With modeling and prompting, answer questions about details in a text.

With modeling and support, retell familiar stories/poems.

With modeling and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.

With modeling and support, answer questions about unknown words in stories and poems.

Gain exposure to common types of literary texts (e.g., storybooks, poems).

With modeling and support, identify the role of author and illustrator.

With modeling and support, tell how the illustrations support the story.

With modeling and support, compare adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With modeling and support, answer questions about details in an informational text.

With modeling and support, recall one or more detail(s) related to the main topic from an informational text.

With modeling and support, connect individuals, events, and pieces of information in text to life experiences.

With modeling and support, answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

With modeling and support, identify the role of author and illustrator.

With modeling and support, tell how the illustrations support the text.

(Begins in Kindergarten)

With modeling and support, identify basic similarities and differences between two texts on the same topic.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Demonstrate understanding of basic features of print.

Demonstrate an awareness that words are read from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.

Recognize that spoken words can be written and read.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Recognize and name some upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words and sounds (phonemes).

Recognize rhyming words in spoken language.

Identify and isolate individual words in a spoken sentence.

Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce the initial sound in spoken words.

Orally blend and segment individual phonemes in two- to-three phoneme words.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Recognize that words are made up of letters and their sounds.

Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter sound correspondences by producing the most frequent sound for some consonants.

Recognize name in print as well as some environmental print (symbols/words).

Engage with a variety of texts (e.g., a variety of structures and/or genres) with purpose and understanding.

With modeling and support, use a combination of drawing, dictating, and developmentally appropriate writing to share opinion about an experience or book.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, or developmentally appropriate writing to state information on a topic.

With modeling and support, use a combination of drawing, dictating, or developmentally appropriate writing to communicate a personal story about a single event.

(Begins in Grade 3)

With modeling, guidance, and support from adults, review drawing, dictation, or developmentally appropriate writing.

With prompting and support from adults, explore a variety of digital tools to express ideas.

Participate in shared research and shared writing projects.

With modeling and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about pre-kindergarten topics and texts.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others and taking turns speaking).

During scaffolded conversations, continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally by asking and answering questions about key details.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe familiar people, places, things, and events.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions as desired to provide additional detail.

With modeling and support, speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Print some letters of the alphabet, including those in own name.

Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.

Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/.

Understand and begin to use question words (e.g., interrogatives who, what, where, when, why, how).

Gain exposure to the most frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., to, from, in, out, on, off, for, of, by, with).

Produce complete sentences in shared language activities.

Gain exposure to conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling during shared reading and writing.

Recognize that their name begins with a capital letter.

Demonstrate awareness of name and function of end punctuation (e.g., period, question mark, exclamation point).

Use letter-like shapes, symbols, letters, and words to convey meaning.

Develop fine motor skills necessary to control and sustain handwriting.

(Begins in Grade 2)

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown words and phrases based on pre-kindergarten reading and content.

With modeling and support from adults, explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

With modeling and support from adults, sort common objects into categories to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

With modeling and support from adults, demonstrate understanding of frequently occurring verbs and adjectives by relating them to their opposites.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

With modeling and support from adults, explore nuances in meaning among verbs describing similar actions by acting out the meanings.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, being read to, and responding to texts.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, retell familiar stories, including key details.

With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.

Ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Recognize common types of texts (e.g., storybooks, poems).

With prompting and support, define the role of author and illustrator in telling the story.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the story.

With prompting and support, compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.

With prompting and support, describe the connection between individuals, events, or ideas.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

Name the author and illustrator and define their roles in presenting ideas.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the text.

With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities and differences between two texts.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.

Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by sequences of letters.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Recognize and produce rhyming words.

Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds in CVC words.

Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in simple, one-syllable words.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondences.

Associate the long and short sounds with common spellings for the five major vowels.

Read common high-frequency words by sight.

Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of letters.

Read emergent-reader texts with purpose and understanding.

Use drawing, dictating, and writing to compose opinion pieces.

Use drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/explanatory texts.

Use drawing, dictating, and writing to narrate a single event or linked events.

With guidance and support, respond to questions and add details to strengthen writing.

With guidance and support, explore digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

With guidance and support, recall or gather information to answer a question.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud by asking and answering questions.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify.

Describe familiar people, places, things, and events with detail.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions to provide detail.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage.

Print many upper- and lowercase letters.

Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.

Form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/.

Understand and use question words (interrogatives).

Use the most frequently occurring prepositions.

Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.

Demonstrate command of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.

Recognize and name end punctuation.

Write a letter or letters for most consonant and short-vowel sounds.

Spell simple words phonetically, drawing on sound-letter relationships.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words.

Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately.

Use frequently occurring inflections and affixes as clues to word meaning.

With guidance and support, explore word relationships and nuances.

Sort common objects into categories to gain a sense of concepts.

Demonstrate understanding of frequently occurring verbs and adjectives by relating them to opposites.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing the same general action.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and responding to texts.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information.

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

With prompting and support, read prose and poetry of appropriate complexity for grade 1.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.

Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text.

Distinguish between information provided by pictures and information provided by the words in a text.

Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic.

With prompting and support, read informational texts appropriately complex for grade 1.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.

Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Know the spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables.

Decode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Read words with inflectional endings.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding.

Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic, state an opinion, and provide a reason.

Write informative/explanatory texts in which they name a topic, supply some facts, and provide closure.

Write narratives in which they recount two or more appropriately sequenced events.

With guidance and support from adults, focus on a topic and add details to strengthen writing.

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Build on others' talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others.

Ask questions to clear up any confusion about the topics and texts under discussion.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas clearly.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions when appropriate to clarify ideas.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Print all upper- and lowercase letters.

Use common, proper, and possessive nouns.

Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in basic sentences.

Use personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns.

Use verbs to convey a sense of past, present, and future.

Use frