone, pace, and nonverbal gestures as appropriate to purpose and audience.

Engage in dialogue with audiences by asking and answering questions.

Build background knowledge by reciting all or part of significant poems and speeches as appropriate by grade level.

Draw from knowledge of the conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics when analyzing and constructing texts.

Form and use the progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive verb aspects.

Form and use participles.

Recognize and correct vague pronoun references.

Use correlative conjunctions to join words, phrases, or clauses.

Use conventional capitalization, quotation marks, commas, end punctuation, and attributions to indicate exact words and lines of dialogue.

Use semicolons to separate items in a series or list when at least one of the items already contains commas.

Use commas, parentheses, and dashes to set off nonessential words, phrases, or clauses.

Use ellipses appropriately.

Use hyphens with appropriate affixes and compound words.

Use semicolons, with or without a conjunctive adverb, to form compound and compound-complex sentences.

Use parts of speech and their associated phrases or clauses to perform indicated sentence functions (e.g., subject, direct object, predicate nominative, modifier).

Apply understanding of syntax to comprehend, analyze, condense, and combine ideas and information, enhancing clarity, style, and meaning.

Apply understandings of syntax to comprehend and analyze a variety of grade-level texts.

Use a variety of simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to condense and combine ideas, maintaining consistent verb tense throughout the text.

Identify and use active voice in sentences, revising for subject-verb agreement.

Build and enrich ideas and information in texts, using modifiers when incorporating details and descriptions to convey meaning and facilitate engagement.

Use a variety of approaches to continuously build vocabulary across a range of real-life, academic, and disciplinary contexts and apply those understandings to analyze texts and to communicate.

Use word knowledge and word analysis skills to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words and to communicate effectively for a variety of purposes.

Analyze the denotative and connotative meanings of words and phrases and strategically apply those understandings when interpreting and constructing texts.

Distinguish between the connotations of words that share a similar denotation (e.g., confident, assertive, egotistic, pompous, smug).

Use available print and/or digital resources, including reference materials and digital tools, to determine, clarify, or verify the meaning of unknown or multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Determine or clarify the nuanced meanings of closely related words or phrases using available print and/or digital resources to make strategic decisions when speaking and writing.

Analyze the impact of purpose and audience on a wide variety of texts.

Analyze the development of multiple purposes within a single text and how those purposes target specific audiences.

Investigate the relationships between authors and speakers in texts.

Describe and analyze the development and interaction of two or more perspectives conveyed by a single text.

Explain how the author's choice of evidence reveals the author's perspective and impacts credibility.

Analyze and use organizational structures to craft meaning.

Explain how authors modify text structures or features to convey meaning, respond to the audience, or achieve specific purposes.

Design texts, flexibly employing a variety of text structures and text features to convey information and add style.

Craft multi-paragraph texts using a coherent structure to organize ideas with an introduction; supporting facts, reasons, details, descriptions, and/or events; and a conclusion.

Interpret and use language to craft engaging texts.

Determine how figurative and connotative language choices contribute to meaning, mood, or tone in a wide variety of texts.

Use figurative language or literary devices for intentional effects when creating texts to achieve specific purposes or appeal to the target audience.

Compare and contrast characteristics of formal style (e.g., jargon, complete sentences) with those of informal style (e.g., contractions, slang, sentence fragments) and apply understandings to writing and speaking.

Analyze and apply narrative techniques.

Describe how narrative techniques are used across the text to develop plot, characters, and setting.

Analyze how setting, events, conflict, and characterization influence plot pacing.

Identify multiple themes and describe how the relationships and interactions between characters influence and shape themes.

Compare and contrast literary texts in different modes and genres (e.g., historical novels and fantasy texts) in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Apply narrative techniques to enhance writing, engage audiences, and achieve specific purposes.

Analyze and apply expository techniques.

Recognize and describe expository techniques used to present and design content, including main ideas, facts, key details, and a sense of closure.

Compare and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another on the same historical event or topic.

Apply expository techniques (e.g., main idea, facts, key details, sense of closure) to enhance writing and engage audiences.

Analyze and apply argumentative techniques.

Recognize and explain argumentative techniques used to present and design content, including an author's claim, supporting relevant evidence, an identified counterclaim, and a conclusion that logically follows the argument.

Apply argumentative techniques (e.g., author's claim, supporting relevant evidence, an identified counterclaim, and a logical conclusion) to enhance writing and engage audiences.

Analyze and apply poetic techniques.

Recognize and describe poetic techniques used to present and design content, including stanzas, rhyme scheme, imagery, figurative language, and/or sound devices.

Apply poetic techniques (e.g., stanzas, rhyme/rhyme scheme, imagery, figurative language, sound devices) to produce poetry and engage audiences.

Conduct research, generating questions to guide investigations of complex topics of interest and using credible resources to support analyses.

Generate questions to guide research and make connections between related topics of interest, formulating questions to investigate complex topics and ideas.

Draw from accumulated knowledge and research to analyze texts, supporting, challenging, or extending ideas and information.

Conduct research by locating, gathering, curating, and integrating information from credible sources (including print, digital, and personal communication) about texts and related topics.

Utilize multiple print and digital texts to address a specific topic or question, assessing source credibility and relevance and integrating evidence properly to avoid plagiarism.

Locate evidence in print and digital sources to support a central idea or question, recording basic bibliographic information, such as author, title, and page number.

Analyze print and digital texts to identify features of credible, relevant sources and to determine indicators that might signal unreliable sources.

Use basic parenthetical citations to credit authors when quoting or paraphrasing texts, ensuring each source is accompanied by a basic entry on a works cited page.

Demonstrate knowledge of dominant themes, genres, and verbal styles of literature from a particular time period.

Read and comprehend myths and stories (fictional or historical) that modern writers have adapted into their own works.

Build an identity as a reader and writer, developing a repertoire of resources and tools to continuously expand participation as an active consumer and producer of texts.

Generate, understand, monitor, and discuss personal and academic reading and writing goals, revising as appropriate.

Discuss or write about personal and academic reading and writing preferences, referring to specific techniques, topics, modes, and genres that resonate most.

Select, read, and write texts of personal interest and academic relevance to grade-level texts and topics.

Build a repertoire of comprehension and composition skills, strategies, and techniques, drawing from them as needed to aid the interpretation and construction of texts.

Participate in a community of readers and writers by developing group norms, discussing texts, sharing individual writing, and offering and responding to feedback.

Develop independence and autonomy as a reader and writer.

Engage in written or spoken dialogue as author and audience for a variety of tasks and purposes, making intentional connections within, between, and beyond texts.

Share real or imagined experiences by interpreting and constructing texts that tell or include stories.

Make use of texts to build knowledge, develop skills, make informed decisions, and share information and ideas.

Explain and learn concepts and processes by interpreting and constructing texts.

Influence and inspire others by interpreting and constructing texts.

Develop and apply a multilayered understanding of context, author, audience, and purpose to ground and propel the interpretation and construction of texts.

Apply knowledge of author's craft to enhance the interpretation and construction of texts.

Interpret texts through the author's lens by identifying, analyzing, and evaluating craft techniques connected to the responses triggered by the text.

Construct texts with the audience's experience in mind, basing decisions about craft techniques on context and purpose.

Consider the impact of text design on audience and purpose when consuming and producing texts across modes and genres.

Build and share knowledge as they engage with others in a range of settings and for a variety of purposes.

Engage in collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade-level topics, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Present information and ideas, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with pertinent descriptions, facts, and examples.

Draw from knowledge of the conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics when analyzing and constructing texts.

Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences.

Use a variety of simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to condense and combine ideas, maintaining consistent verb tense.

Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.

Build vocabularies and determine word meanings as they relate to reading and writing.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Purposefully engage with texts to grow in learning through comprehension.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Use text features and graphics to aid comprehension and analysis of a variety of disciplinary texts and their related contexts.

Determine two or more central ideas or themes in a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary.

Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text.

Analyze and use organizational structures and style to shape ideas and information.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a text.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to the development of ideas.

Analyze how particular elements of a story or drama interact (e.g., how setting shapes the characters or plot).

Use credible sources to research the answers to questions on academic and individual topics of interest.

Analyze and evaluate how meaning is constructed and conveyed in texts.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Compare and contrast a written story, drama, or poem to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version.

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period.

Analyze how two or more authors writing about the same topic shape their presentations of key information by emphasizing different evidence.

Develop personal and academic identities as readers and writers, approaching texts for a variety of tasks and purposes and engaging in reading and writing processes.

Generate, understand, monitor, and discuss personal and academic reading and writing goals, revising as appropriate.

Discuss or write about personal and academic reading and writing preferences, referring to specific techniques, topics, modes, and genres that resonate most.

Select, read, and write texts of personal interest and academic relevance.

Draw from knowledge of the conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics when analyzing and constructing texts.

Use a variety of approaches to continuously build vocabulary across a range of real-life, academic, and disciplinary contexts.

Acquire a range of general, academic, and disciplinary vocabulary through grade-level reading and content.

Use word knowledge and word analysis skills (morphology) to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Analyze and craft nuanced words and phrases in a variety of texts and for a variety of purposes.

Analyze the impact of purpose and audience on a wide variety of texts.

Analyze the development of multiple purposes within a single text and how those purposes target specific audiences.

Use text mode features to aid comprehension and analysis of a variety of disciplinary texts and their related contexts.

Analyze and use organizational structures to craft meaning.

Analyze the impact of how authors modify text structures or features to convey meaning, respond to the audience, or achieve specific purposes.

Design texts, flexibly employing a variety of text structures and features to convey meaning, respond to the audience, or achieve specific purposes.

Use concept repetition and connected terms to support transitions, clarify the relationship between ideas, and increase text cohesion.

Craft multi-paragraph texts using a coherent structure to organize ideas with an introduction, supporting details, and a conclusion.

Interpret and use language to craft engaging texts.

Determine how figurative and connotative language choices contribute to meaning, mood, or tone in a wide variety of texts.

Use figurative language or literary devices for intentional effects when creating texts to achieve specific purposes.

Compare and contrast characteristics of formal style with those of informal style and apply understandings to writing and speaking.

Analyze and apply narrative techniques.

Analyze the development of the narrative techniques used across the text to develop plot, characters, and setting.

Analyze how plot structures, conflict, and narrative devices (e.g., flashback, foreshadowing) work together to create an intended effect.

Analyze how authors convey and reveal themes through characters, events, and other story elements.

Analyze how a modern literary work draws on themes, event patterns, or character types from different time periods.

Apply narrative techniques to enhance writing, engage audiences, and achieve specific purposes.

Analyze and apply expository techniques.

Analyze and apply argumentative techniques.

Analyze and apply poetic techniques.

Analyze how authors use evidence and reasoning to support claims and develop ideas.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant.

Analyze how two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree.

Engage in research to build and present knowledge.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources, assess credibility, and quote or paraphrase while following a standard format for citation.

Reader & Writer Identity: Build an identity as a reader and writer, developing a repertoire of resources and tools to continuously expand participation as an active consumer and producer of texts.

Generate, understand, monitor, and discuss personal and academic reading and writing goals, revising as appropriate.

Discuss or write about personal and academic reading and writing preferences, referring to specific techniques, topics, modes, and genres that resonate most.

Select, read, and write texts of personal interest and academic relevance to grade-level texts and topics.

Build a repertoire of comprehension and composition skills, strategies, and techniques, drawing from them as needed to aid the interpretation and construction of texts.

Participate in a community of readers and writers by sharing and responding to texts and ideas.

Engagement & Intention: Engage in written or spoken dialogue as author and audience for a variety of tasks and purposes, making intentional connections within, between, and beyond texts.

Comprehension Strategies: Engage with a range of complex texts for a variety of tasks and purposes, accessing and using strategies for comprehension before, during, and after reading.

Establish a purpose and set goals for reading, monitor comprehension, and adjust as needed.

Scan and skim the text, making note of structures and sections that might be most useful.

Draw from, compare, build, and integrate prior knowledge with the material in the text, addressing inconsistencies or gaps.

Summarize and visualize sections of the text to maintain understanding.

Make and track predictions about the text, using evidence to confirm or revise.

Context: Develop and apply knowledge of key components of context such as background information, geographic location, cultural influences, time period, and contemporary events.

Reading like a Writer: Interpret texts through the author's lens by identifying, analyzing, and evaluating craft techniques connected to responses, thoughts, and decisions triggered by the text.

Collaboration: Collaborate with others to accomplish shared goals and projects.

Arrive to group discussions and collaborative meetings prepared to be an active participant in the work.

Collaborate with others to determine group norms, establish goals and procedures, and facilitate productivity when working on shared projects.

Contribute to discussions and shared projects by offering ideas, listening to the ideas of others, and providing feedback.

Work with others to discuss topics, investigate questions, solve problems, and explore and create texts.

Presentation: Use presentation skills to tailor communication to target audiences for specific purposes.

Writing Processes: Compose a range of texts for a variety of purposes and audiences, flexibly engaging in writing processes to plan, draft, evaluate, revise, and edit texts.

Grammar, Usage, & Mechanics: Draw from knowledge of the conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics when analyzing, evaluating and constructing texts.

Syntax: Apply understanding of syntax to comprehend, analyze, evaluate, craft, and reshape sentences to achieve desired effects.

General, Academic, & Specialized Vocabulary: Use expanding vocabulary knowledge to interpret texts and to craft effective communications across real-life, academic, and professional contexts.

Acquire a range of general, academic, disciplinary, technical, and professional vocabulary through grade-level print, digital, and/or multimodal texts.

Use grade-level general, academic, disciplinary, technical, and professional vocabulary to communicate clearly and precisely in a variety of settings.

Word Analysis: Use word knowledge and word analysis skills to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases and to communicate effectively.

Meaning & Purpose: Analyze and craft nuanced words and phrases in a variety of texts and for a variety of purposes.

Purposes & Audiences: Analyze the impact of purpose and audience on a wide variety of texts.

Analyze how an author's purpose and target audience influence the use of language, evidence, and structure in a text.

Assess the impact of context and language on a text's reception by the audience.

Construct and self-evaluate multimodal texts and/or presentations that serve more than one purpose and target a specific audience.

Authors & Speakers: Evaluate how authors' and/or speakers' perspectives influence texts and how circumstances shape their creation.

Compare and contrast varying perspectives on a particular topic found across a variety of texts, analyzing how texts establish and develop perspective.

Identify the impact of the speaker's reliability or credibility on the text.

Determine the reasons for changing attitudes around a topic and how that affects text.

Synthesize information from a variety of credible sources used to research the answers to questions on academic and individual topics of interest.

Organization: Analyze, evaluate, and use organizational structures and style to shape thoughts across genres.

Analyze the effectiveness of a text's organizational structure to meet the needs and expectations of the target audience.

Craft: Analyze, evaluate, and craft language to produce intended effects in a wide variety of texts.

Analyze how the use of figurative, connotative, and/or rhetorical language contributes to the development of meaning, tone, or mood.

Use literary devices, figurative language, rhetorical language, and/or rhetorical appeals to create a variety of effects.

Use formal style when speaking or writing to establish credibility and tone.

Narrative Techniques: Evaluate and apply narrative techniques to enhance text's appeal to audiences or achieve specific purposes.

Evaluate how narrative techniques (including archetypes, multiple perspectives, story structure, and symbolism) interact, using textual evidence.

Evaluate and critique how plot structures, conflict, narrative devices, word choice, and other craft techniques impact an author's purpose.

Analyze and evaluate how a text's theme has social relevance and is developed across a text, comparing passages within and across texts.

Analyze how literary works draw on themes, event patterns, or character types from different time periods.

Effectively apply a variety of narrative techniques to develop complex character(s) who change, use setting to create mood, and develop themes.

Expository Techniques: Evaluate and apply expository techniques to enhance text's appeal to audiences or achieve specific purposes.

Evaluate how an author's use of evidence and reasoning supports claims in informational texts.

Analyze texts with conflicting information or opposing viewpoints and determine where the texts disagree on matters of fact or interpretations.

Argumentative Techniques: Evaluate and apply argumentative techniques to enhance text's appeal to audiences or achieve specific purposes.

Poetic Techniques: Evaluate and apply poetic techniques to enhance text's appeal to audiences or achieve specific purposes.

Generate, understand, monitor, and discuss personal and academic reading and writing goals, revising as appropriate.

Discuss or write about personal and academic reading and writing preferences, referring to specific techniques, topics, and genres.

Select, read, and write texts of personal interest and academic relevance to grade-level texts and topics.

Build a repertoire of comprehension and composition skills, strategies, and techniques to aid interpretation and construction.

Participate in a community of readers and writers by developing group norms, discussing texts, and sharing individual writing.

Apply a variety of strategies to comprehend and interpret texts, including activating prior knowledge and making predictions.

Monitor comprehension and apply repair strategies when meaning is lost, such as rereading or consulting resources.

Use a recursive writing process to develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, drafting, revising, and editing.

Plan, draft, revise, edit, and publish writing for a variety of purposes and audiences.

Engage in collaborative discussions about grade-level topics and texts, building on others' ideas and expressing own clearly.

Prepare for and participate in discussions by having read or studied required material and explicitly drawing on that preparation.

Draw from knowledge of the conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics when analyzing, evaluating and constructing texts.

Apply understandings of sentence structure to comprehend a wide variety of grade-level texts.

Use a variety of simple, compound, and complex sentences to strengthen clarity and coherence.

Use correct subject-verb agreement to consistently achieve clarity in a variety of sentences.

Elaborate on ideas and information, using adjectives and adverbs to convey precise meaning and engage audiences.

Use and revise parallel structure within a paragraph to create symmetry and convey congruence of ideas.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Identify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meanings or parts of speech (e.g., analyze, analysis).

Consult general and specialized reference materials to find the pronunciation of a word or determine its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Analyze how the use of varied syntax contributes to the development of meaning, tone, or mood in a wide variety of texts.

Use varied syntax to achieve a variety of effects, as appropriate to intended purpose and target audience.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning text structure and organization contribute to the development of meaning.

Use text structure and organization to create coherent and cohesive texts.

Analyze how an author's style, including word choice and sentence structure, contributes to the development of meaning.

Apply knowledge of text structure and organization to create coherent texts with an introduction, supporting facts, and conclusion.

Analyze how the use of figurative, connotative, and/or rhetorical language contributes to the development of meaning, tone, or mood.

Use literary devices, figurative language, rhetorical language, and/or rhetorical appeals to create a variety of effects.

Use formal style when speaking or writing to establish credibility and tone.

Evaluate how narrative techniques (including archetypes, multiple perspectives, and symbolism) interact, using textual evidence.

Evaluate and critique how plot structures, conflict, narrative devices, and word choice impact an author's purpose.

Analyze and evaluate how a text's theme has social relevance and is developed across a text.

Analyze how literary works draw on themes, event patterns, or character types from different time periods.

Effectively apply a variety of narrative techniques to develop complex characters, setting, and theme.

Analyze how informational techniques, such as objective tone and logical organization, contribute to the development of meaning.

Use informational techniques to create texts that convey complex ideas and information clearly and accurately.

Analyze how argumentative techniques, such as claims, evidence, and counterclaims, contribute to the development of an argument.

Use argumentative techniques to create texts that establish a clear claim and support it with logical reasoning and relevant evidence.

Evaluate authors' uses of poetic techniques to achieve a purpose or to appeal to their target audience.

Apply poetic techniques to own texts, strategically choosing the appropriate techniques for specific purpose and audience.

Generate questions to guide research, make connections between complex topics, and explore creative solutions.

Use analytical findings to support a research question or thesis, citing sources in MLA format.

Integrate paraphrased, summarized, and quoted material into original texts to strengthen the writing.

Navigate and use a variety of credible print and digital sources, including academic databases.

Analyze information from a variety of sources by identifying misconceptions, conflicting information, or author bias.

Follow MLA guidelines when responding to inferential questions or when integrating and citing textual evidence.

Demonstrate knowledge of dominant themes, genres, and verbal styles of literature from a variety of periods and movements.

Generate, understand, monitor, and discuss personal and academic reading and writing goals, revising as appropriate.

Discuss or write about personal and academic reading and writing preferences, referring to specific techniques, topics, and genres.

Select, read, and write texts of personal interest and academic relevance to grade-level texts and topics.

Build a repertoire of comprehension and composition skills, developing a toolkit of resources to expand participation as a producer of texts.

Apply a variety of reading and writing processes to deepen comprehension and strengthen composition.

Establish a purpose and set goals for reading, accessing and using strategies for comprehension before, during, and after reading.

Develop and apply knowledge of key components of context such as background information, cultural influences, and time period.

Draw from knowledge of how authors consider context and audience to determine which information and ideas to highlight.

Identify, apply, and analyze rhetorical elements in texts, explaining how specific elements affect the target audience and support purpose.

Conduct research to ask and answer questions that clarify, deepen, and extend understanding of a topic using credible sources.

Engage in collaborative discussions and presentations, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.

Reflect on and evaluate personal reading and writing growth, identifying strengths and areas for improvement.

Learn and apply conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics to aid comprehension and communicate clearly.

Apply understandings of sentence structure to comprehend and compose varied sentences.

Analyze the nuances in connotative meaning of words that share a similar denotation.

Use knowledge of texts' distinct disciplinary, personal, or technical purposes to aid comprehension.

Assess the impact of voice and tone on a text's reception by the audience.

Construct and self-evaluate multimodal texts and/or presentations that serve more than one purpose and target a specific audience.

Determine how authors' and/or speakers' perspectives influence texts and how circumstances shape their creation.

Analyze and evaluate how an author's choices regarding text structure contribute to its overall structure and meaning.

Analyze and evaluate how an author's choices regarding syntax contribute to the development of meaning, tone, or mood.

Guide the audience through texts using varied transitions that are appropriate to the mode of communication, enhancing cohesion.

Apply knowledge of text structure and organization to create influential texts with a compelling conclusion.

Analyze and evaluate how the use of figurative, connotative, and/or rhetorical language contributes to meaning or tone.

Use literary devices, figurative language, and rhetorical appeals to create a variety of effects for a target audience.

Build credibility through a consistent formal, authoritative tone indicative of a confident and knowledgeable expert.

Compare how narrative techniques (including archetypes, multiple perspectives, and symbolism) develop and interact across texts.

Compare and evaluate an author's use of plot structures, conflict, and narrative devices to impact audiences.

Compare how different authors develop a similar theme, providing both reasoning and supportive textual evidence.

Analyze how literary works draw on themes, event patterns, or character types from different time periods.

Generate questions to guide research, make connections between complex topics, and refine text creation.

Synthesize information from credible sources to support a central thesis, following MLA or APA format.

Integrate paraphrased, summarized, and quoted material into original texts to strengthen writing.

Navigate and use a variety of credible print and digital sources, including academic databases, to locate relevant information.

Analyze information from sources by identifying author bias and verifying validity, relevancy, and accuracy.

Follow MLA or APA format guidelines when integrating and citing textual evidence on a works cited page.

Demonstrate knowledge of dominant themes, genres, and verbal styles of literature from a particular time period.

Analyze and evaluate how meaning is shaped by context, including historical, cultural, and social factors.

Engagement and Intention for Comprehension and Composition (EICC): Students develop personal and academic identities as readers and writers, approaching texts for a variety of tasks and purposes.

Inquiry and Research (IR): Students engage in inquiry and research to build and present knowledge.

Collaboration and Communication (CC): Students collaborate and communicate with others to build and present knowledge.

Reflection and Growth (RG): Students reflect on their learning and growth as readers and writers.

Grammar, Usage, & Mechanics: Learn and apply conventions of Standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics to aid the comprehension and analysis of texts and to communicate clearly.

Vocabulary: Use expanding vocabulary knowledge to interpret texts and to craft effective communications across a wide variety of real-life, academic, disciplinary, technical, and professional contexts.

Acquire a range of general, academic, disciplinary, technical, and professional vocabulary through grade-level print, digital, and/or multimodal texts or content.

Use grade-level general, academic, disciplinary, technical, and professional vocabulary to communicate clearly and precisely, adjusting style as appropriate in a variety of settings.

Syntax: Apply understanding of sentence structure to comprehend, analyze, evaluate, craft, and reshape sentences to achieve desired effects.

Apply understanding of sentence structure to comprehend, analyze, evaluate, craft, and reshape sentences to achieve desired effects.

Purposes & Audiences: Analyze the impact of purpose and audience on a wide variety of texts.

Use knowledge of texts' distinct disciplinary, personal, or technical purposes to aid comprehension.

Analyze the impact of audience on the development of a text.

Analyze the impact of purpose on the development of a text.

Authors & Speakers: Evaluate how authors' and/or speakers' perspectives influence texts and how circumstances shape their creation.

Evaluate how an author's or speaker's perspective, including cultural and historical context, influences the text.

Analyze how authors and speakers use rhetoric to advance a perspective or purpose.

Analyze how authors and speakers use language and style to advance a perspective or purpose.

Evaluate the impact of an author's or speaker's choices on the meaning and aesthetic of a text.

Organization: Analyze, evaluate, and use organizational structures and style to shape thoughts across genres.

Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of organizational structures in a variety of texts.

Use organizational structures to shape ideas and information in writing and speaking.

Language & Style: Analyze and use language and style to shape ideas and information.

Analyze and evaluate the use of figurative language, word choice, and sentence structure in texts.

Use language and style to shape ideas and information in writing and speaking.

Meaning & Ideas: Analyze and evaluate how meaning and ideas are developed and conveyed in texts.

Analyze and evaluate the development of themes and central ideas in texts.

Analyze and evaluate the development of complex characters and ideas in texts.

Analyze and evaluate the development of plot and structure in texts.

Evidence & Reasoning: Analyze and evaluate the use of evidence and reasoning in texts.

Analyze and evaluate the use of evidence and reasoning to support claims and ideas in texts.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of evidence and reasoning in texts.

Research: Conduct research to build and present knowledge.

Conduct research to build and present knowledge, using a variety of sources and methods.

Evaluate the credibility and accuracy of sources used in research.

Synthesize information from multiple sources to build and present knowledge.

Display perseverance and patience in problem-solving. Demonstrate skills and strategies needed to succeed in mathematics, including critical thinking, reasoning, and effective collaboration and expression.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Demonstrate and explain the relationship between numbers and quantities up to 20; connect counting to cardinality (the last number counted represents the total quantity in a set).

Count up to 20 objects in a variety of structured arrangements and up to 10 objects in a scattered arrangement.

When counting objects, explain that the last number counted represents the total quantity in a set (cardinality), regardless of the arrangement and order.

Given a number from 1-20, identify the number that is one more or one less.

Identify pennies, nickels, and dimes and know their name and value.

Use count sequences within 100 to count forward and backward in sequence.

Count forward to 100 by tens and ones and backward from 20 by ones.

Count forward from any given number within 100.

Use place value understanding to compose and decompose numbers from 11–19.

Describe numbers from 11 to 19 by composing (putting together) and decomposing (breaking apart) the numbers into ten ones and some more ones.

Identify, write, represent, and compare numbers up to 20.

Identify written numerals 0-20 and represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0-20 (with 0 representing a count of no objects).

Compare two sets of up to 10 objects and identify whether the number of objects in one group is more or less than the other group, using the words 'greater than,' 'less than,' or 'the same as'.

Compare two written numerals up to 10 using the words 'greater than,' 'less than,' or 'the same as'.

Explain the concepts of addition, subtraction, and equality and use these concepts to solve real-life problems within 10.

Compose (put together) and decompose (break apart) numbers up to 10 using objects and drawings.

Represent addition and subtraction within 10 from a given authentic situation using a variety of representations and strategies.

Use a variety of strategies to solve addition and subtraction problems within 10.

Fluently add and subtract within 5 using a variety of strategies to solve practical, mathematical problems.

Explain, extend, and create repeating patterns with a repetition, not exceeding 4 and describe patterns involving the passage of time.

Create, extend, and describe repeating patterns with numbers and shapes, and explain the repetition, not exceeding 4.

Describe patterns involving the passage of time using words and phrases related to actual events.

Observe, describe, and compare the physical and measurable attributes of objects and analyze graphical displays of data to answer relevant questions.

Directly compare, describe, and order common objects, using measurable attributes (length, height, width, or weight) and describe the difference.

Classify and sort up to ten objects into categories by an attribute; count the number of objects in each category and sort the categories by count.

Ask questions and answer them based on gathered information, observations, and appropriate graphical displays to solve problems relevant to everyday life.

Identify, describe, and compare basic shapes encountered in the environment, and form two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional figures.

Identify, sort, classify, analyze, and compare two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional figures, in different sizes and orientations, using informal language to describe attributes.

Describe the relative location of an object using positional words.

Use basic shapes to represent specific shapes found in the environment by creating models and drawings.

Use two or more basic shapes to form larger shapes.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Extend the count sequence to 120. Read, write, and represent numerical values to 120 and compare numerical values to 100.

Count within 120, forward and backward, starting at any number. In this range, read and write numerals and represent a number of objects with a written numeral.

Explain that the two digits of a 2-digit number represent the amounts of tens and ones.

Compare and order whole numbers up to 100 using concrete models, drawings, and the symbols >, =, and <.

Explain the relationship between addition and subtraction and apply the properties of operations to solve real-life addition and subtraction problems within 20.

Use a variety of strategies to solve addition and subtraction problems within 20.

Use pictures, drawings, and equations to develop strategies for addition and subtraction within 20 by exploring strings of related problems.

Recognize the inverse relationship between subtraction and addition within 20 and use this inverse relationship to solve authentic problems.

Fluently add and subtract within 10 using a variety of strategies.

Use the meaning of the equal sign to determine whether equations involving addition and subtraction are true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation relating to three whole numbers.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to solve addition and subtraction problem situations within 20.

Identify, describe, extend, and create repeating patterns, growing patterns, and shrinking patterns found in real-life situations.

Investigate, create, and make predictions about repeating patterns with a core of up to 3 elements resulting from repeating an operation, as a series of shapes, or a number string.

Identify, describe, and create growing, shrinking, and repeating patterns based on the repeated addition or subtraction of 1s, 2s, 5s, and 10s.

Compose shapes, analyze the attributes of shapes, and relate their parts to the whole.

Identify common two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional figures, sort and classify them by their attributes and build and draw shapes that possess defining attributes.

Compose two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional figures to create a shape formed of two or more common shapes and compose new shapes from the composite shape.

Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares.

Use concrete models, the base ten structure, and properties of operations to add and subtract within 100.

Use a variety of strategies to solve applicable, mathematical addition and subtraction problems with one- and two-digit whole numbers.

Given a two-digit number, mentally find 10 more or 10 less than the number, without having to count; explain the reasoning used.

Add and subtract multiples of 10 within 100.

Use appropriate tools to measure, order, and compare intervals of length and time, as well as denominations of money to solve real-life problems and analyze graphical displays.

Estimate, measure, and record lengths of objects using non-standard units, and compare and order up to three objects using the recorded measurements.

Tell and write time in hours and half-hours using analog and digital clocks, and measure elapsed time to the hour on the hour using a predetermined number line.

Identify the value of quarters and compare the values of pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters.

Ask questions and answer them based on gathered information, observations, and appropriate graphical displays to compare and order whole numbers.

Display perseverance and patience in problem-solving. Demonstrate skills and strategies needed to succeed in mathematics, including critical thinking, reasoning, and effective collaboration and expression.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Using the place value structure, explore the count sequences to represent, read, write, and compare numerical values to 1000 and describe basic place-value relationships and structures.

Explain the value of a three-digit number using hundreds, tens, and ones in a variety of ways.

Count forward and backward by ones, fives, tens, and hundreds within 1000; count forward by 25s from 0.

Represent, compare, and order whole numbers to 1000 with an emphasis on place value and equality. Use >, =, and < symbols to record the results of comparisons.

Apply multiple part-whole strategies, properties of operations and place value understanding to solve real-life, mathematical problems involving addition and subtraction within 1,000.

Fluently add and subtract within 20 using a variety of mental, part-whole strategies.

Find 10 more or 10 less than a given three-digit number and find 100 more or 100 less than a given three-digit number.

Solve problems involving the addition and subtraction of two-digit numbers using part-whole strategies.

Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Work with equal groups to gain foundations for multiplication through real-life, mathematical problems.

Determine whether a group (up to 20) has an odd or even number of objects. Write an equation to express an even number as a sum of two equal addends.

Use addition to find the total number of objects arranged in rectangular arrays with up to 5 rows and up to 5 columns; write an equation to express the total as a sum of equal addends.

Identify, describe, extend, and create repeating patterns, growing patterns, and shrinking patterns.

Identify, describe, and create a numerical pattern resulting from repeating an operation such as addition and subtraction.

Identify, describe, and create growing patterns and shrinking patterns involving addition and subtraction up to 20.

Estimate and measure the lengths of objects and distance to solve problems found in real-life using standard units of measurement, including inches, feet, and yards and analyze graphical displays.

Construct simple measuring instruments using unit models. Compare unit models to rulers.

Estimate and measure the length of an object or distance to the nearest whole unit using appropriate units and standard measuring tools.

Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another and express the length difference in terms of a standard-length unit.

Ask questions and answer them based on gathered information, observations, and appropriate graphical displays to solve problems relevant to everyday life.

Represent whole-number sums and differences within a standard unit of measurement on a number line diagram.

Solve real-life problems involving time and money.

Tell and write time from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, and estimate and measure elapsed time using a timeline.

Find the value of a group of coins and determine combinations of coins that equal a given amount less than one hundred cents; solve problems involving dollar bills and coins.

Draw and partition shapes and other objects with specific attributes, and conduct observations of everyday items and structures to identify how shapes exist in the world.

Describe, compare and sort 2-D shapes including polygons, triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and 3-D shapes including rectangular prisms and cones.

Identify at least one line of symmetry in everyday objects to describe each object as a whole.

Partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal shares. Identify and describe equal-sized parts of the whole using fractional names.

Recognize that equal shares of identical wholes may be different shapes within the same whole.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers up to 10,000 using base-ten numerals and expanded form.

Use place value reasoning to compare multi-digit numbers up to 10,000, using >, =, and < symbols.

Use place value understanding to round whole numbers up to 1,000 to the nearest 10 or 100.

Fluently add and subtract within 1,000 to solve problems.

Apply part-whole strategies and properties of operations to solve addition and subtraction within 10,000.

Describe, extend, and create numeric patterns related to multiplication. Make predictions.

Represent single digit multiplication and division facts using a variety of strategies.

Apply properties of operations (commutative, associative, distributive) to multiply and divide within 100.

Use the meaning of the equal sign to determine whether expressions are equivalent.

Use place value reasoning and properties of operations to multiply one-digit numbers by multiples of 10.

Solve practical problems involving multiplication and division within 100 using part-whole strategies.

Use multiplication and division to solve problems involving whole numbers to 100 with unknown quantities.

Describe a unit fraction and explain how multiple copies of a unit fraction form a non-unit fraction.

Compare two unit fractions by flexibly using a variety of tools and strategies.

Represent fractions, including fractions greater than one, in multiple ways.

Recognize and generate simple equivalent fractions.

Ask and answer questions based on gathered information and appropriate graphical displays.

Tell and write time to the nearest minute and estimate time to the nearest fifteen minutes.

Solve meaningful problems involving elapsed time, including intervals of time to the hour and quarter hour.

Use rulers to measure lengths in halves and fourths (quarters) of an inch and a whole inch.

Estimate and measure liquid volumes and masses of objects using customary units.

Identify perpendicular line segments, parallel line segments, and right angles in polygons.

Classify, compare, and contrast polygons, with a focus on quadrilaterals, based on properties.

Identify lines of symmetry in polygons.

Investigate area by covering the space of rectangles using multiple copies of the same unit.

Determine the area of rectangles (or shapes composed of rectangles) by tiling and counting.

Discover and explain how area can be found by multiplying the dimensions of a rectangle.

Determine the perimeter of a polygon and explain that it represents the distance around.

Investigate how rectangles with the same perimeter can have different areas or vice versa.

Display perseverance and patience in problem-solving. Demonstrate skills and strategies needed to succeed in mathematics, including critical thinking, reasoning, and effective collaboration and expression.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Recognize patterns within the base ten place value system with quantities presented in real-life situations to compare and round multi-digit whole numbers through the hundred-thousands place.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers to the hundred-thousands place using base-ten numerals and expanded form.

Recognize and show that a digit in one place has a value ten times greater than what it represents in the place to its right.

Use place value reasoning to represent, compare, and order multi-digit numbers, using >, =, and < symbols.

Use place value understanding to round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.

Using part-whole strategies, solve problems involving addition and subtraction through the hundred-thousands place, as well as multiplication and division of multi-digit whole numbers.

Fluently add and subtract multi-digit numbers to solve practical, mathematical problems using place value understanding and properties of operations.

Interpret, model, and solve problems involving multiplicative comparison.

Solve real-life problems involving multiplication of a number with up to four digits by a one-digit whole number and multiplication of two two-digit numbers.

Solve real-life problems involving division, including whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors.

Solve multi-step problems involving the four operations with whole numbers and explain the solution using a variety of strategies.

Generate and analyze patterns, including those involving shapes, input/output diagrams, factors, multiples, prime numbers, and composite numbers.

Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule and explain the informal rule used to generate the pattern.

Identify and describe patterns involving factors, multiples, prime numbers, and composite numbers to solve problems.

Solve real-life problems involving addition, subtraction, equivalence, and comparison of fractions with denominators of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 100.

Explain why a fraction is equivalent to another fraction by using visual fraction models and create equivalent fractions.

Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators using reasoning about their size and visual models.

Represent and solve real-life problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions and mixed numbers with like denominators.

Solve and explain real-life problems involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number using visual models and equations.

Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way.

Add and subtract fractions and mixed numbers with like denominators to solve real-life problems.

Solve real-life problems involving addition, equivalence, comparison of fractions with denominators of 10 and 100, and comparison of decimal numbers.

Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100 and use this technique to add two fractions.

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100 and locate these on a number line.

Compare two decimals to hundredths by reasoning about their size and record the results of comparisons with symbols.

Measure time and objects that exist in the world to solve real-life, mathematical problems and analyze graphical displays of data.

Use the four operations to solve problems involving distances, intervals of time, liquid volumes, masses of objects, and money.

Ask questions and answer them based on gathered information, observations, and appropriate graphical displays to solve problems.

Create dot plots to display a distribution of numerical measurement data and solve problems using information presented in dot plots.

Investigate the concepts of angles and angle measurement to estimate and measure angles.

Recognize angles as geometric shapes formed when two rays share a common endpoint and draw angles based on their measure.

Measure angles in reference to a circle with the center at the common endpoint of two rays and determine an angle's measure.

Identify and draw geometric objects, classify polygons based on properties, and solve problems involving area and perimeter.

Explore, investigate, and draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and lines of symmetry.

Classify, compare, and contrast polygons based on lines of symmetry, parallel or perpendicular segments, and angle size.

Solve problems involving area and perimeter of composite rectangles involving whole numbers with known side lengths.

Display perseverance and patience in problem-solving. Demonstrate skills and strategies needed to succeed in mathematics, including critical thinking, reasoning, and effective collaboration and expression.

Use place value understanding to solve real-life, mathematical problems.

Explain that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents in the place to its left.

Explain patterns in the placement of digits when multiplied or divided by a power of 10. Use whole-number exponents to denote powers of 10, up to 10^3.

Multiply and divide multi-digit whole numbers to solve relevant, mathematical problems.

Fluently multiply multi-digit (up to 3-digit by 2-digit) whole numbers to solve authentic problems.

Fluently divide multi-digit whole numbers (up to 4-digit dividends and 2-digit divisors no greater than 25) to solve practical problems.

Describe fractions and perform operations with fractions to solve relevant, mathematical problems using part-whole strategies and visual models.

Explain the meaning of a fraction as division of the numerator by the denominator (a/b = a ÷ b). Solve problems involving division of whole numbers leading to answers in the form of fractions.

Compare and order up to three fractions with different numerators and/or different denominators by flexibly using a variety of tools and strategies.

Model and solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions and mixed numbers with unlike denominators.

Model and solve problems involving multiplication of a fraction and a whole number.

Explain why multiplying a whole number by a fraction greater than one results in a product greater than the whole number, and why multiplying by a fraction less than one results in a smaller product.

Model and solve problems involving division of a unit fraction by a whole number and a whole number by a unit fraction.

Read, write, and compare decimal numbers to the thousandths place, and round and perform operations with decimal numbers to the hundredths place to solve relevant, mathematical problems.

Read and write decimal numbers to the thousandths place using base-ten numerals written in standard form and expanded form.

Represent, compare, and order decimal numbers to the thousandths place based on the meanings of the digits in each place, using >, =, and < symbols.

Use place value understanding to round decimal numbers to the hundredths place.

Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of decimal numbers to the hundredths place using a variety of strategies.

Write, interpret, and evaluate numerical expressions within authentic problems.

Write, interpret, and evaluate numerical expressions with and without grouping symbols.

Solve relevant problems by creating and analyzing numerical patterns using the given rule(s).

Generate two numerical patterns using two given rules. Identify apparent relationships between corresponding terms by completing a table.

Represent problems by plotting ordered pairs and explain coordinate values of points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane.

Solve problems involving customary measurements, metric measurements, and time and analyze graphical displays of data to answer relevant questions.

Explore realistic problems involving different units of measurement, including distance, mass, weight, volume, and time.

Ask questions and answer them based on gathered information, observations, and appropriate graphical displays to solve problems relevant to everyday life.

Convert among units within the metric system and then apply these conversions to solve multistep, practical problems.

Convert among units within relative sizes of measurement units within the customary measurement system.

Examine properties of polygons and rectangular prisms, classify polygons by their properties, and discover volume of right rectangular prisms.

Classify, compare, and contrast polygons based on properties.

Determine, through exploration and investigation, that attributes belonging to a category of two-dimensional figures also belong to all subcategories of that category.

Investigate volume of right rectangular prisms by packing them with unit cubes without gaps or overlaps. Then, determine the total volume to solve problems.

Discover and explain how the volume of a right rectangular prism can be found by multiplying the area of the base times the height to solve authentic problems.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Solve relevant, mathematical problems involving operations with whole numbers, fractions, and decimal numbers.

Fluently add and subtract any combination of fractions to solve problems.

Multiply and divide any combination of whole numbers, fractions, and mixed numbers using a student-selected strategy.

Solve practical, multi-step problems involving all four operations with decimal numbers to the hundredths place.

Apply operations with whole numbers, fractions and decimals within relevant applications.

Describe and interpret the center of the distribution by the equal share value (mean).

Summarize categorical and quantitative data sets in relation to the context: display distributions in plots.

Interpret numerical data to answer a statistical investigative question created.

Solve a variety of problems involving whole numbers and their opposites; model rational numbers on a number line.

Identify and compare integers and explain the meaning of zero based on multiple authentic situations.

Order and plot integers on a number line and use the distance from zero to understand absolute value.

Solve a variety of contextual problems involving ratios, unit rates, percentages, and conversions.

Explain the concept of a ratio, represent ratios, and use ratio language to describe relationships.

Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities and plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane.

Solve problems involving proportions using a variety of student-selected strategies.

Describe the concept of rates and unit rate in the context of a ratio relationship.

Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed.

Calculate a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100 and solve problems involving finding the whole.

Use ratios to convert within measurement systems (customary and metric) to solve authentic problems.

Solve relevant problems involving area, surface area, and volume.

Explore area as a measurable attribute of triangles, quadrilaterals, and other polygons and find the area.

Solve problems involving the volume of right rectangular prisms with fractional edge lengths.

Represent three-dimensional figures using nets and use the nets to find the surface area.

Identify, write, evaluate, and interpret numerical and algebraic expressions as mathematical models.

Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.

Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers.

Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terms (sum, term, product, factor, quotient, coefficient).

Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables.

Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Write and solve one-step equations and inequalities as mathematical models to explain authentic situations.

Solve one-step equations and inequalities in one variable.

Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.

Graph rational numbers as points on the coordinate plane to represent and solve contextual problems.

Find and position pairs of integers and other rational numbers on a coordinate plane.

Solve practical problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane.

Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates; use coordinates to find the length of a side.

Display perseverance and patience in problem-solving. Demonstrate skills and strategies needed to succeed in mathematics, including critical thinking, reasoning, and effective collaboration and expression.

Solve relevant, mathematical problems, including multi-step problems, involving the four operations with rational numbers and quantities in any form (integers, percentages, fractions, and decimal numbers).

Show that a number and its opposite have a sum of 0 (are additive inverses). Describe situations in which opposite quantities combine to make 0.

Show and explain p + q as the number located a distance |q| from p, in the positive or negative direction, depending on whether q is positive or negative.

Represent addition and subtraction with rational numbers on a horizontal or a vertical number line diagram to solve authentic problems.

Show and explain subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse, p – q = p + (–q). Show that the distance between two rational numbers is the absolute value of their difference.

Apply properties of operations, including part-whole reasoning, as strategies to add and subtract rational numbers.

Make sense of multiplication of rational numbers using realistic applications.

Show and explain that integers can be divided, assuming the divisor is not zero, and every quotient of integers is a rational number.

Represent the multiplication and division of integers using a variety of strategies and interpret products and quotients of rational numbers.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to solve multiplication and division problems involving rational numbers represented in an applicable scenario.

Convert rational numbers between forms to include fractions, decimal numbers and percentages. Know that the decimal form of a rational number terminates in 0s or eventually repeats.

Solve multi-step, contextual problems involving rational numbers, converting between forms as appropriate, and assessing the reasonableness of answers.

Use properties of operations, generate equivalent expressions and interpret the expressions to explain relevant contextual situations.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add, subtract, factor, and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients.

Rewrite an expression in different forms from a contextual problem to clarify the problem and show how the quantities in it are related.

Represent authentic situations using equations and inequalities with variables; solve equations and inequalities symbolically, using the properties of equality.

Construct algebraic equations to solve practical problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r, where p, q, and r are specific rational numbers.

Construct algebraic inequalities to solve problems, leading to inequalities of the form px ± q > r, px ± q < r, px ± q ≤ r, or px ± q ≥ r. Graph and interpret the solution.

Recognize proportional relationships in relevant, mathematical problems; represent, solve, and explain these relationships with tables, graphs, and equations.

Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions, including ratios of lengths, areas and other quantities measured in like or different units.

Determine the unit rate (constant of proportionality) in tables, graphs (1, r), equations, diagrams, and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships.

Determine whether two quantities presented in authentic problems are in a proportional relationship.

Identify, represent, and use proportional relationships.

Use context to explain what a point (x, y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means, with special attention to the points (0, 0) and (1, r).

Solve everyday problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures, including computing actual lengths and areas and reproducing a scale drawing.

Use similar triangles to explain why the slope, m, is the same between any two distinct points on a nonvertical line in the coordinate plane.

Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.

Use proportional relationships to solve multi-step ratio and percent problems presented in applicable contexts.

Predict characteristics of a population by examining the characteristics of a representative sample. Recognize potential limitations and scope.

Analyze sampling methods and conclude that random sampling produces and supports valid inferences.

Use data from repeated random samples to evaluate how much a sample mean is expected to vary from a population mean. Simulate multiple samples.

Solve practical problems involving angle measurement, circles, area of circles, surface area of prisms and cylinders, and volume of cylinders and prisms.

Measure angles in whole non-standard units.

Measure angles in whole number degrees using a protractor.

Use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve equations for an unknown angle.

Explore and describe the relationship between pi, radius, diameter, circumference, and area of a circle to derive formulas.

Given the formula for the area and circumference of a circle, solve problems that exist in everyday life.

Solve realistic problems involving surface area of right prisms and cylinders.

Describe the two-dimensional figures (cross sections) that result from slicing three-dimensional figures.

Explore volume of right cylinders and solve realistic problems involving the volume of cylinders and right prisms composed of cubes and right prisms.

Using mathematical reasoning, investigate chance processes and develop, evaluate, and use probability models to find probabilities of simple events.

Represent the probability of a chance event as a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of the event occurring.

Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process and observing its long-run relative frequency.

Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events. Compare experimental and theoretical probabilities of events.

Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes, and use the model to determine probabilities of events.

Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process.

Use appropriate graphical displays and numerical summaries from data distributions to draw informal inferences about two samples or populations.

Display perseverance and patience in problem-solving. Demonstrate skills and strategies needed to succeed in mathematics, including critical thinking, reasoning, and effective collaboration and expression.

Solve problems involving irrational numbers and rational approximations of irrational numbers to explain realistic applications.

Distinguish between rational and irrational numbers using decimal expansion. Convert a decimal expansion which repeats eventually into a rational number.

Approximate irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line, and estimate the value of expressions.

Solve problems involving radicals and integer exponents including relevant application situations; apply place value understanding with scientific notation.

Apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions.

Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations. Evaluate square roots of perfect squares and cube roots of perfect cubes.

Use numbers expressed in scientific notation to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other.

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used.

Create and interpret expressions within relevant situations. Create, interpret, and solve linear equations and linear inequalities in one variable.

Interpret expressions and parts of an expression, in context, by utilizing formulas or expressions with multiple terms and/or factors.

Describe and solve linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions.

Create and solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable within a relevant, real-life application.

Using algebraic properties and the properties of real numbers, justify the steps of a one-solution equation or inequality.

Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable with coefficients represented by letters and explain the solution based on the context.

Use algebraic reasoning to fluently manipulate linear and literal equations expressed in various forms to solve relevant, mathematical problems.

Show and explain the connections between proportional and non-proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.

Use the equation y = mx (proportional) for a line through the origin to derive the equation y = mx + b (non-proportional).

Show and explain that the graph of an equation representing an applicable situation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane.

Describe the properties of functions to define, evaluate, and compare relationships, and use functions and graphs of functions to model real phenomena.

Show and explain that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output.

Within realistic situations, identify and describe examples of functions that are linear or nonlinear. Sketch a graph that exhibits qualitative features.

Relate the domain of a linear function to its graph and where applicable to the quantitative relationship it describes.

Compare properties (rate of change and initial value) of two functions used to model an authentic situation each represented in a different way.

Write and explain the equations y = mx + b, Ax + By = C, and (y - y1) = m(x - x1) as defining a linear function whose graph is a straight line.

Write a linear function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain different properties of the function.

Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value from a description or two values.

Explain the meaning of the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models, and in terms of its graph or table.

Graph and analyze linear functions expressed in various algebraic forms and show key characteristics of the graph to describe applicable situations.

Solve practical, linear problems involving situations using bivariate quantitative data.

Show that straight lines model relationships between two quantitative variables. Visually fit a straight line and informally assess the model fit.

Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercepts.

Explain the meaning of the predicted slope (rate of change) and the predicted intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data.

Use appropriate graphical displays from data distributions involving lines of best fit to draw informal inferences and answer statistical questions.

Justify and use various strategies to solve systems of linear equations to model and explain realistic phenomena.

Interpret and solve relevant mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.

Show and explain that solutions to a system of two linear equations correspond to points of intersection of their graphs.

Approximate solutions of two linear equations in two variables by graphing the equations and solving simple cases by inspection.

Analyze and solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically to find exact solutions.

Create and compare the equations of two lines that are either parallel to each other, perpendicular to each other, or neither.

Solve contextual, geometric problems involving the Pythagorean Theorem and the volume of geometric figures to explain real phenomena.

Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse using visual models.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles within authentic problems in two and three dimensions.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points on the coordinate plane.

Solve problems involving the volume of cones, cylinders, and spheres and use them to explain real-world phenomena.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Apply mathematics to real-life situations; model real-life phenomena using mathematics.

Explain applicable, mathematical problems using a mathematical model.

Create mathematical models to explain phenomena that exist in various domains.

Use units of measure as a way to make sense of conceptual problems and record appropriate units.

Use various mathematical representations and structures to represent and solve real-life problems.

Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

Construct and interpret arithmetic sequences as functions to model real-life phenomena.

Build and interpret arithmetic sequences as functions whose domain is a subset of the integers.

Construct and interpret the graph of a linear function and represent key characteristics.

Relate the domain and range of a linear function to its graph using formal notation.

Use function notation to build and evaluate linear functions for inputs in their domains.

Analyze the difference between linear and nonlinear functions by informally analyzing parent graphs.

Solve problems involving distance, midpoint, slope, area, and perimeter to model real-life phenomena.

Solve real-life problems involving slope, parallel lines, perpendicular lines, area, and perimeter.

Apply the distance formula, midpoint formula, and slope of line segments to solve problems.

Create, analyze, and solve linear inequalities and systems of linear inequalities.

Create and solve linear inequalities in two variables and graph on coordinate axes.

Represent constraints of linear inequalities and interpret data points as possible or not possible.

Solve systems of linear inequalities by graphing.

Investigate rational and irrational numbers and rewrite expressions involving radicals.

Rewrite algebraic and numeric expressions involving radicals.

Show and explain the properties of sums and products of rational and irrational numbers.

Build quadratic expressions and equations to represent and model real-life phenomena.

Interpret quadratic expressions and parts of an expression in terms of its context.

Fluently choose and produce an equivalent form of a quadratic expression.

Create and solve quadratic equations in one variable.

Represent constraints by quadratic equations and interpret data points in a modeling framework.

Construct and interpret quadratic functions from data points to model real-life phenomena.

Use function notation to build and evaluate quadratic functions for inputs in their domains.

Identify the effect on the graph of a quadratic function when replacing f(x) with transformations.

Graph and analyze the key characteristics of quadratic functions.

Relate the domain and range of a quadratic function to its graph.

Rewrite a quadratic function to reveal the maximum or minimum value.

Create quadratic functions in two variables to represent relationships between quantities.

Estimate, calculate, and interpret the average rate of change of a quadratic function.

Write a function defined by a quadratic expression in different but equivalent forms.

Compare characteristics of two functions each represented in a different way.

Create and analyze exponential expressions and equations to model real-life phenomena.

Interpret exponential expressions and parts of an expression in terms of its framework.

Create exponential equations in one variable and use them to solve problems.

Create exponential equations in two variables and graph on coordinate axes.

Represent constraints by exponential equations and interpret data points.

Construct and analyze the graph of an exponential function to explain real-life phenomena.

Use function notation to build and evaluate exponential functions.

Graph and analyze the key characteristics of simple exponential functions.

Identify the effect on the graph of an exponential function when replacing f(x) with transformations.

Build and interpret geometric sequences as functions whose domain is a subset of the integers.

Compare characteristics of two functions each represented in a different way.

Collect, analyze, and interpret univariate and bivariate quantitative data to solve real-life problems.

Use statistics to compare and represent center and variability of two or more distributions.

Interpret differences in shape, center, and variability, accounting for outliers.

Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot and describe relationships.

Interpret the slope and intercept of a linear model in the context of the data.

Compute and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit.

Distinguish between correlation and causation.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Explain mathematically applicable problems using a mathematical model.

Create mathematical models to explain phenomena that exist in various contexts.

Using abstract and quantitative reasoning, make decisions about information and data.

Use various mathematical representations and structures to represent and solve problems.

Interpret the structure of polynomial expressions in a geometric framework.

Perform operations on polynomials within a geometric framework.

Using algebraic reasoning, add, subtract, and multiply single variable polynomials.

Use geometric reasoning and symmetries of regular polygons to develop definitions of rotations, reflections, and translations.

Verify experimentally the congruence properties of rotations, reflections, and translations.

Use geometric descriptions of rigid motions to draw transformed figures and predict effects.

Explain how the criteria for triangle congruence follow from the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions.

Use undefined notions of point, line, plane, and distance to develop precise definitions and symbolic notations.

Classify quadrilaterals in the coordinate plane by proving simple geometric theorems algebraically.

Make formal geometric constructions with a variety of tools and methods.

Prove and apply theorems about lines and angles to solve problems.

Use geometric reasoning to establish facts about angle sums, exterior angles, and parallel lines cut by a transversal.

Verify experimentally the properties of dilations.

Given two figures, use and apply the definition of similarity in terms of similarity transformations.

Use the properties of similarity transformations to establish criterion for two triangles to be similar.

Construct formal proofs to justify and apply theorems about triangles.

Explain that by similarity, side ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles, leading to trigonometric ratios.

Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles.

Use trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for sides and angles of right triangles.

Explore and interpret a radian as the ratio of the arc length to the radius of a circle.

Explore and explain the relationship between radian measures and degree measures and convert fluently.

Use special right triangles on the unit circle to determine the values of sine, cosine, and tangent.

Identify and apply angle relationships formed by chords, tangents, secants and radii with circles.

Derive the formula for the area of a sector and arc length using similarity.

Write and graph the equation of circles in standard form.

Use volume formulas for prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres to solve problems.

Use geometric shapes, their measures, and their properties to describe objects and approximate volumes.

Apply concepts of density based on area and volume in modeling situations.

Describe categories of events as subsets of a sample space and apply the Addition Rule.

Apply and interpret the general Multiplication Rule conceptually to independent events.

Use conditional probability to interpret risk and investigate questions involving false positives/negatives.

Define permutations and combinations and apply them to compute probabilities of compound events.

Interpret the probability distribution for a given random variable and interpret the expected value.

Develop a probability distribution using theoretical and empirical probabilities and calculate expected value.

Calculate the expected value of a random variable and interpret it as the mean of a distribution.

Compare payoff values associated with probability distributions and make informed decisions.

Construct and summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables.

Use categorical data in two-way frequency tables to calculate and interpret probabilities.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Explain applicable, mathematical problems using a mathematical model.

Create mathematical models to explain phenomena that exist in the natural sciences, social sciences, liberal arts, and humanities.

Using abstract and quantitative reasoning, make decisions about information and data from a mathematical, applicable situation.

Use various mathematical representations and structures to represent and solve real-life problems.

Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each.

Critically evaluate ethics, privacy, potential bias, and confounding variables along with their implications for interpretation.

Distinguish between population distributions, sample data distributions, and sampling distributions.

Calculate and interpret z-scores as a measure of relative standing and as a method of standardizing units.

Given a normally distributed population, estimate percentages using the Empirical Rule, z-scores, and technology.

Model sample-to-sample variability in sampling distributions of a statistic using simulations taken from a given population.

Given a margin of error, develop and compare confidence intervals of different models to make conclusions about reliability.

Summarize and evaluate reports based on data for appropriateness of study design, analysis methods, and statistical measures used.

Find the inverse of exponential and logarithmic functions using equations, tables, and graphs.

Analyze, graph, and compare exponential and logarithmic functions.

Use the definition of a logarithm, logarithmic properties, and the inverse relationship to solve problems in context.

Create exponential equations and use logarithms to solve mathematical, applicable problems for which only one variable is unknown.

Create and interpret logarithmic equations in one variable and use them to solve problems.

Create, interpret, and solve exponential equations to represent relationships between quantities and analyze the relationships numerically.

Create, interpret, and solve logarithmic equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities.

Rewrite radical expressions as expressions with rational exponents. Extend the properties of integer exponents to rational exponents.

Solve radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise.

Analyze and graph radical functions.

Create, interpret and solve radical equations with one unknown value and use them to solve problems that model real-world situations.

Create, interpret, and solve radical equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities.

Graph and analyze quadratic functions in contextual situations and include analysis of data sets with regressions.

Define complex numbers i such that i^2 = -1 and show that every complex number has the form a + bi.

Use the relation i^2 = -1 and properties of operations to add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.

Use the structure of an expression to factor quadratics.

Write and solve quadratic equations and inequalities with real coefficients and use the solution to explain a contextual situation.

Solve systems of quadratic and linear functions to determine points of intersection.

Create and analyze quadratic equations to represent relationships between quantities as a model for contextual situations.

Identify the number of zeros that exist for any polynomial based upon the greatest degree and end behavior.

Identify zeros of polynomial functions using technology or pre-factored polynomials and use the zeros to construct a graph.

Use the structure of an expression to factor polynomials, including sum/difference of cubes and higher-order polynomials.

Using all the zeros of a polynomial function, list all the factors and multiply to write a multiple of the function in standard form.

Use matrices to represent data, and perform mathematical operations with matrices and scalars.

Rewrite a system of linear equations using a matrix representation.

Use the inverse of an invertible matrix to solve systems of linear equations.

Utilize linear programming to represent constraints by equations or inequalities and interpret data points as solutions.

Define the three basic trigonometric ratios in terms of x, y, and r using the unit circle centered at the origin.

Apply understanding of the angle measures and coordinates of the unit circle to solve practical, real-life problems involving trigonometric equations.

Rewrite simple rational expressions in equivalent forms.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide rational expressions, including problems in context and express in irreducible form.

Graph rational functions, identifying key characteristics.

Solve simple rational equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Apply mathematics to real-life situations; model real-life phenomena using mathematics.

Analyze the behaviors of rational and piecewise-defined functions, including limits, continuity, and asymptotes.

Graph piecewise-defined functions, including step functions and absolute value functions.

Describe characteristics by interpreting the algebraic form and graph of a piecewise-defined function.

Represent the limit of a function using both the informal definition and the graphical interpretation in the context of piecewise-defined functions.

Divide polynomials using various methods, including long division and synthetic division.

Graph rational functions and identify key characteristics, including intercepts, asymptotes, and holes.

Represent the behavior of a rational function using limit notation for vertical and horizontal asymptotes and end behavior.

Represent the limit of a function using both the informal definition and the graphical interpretation in the context of rational functions.

Solve simple rational equations in one variable, and identify extraneous solutions.

Perform partial fraction decomposition of rational functions using non-repeated linear factors.

Utilize trigonometric expressions to solve problems and model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.

Use the concept of a radian as the ratio of the arc length to the radius of a circle.

Utilize right triangles on the unit circle to determine the values of the six trigonometric ratios.

Define the six trigonometric ratios in terms of x, y, and r using the unit circle centered at the origin.

Derive the fundamental trigonometric identities, including Pythagorean and reciprocal identities.

Determine the value(s) of trigonometric functions for a set of given conditions.

Graph and write equations of trigonometric functions using period, phase shift, and amplitude.

Apply trigonometric identities and equations to solve problems in a variety of contexts.

Solve trigonometric equations using algebraic techniques and identities.

Use sum and difference formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

Use double-angle and half-angle formulas to solve problems.

Model with conic sections and polar equations to explain real-world phenomena.

Derive the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas given their foci.

Graph conic sections and identify their key features.

Define and graph polar coordinates and equations.

Convert between rectangular and polar coordinates and equations.

Model with vector quantities to represent and solve problems involving magnitude and direction.

Represent vectors as directed line segments and perform basic operations.

Find the magnitude and direction of a vector.

Perform scalar multiplication and find the dot product of vectors.

Analyze and apply sequences and series to model and solve problems.

Represent sequences in multiple ways, including recursively and explicitly.

Determine the limit of a sequence and identify convergence or divergence.

Find the sum of finite arithmetic and geometric series.

Determine the sum of an infinite geometric series when it exists.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate observations about time patterns (day to night and night to day) and objects (sun, moon, stars) in the day and night sky.

Ask questions to classify objects according to those seen in the day sky, the night sky, and both.

Develop a model to communicate the changes that occur in the sky during the day, as day turns into night, during the night, and as night turns into day.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the physical attributes of earth materials (soil, rocks, water, and air).

Ask questions to identify and describe earth materials—soil, rocks, water, and air.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how rocks can be grouped by physical attributes (size, weight, texture, color).

Use tools to observe and record physical attributes of soil such as texture and color.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe objects in terms of the materials they are made of and their physical attributes.

Ask questions to compare and sort objects made of different materials (e.g., clay, cloth, plastic, wood, paper, and metal).

Use senses and science tools to classify common objects according to their physical attributes (color, size, shape, weight, and texture).

Plan and carry out an investigation to predict and observe whether objects, based on their physical attributes, will sink or float.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare and describe different types of motion.

Plan and carry out an investigation to determine the relationship between an object’s physical attributes and its resulting motion when a force is applied.

Construct an argument as to the best way to move an object based on its physical attributes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how organisms (alive and not alive) and non-living objects are grouped.

Construct an explanation based on observations to recognize the differences between organisms and nonliving objects.

Develop a model to represent how a set of organisms and nonliving objects are sorted into groups based on their attributes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare the similarities and differences in groups of organisms.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how animals can be grouped according to their features.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants can be grouped according to their features.

Ask questions and make observations to identify the similarities and differences of offspring to their parents and to other members of the same species.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate weather data to identify weather patterns.

Represent data in tables and/or graphs to identify and describe different types of weather and the characteristics of each type.

Ask questions to identify forms of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, and hailstones as either solid (ice) or liquid (water).

Plan and carry out investigations on current weather conditions by observing, measuring with simple weather instruments, and recording weather data.

Analyze data to identify seasonal patterns of change.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate light and sound.

Use observations to construct an explanation of how light is required to make objects visible.

Ask questions to identify and compare sources of light.

Plan and carry out an investigation of shadows by placing objects at various points from a source of light.

Construct an explanation supported by evidence that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials vibrate.

Design a signal that can serve as an emergency alert using light and/or sound to communicate over a distance.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to demonstrate the effects of magnets on other magnets and other objects.

Construct an explanation of how magnets are used in everyday life.

Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate how magnets attract and repel each other and the effect of magnets on common objects.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the basic needs of plants and animals and the external features of organisms.

Develop and use models for intact plants and animals to identify the parts of a plant and the parts of an animal.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the basic needs of plants (air, water, light, nutrients) and animals (air, water, food, shelter).

Design a solution to ensure that a plant or animal has all of its needs met in a specific environment.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about stars having different sizes and brightness.

Ask questions to describe the physical attributes (size and brightness) of stars.

Construct an argument to support the claim that although the sun appears to be the brightest and largest star, it is actually medium in size and brightness.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to develop an understanding of the patterns of the sun and the moon and the sun's effect on Earth.

Plan and carry out an investigation to determine the effect of the position of the sun in relation to a fixed object on Earth at various times of the day.

Design and build a structure that demonstrates how shadows change throughout the day.

Represent data in tables and/or graphs of the length of the day and night to recognize the change in seasons.

Use data from personal observations to describe, illustrate, and predict how the appearance of the moon changes over time in a pattern.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how weather, plants, animals, and humans cause changes to the environment.

Ask questions to obtain information about major changes to the environment in your community.

Construct an explanation of the causes and effects of a change to the environment in your community.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the properties of matter and changes that occur in objects.

Ask questions to describe and classify different objects according to their physical properties.

Construct an explanation for how structures made from small pieces (linking cubes, building blocks) can be disassembled and then rearranged to make new and different structures.

Provide evidence from observations to construct an explanation that some changes in matter caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some changes are irreversible.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the effect of a force (a push or a pull) in the movement of an object (changes in speed and direction).

Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate how pushing and pulling on an object affects the motion of the object.

Design a device to change the speed or direction of an object.

Record and analyze data to decide if a design solution works as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a force (a push or a pull).

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the life cycles of different living organisms.

Ask questions to determine the sequence of the life cycle of common animals in your area: a mammal, a bird, a reptile, an amphibian, and an insect.

Plan and carry out an investigation of the life cycle of a plant by growing a plant from a seed and by recording changes over a period of time.

Construct an explanation of an animal’s role in dispersing seeds or in the pollination of plants.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the physical attributes of rocks and soils.

Ask questions and analyze data to classify rocks by their physical attributes (color, texture, luster, and hardness) using simple tests.

Plan and carry out investigations to describe properties (color, texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support growth of plants) of soils and soil types.

Make observations of the local environment to construct an explanation of how water and/or wind have made changes to soil and/or rocks over time.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how fossils provide evidence of past organisms.

Construct an argument from observations of fossils to communicate how they serve as evidence of past organisms and the environments in which they lived.

Develop a model to describe the sequence and conditions required for an organism to become fossilized.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the ways heat energy is transferred and measured.

Ask questions to identify sources of heat energy.

Plan and carry out an investigation to gather data using thermometers to produce tables and charts that illustrate the effect of sunlight on various objects.

Use tools and everyday materials to design and construct a device/structure that will increase/decrease the warming effects of sunlight on various materials.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the similarities and differences between plants, animals, and habitats found within geographic regions of Georgia.

Ask questions to differentiate between plants, animals, and habitats found within Georgia’s geographic regions.

Identify external features and adaptations (camouflage, hibernation, protection, migration, mimicry) of animals to construct an explanation of how these allow survival.

Use evidence to construct an explanation of why some organisms can thrive in one habitat and not another.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the effects of pollution (air, land, and water) and humans on the environment.

Ask questions to collect information and create records of sources and effects of pollution on the plants and animals of Georgia.

Explore, research, and communicate solutions, such as conservation of resources and recycling of materials, to protect the plants and animals of Georgia.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare and contrast the physical attributes of stars and planets.

Ask questions to compare and contrast technological advances that have changed the amount and type of information on distant objects in the sky.

Construct an argument on why some stars (including the Earth’s sun) appear to be larger or brighter than others.

Construct an explanation of the differences between stars and planets.

Evaluate strengths and limitations of models of our solar system in describing relative size, order, appearance and composition of planets and the sun.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to model the effects of the position and motion of the Earth and the moon in relation to the sun.

Develop a model to support an explanation of why the length of day and night change throughout the year.

Develop a model based on observations to describe the repeating pattern of the phases of the moon (new, crescent, quarter, gibbous, and full).

Construct an explanation of how the Earth’s orbit, with its consistent tilt, affects seasonal changes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to demonstrate the water cycle.

Plan and carry out investigations to observe the flow of energy in water as it changes states.

Develop models to illustrate multiple pathways water may take during the water cycle (evaporation, condensation, and precipitation).

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to predict weather events and infer weather patterns using weather charts/maps and collected weather data.

Construct an explanation of how weather instruments (thermometer, rain gauge, barometer, wind vane, and anemometer) are used in gathering weather data.

Interpret data from weather maps, including fronts, temperature, pressure, and precipitation to make an informed prediction about tomorrow’s weather.

Ask questions and use observations of cloud types (cirrus, stratus, and cumulus) and data of weather conditions to predict weather events.

Construct an explanation based on research to communicate the difference between weather and climate.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the nature of light and how it interacts with objects.

Plan and carry out investigations to observe and record how light interacts with various materials to classify them as opaque, transparent, or translucent.

Plan and carry out investigations to describe the path light travels from a light source to a mirror and how it is reflected.

Plan and carry out an investigation utilizing everyday materials to explore examples of when light is refracted.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how sound is produced and changed and how sound and/or light can be used to communicate.

Plan and carry out an investigation utilizing everyday objects to produce sound and predict the effects of changing vibrations.

Design and construct a device to communicate across a distance using light and/or sound.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between balanced and unbalanced forces.

Plan and carry out an investigation on the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on an object and communicate the results.

Construct an argument to support the claim that gravitational force affects the motion of an object.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the roles of organisms and the flow of energy within an ecosystem.

Develop a model to describe the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in a community.

Develop a model to describe the flow of energy in a food web and a food chain and predict changes if an organism is removed.

Construct an argument to predict the response of an organism to changes in its environment (e.g., hibernation, migration, pollution, and extinction).

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to identify surface features on the Earth caused by constructive and/or destructive processes.

Construct an argument supported by scientific evidence to identify surface features as being caused by constructive and/or destructive processes.

Develop simple interactive models to collect data that illustrate how changes in surface features are/were caused by constructive and/or destructive processes.

Ask questions to obtain information on how technology is used to limit and/or predict the impact of constructive and destructive processes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the differences between a physical change and a chemical change.

Plan and carry out investigations of physical changes by manipulating, separating and mixing dry and liquid materials.

Construct an argument based on observations to support a claim that the physical changes in the state of water are due to temperature changes.

Plan and carry out an investigation to determine if a chemical change occurred based on observable evidence.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate electricity.

Obtain and combine information from multiple sources to explain the difference between naturally occurring electricity and human-harnessed electricity.

Design a complete, simple electric circuit, and explain all necessary components.

Plan and carry out investigations on common materials to determine if they are insulators or conductors of electricity.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about magnetism and its relationship to electricity.

Construct an argument based on experimental evidence to communicate the differences in function and purpose of an electromagnet and a magnet.

Plan and carry out an investigation to observe the interaction between a magnetic field and a magnetic object.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to group organisms using scientific classification procedures.

Develop a model that illustrates how animals are sorted into groups (vertebrate and invertebrate) and how vertebrates are sorted into groups.

Develop a model that illustrates how plants are sorted into groups (seed producers, non-seed producers) using data from multiple sources.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information showing that some characteristics of organisms are inherited and others are acquired.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the characteristics of instincts and learned behaviors.

Ask questions to compare and contrast inherited and acquired physical traits.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare and contrast the parts of plant and animal cells.

Gather evidence by utilizing technology tools to construct an explanation that plants and animals are comprised of cells too small to be seen without magnification.

Develop a model to identify and label parts of a plant cell and of an animal cell.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how microorganisms benefit or harm larger organisms.

Construct an argument using scientific evidence to support a claim that some microorganisms are beneficial.

Construct an argument using scientific evidence to support a claim that some microorganisms are harmful.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about current scientific views of the universe and how those views evolved.

Ask questions to determine changes in models of Earth's position in the solar system, and origins of the universe as evidence that scientific theories change.

Develop a model to represent the position of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy and in the known universe.

Analyze and interpret data to compare and contrast the planets in our solar system in terms of size, features, distance from the sun, and ability to support life.

Develop and use a model to explain the interaction of gravity and inertia that governs the motion of objects in the solar system.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the characteristics, composition, and location of comets, asteroids, and meteoroids.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the effects of the relative positions of the sun, Earth, and moon.

Develop and use a model to demonstrate the phases of the moon by showing the relative positions of the sun, Earth, and moon.

Construct an explanation of the cause of solar and lunar eclipses.

Analyze and interpret data to relate the tilt of the Earth to the distribution of sunlight throughout the year and its effect on seasons.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to recognize the significant role of water in Earth processes.

Ask questions to determine where water is located on Earth's surface and communicate the relative proportion of water at each location.

Plan and carry out an investigation to illustrate the role of the sun's energy in atmospheric conditions that lead to the cycling of water.

Ask questions to identify and communicate, using graphs and maps, the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world's oceans.

Analyze and interpret data to create graphic representations of the causes and effects of waves, currents, and tides in Earth's systems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how the sun, land, and water affect climate and weather.

Analyze and interpret data to compare and contrast the composition of Earth's atmospheric layers and greenhouse gases.

Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate how energy from the sun transfers heat to air, land and water at different rates.

Develop a model demonstrating the interaction between unequal heating and the rotation of the Earth that causes local and global wind systems.

Construct an explanation of the relationship between air pressure, weather fronts, and air masses and meteorological events.

Analyze and interpret weather data to explain the effects of moisture evaporating from the ocean on weather patterns and events such as hurricanes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to show how Earth's surface is formed.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the Earth's crust, mantle, inner and outer core, including temperature, density, thickness, and composition.

Plan and carry out an investigation of the characteristics of minerals and how minerals contribute to rock composition.

Construct an explanation of how to classify rocks by their formation and how rocks change through geologic processes in the rock cycle.

Ask questions to identify types of weathering, agents of erosion and transportation, and environments of deposition.

Develop a model to demonstrate how natural processes and human activity change rocks and the surface of the Earth.

Construct an explanation of how the movement of lithospheric plates, called plate tectonics, can cause major geologic events.

Construct an argument using maps and data collected to support a claim of how fossils show evidence of the changing surface and climate.

Plan and carry out an investigation to provide evidence that soil is composed of layers of weathered rocks and decomposed organic material.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the uses and conservation of various natural resources and how they impact the Earth.

Ask questions to determine the differences between renewable/sustainable energy resources and nonrenewable energy resources.

Design and evaluate solutions for sustaining the quality and supply of natural resources such as water, soil, and air.

Construct an argument evaluating contributions to the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the diversity of living organisms and how they can be compared scientifically.

Develop and defend a model that categorizes organisms based on common characteristics.

Evaluate historical models of how organisms were classified based on physical characteristics and how that led to the six kingdom system.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how cell structures, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems interact.

Develop a model and construct an explanation of how cell structures contribute to the function of the cell as a system.

Develop and use a conceptual model of how cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into systems, and systems into organisms.

Construct an argument that systems of the body interact with one another to carry out life processes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how organisms reproduce and transfer genetic information to determine traits.

Construct an explanation supported with scientific evidence of the role of genes and chromosomes in the process of inheriting a specific trait.

Develop and use a model to describe how asexual reproduction results in identical offspring while sexual reproduction results in genetic variation.

Ask questions to gather and synthesize information about the ways humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to examine the interdependence of organisms with one another and their environments.

Construct an explanation for the patterns of interactions observed in different ecosystems in terms of relationships among organisms and abiotic components.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and the flow of energy among biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for how resource availability, disease, climate, and human activity affect ecosystems.

Ask questions to gather and synthesize information to differentiate between Earth’s major terrestrial biomes and aquatic ecosystems.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information from multiple sources to explain the theory of evolution through inherited characteristics.

Use mathematical representations to evaluate explanations of how natural selection leads to changes in specific traits of populations.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variation and environmental factors influence survival and reproduction.

Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, and extinction of organisms.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the structure and properties of matter.

Develop and use a model to compare and contrast pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures.

Develop and use models to describe the movement of particles in solids, liquids, gases, and plasma states when thermal energy is added or removed.

Plan and carry out investigations to compare and contrast chemical and physical properties of matter.

Construct an argument based on observational evidence to support the claim that when a change in a substance occurs, it can be classified as either chemical or physical.

Develop models by analyzing patterns within the periodic table that illustrate the structure, composition, and characteristics of atoms and simple molecules.

Construct an explanation based on evidence to describe conservation of matter in a chemical reaction including the resulting differences between products and reactants.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the law of conservation of energy to develop arguments that energy can transform from one form to another within a system.

Analyze and interpret data to create graphical displays that illustrate the relationships of kinetic energy to mass and speed, and potential energy to mass and height.

Plan and carry out an investigation to explain the transformation between kinetic and potential energy within a system.

Construct an argument to support a claim about the type of energy transformations within a system.

Plan and carry out investigations on the effects of heat transfer on molecular motion as it relates to conduction, radiation, or convection.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about cause and effect relationships between force, mass, and the motion of objects.

Analyze and interpret data to identify patterns in the relationships between speed and distance, and velocity and acceleration.

Construct an explanation using Newton’s Laws of Motion to describe the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.

Construct an argument from evidence to support the claim that the amount of force needed to accelerate an object is proportional to its mass (inertia).

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to support the claim that electromagnetic (light) waves behave differently than mechanical (sound) waves.

Ask questions to develop explanations about the similarities and differences between electromagnetic and mechanical waves.

Construct an explanation using data to illustrate the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and energy.

Design a device to illustrate practical applications of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Develop and use a model to compare and contrast how light and sound waves are reflected, refracted, absorbed, diffracted or transmitted through various materials.

Analyze and interpret data to predict patterns in the relationship between density of media and wave behavior (i.e., speed).

Develop and use a model to predict and describe the relationships between wave properties (frequency, amplitude, wavelength) and energy.

Develop and use models to demonstrate the effects that lenses have on light and their possible technological applications.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about gravity, electricity, and magnetism as major forces acting in nature.

Construct an argument using evidence to support the claim that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even when not in contact.

Plan and carry out investigations to demonstrate the distribution of charge in conductors and insulators.

Plan and carry out investigations to identify the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.

Construct an explanation of how cell structures and organelles interact as a system to maintain homeostasis.

Develop and use models to explain the role of cellular reproduction (including binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis) in maintaining genetic continuity.

Construct arguments supported by evidence to relate the structure of macromolecules to their interactions in catabolic and anabolic cellular reactions.

Plan and carry out investigations to explain the role of enzymes in critical life processes.

Develop and use models to explain the role of ATP in the storage and release of energy in the cell.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells.

Construct an explanation of how the structures of DNA and RNA lead to the expression of information within the cell via replication, transcription, and translation.

Construct an argument based on evidence to support the claim that inheritable genetic variations may result from meiosis, replication errors, and environmental factors.

Ask questions to gather and communicate information about the use and ethical considerations of biotechnology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.

Use Mendel’s laws to ask questions and define problems that explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.

Use mathematical models to predict and explain patterns of inheritance.

Construct an argument to support a claim about the relative advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to illustrate the organization of interacting systems within single-celled and multi-celled organisms.

Construct an argument supported by scientific information to explain patterns in structures and functions among clades of organisms.

Analyze and interpret data to develop models (cladograms/phylogenetic trees) that show how organisms are classified based on common ancestry.

Construct an argument to support the claim that viruses are non-living.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to assess the interdependence of all organisms on one another and their environment.

Plan and carry out investigations and analyze data to support explanations about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems.

Develop and use models to analyze the cycling of matter and flow of energy within ecosystems through photosynthesis and respiration.

Construct an argument to predict the impact of environmental change on the stability of an ecosystem.

Design a solution to reduce the impact of a human activity on the environment.

Construct explanations that predict an organism’s ability to survive within changing environmental limits.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to assess the theory of evolution.

Construct an explanation of how biological evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular evidence.

Construct an argument based on evidence of the process of natural selection.

Analyze and interpret data to explain how changes in genetic diversity in a population can lead to speciation.

Develop and use models to explain how phylogenetic trees and cladograms show relationships among organisms.

Construct an explanation of how the theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the use of the modern atomic theory and periodic law to explain the characteristics of atoms and elements.

Evaluate merits and limitations of different models of the atom in relation to relative size, charge, and position of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Construct an argument to support the claim that the proton (and not the neutron or electron) defines the element's identity.

Construct an explanation based on scientific evidence of the production of elements heavier than hydrogen by nuclear fusion.

Construct an explanation that relates the relative abundance of isotopes of a particular element to the atomic mass of the element.

Construct an explanation of light emission and the movement of electrons to identify elements (e.g., flame tests, emission spectra).

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level.

Develop and use models, including electron configuration of atoms and ions, to predict an element's chemical properties.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the chemical and physical properties of matter resulting from the ability of atoms to form bonds.

Plan and carry out an investigation to gather evidence to compare physical and chemical properties at the macroscopic scale to infer force strength.

Develop and use models to predict formulas for stable, binary ionic compounds based on balance of charges.

Use the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature for translating between chemical names and formulas.

Characterize ionic, and covalent compounds based on their relative physical and chemical properties.

Develop and use models to explain the properties of metals (e.g., conductivity, malleability, ductility) based on the sea of electrons model.

Construct an explanation of the relationship between the structure and properties of carbon (e.g., diamond, graphite, fullerenes).

Develop a model to illustrate the release or absorption of energy (endothermic or exothermic) from a chemical reaction system.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how the Law of Conservation of Matter is used to determine chemical composition.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to balance chemical reactions and identify the type of reaction.

Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to apply concepts of the mole and Avogadro’s number to calculate percent composition.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to identify and solve different types of stoichiometry problems.

Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate the relationship between the theoretical and actual yield of a chemical reaction.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the ideal gas laws and the kinetic molecular theory to explain gas behavior.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to solve problems using the combined gas law and the ideal gas law.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to solve problems using Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures and Graham’s Law of Effusion.

Construct an explanation based on the kinetic molecular theory to describe the behavior of gases.

Refine the design of a chemical system by altering conditions that change forward and reverse reaction rates and equilibrium.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the properties of solutions to explain physical and chemical transformations.

Plan and carry out an investigation to evaluate the factors that affect the rate at which a solute dissolves in a specific solvent.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to evaluate the effects of solute concentration on the physical properties of solutions.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to solve problems involving the molarity of a solution.

Plan and carry out an investigation to calculate the concentration of a solution in terms of molarity and percent by mass.

Develop and use a model to explain the process of dissolution (e.g., hydration, dissociation).

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the nature of acids and bases.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to compare, contrast, and evaluate the nature of acids and bases in terms of pH and pOH.

Plan and carry out an investigation to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base using titration.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to calculate the pH and pOH of a solution.

Compare and contrast the properties of acids and bases (e.g., Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry).

Develop and use a model to explain the process of neutralization (e.g., salt formation).

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.

Construct an explanation of how cell structures and organelles interact as a system to maintain homeostasis.

Develop and use models to explain the role of cellular reproduction (including binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis) in maintaining genetic continuity.

Construct an argument supported by evidence of the importance of maintaining homeostasis and the role of the cell membrane in transport.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells.

Construct an explanation of how the structures of DNA and RNA lead to the expression of information within the cell.

Construct an argument based on evidence to support the claim that inheritable genetic variations may result from meiosis and mutations.

Ask questions to gather and communicate information about the use and ethical considerations of biotechnology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.

Use mathematical models to predict the probability of traits in offspring based on the laws of segregation and independent assortment.

Construct an argument to support a claim about the relative advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Construct an explanation of how the process of meiosis results in genetic variation and the formation of gametes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to illustrate the organization of interacting systems within single-celled and multi-celled organisms.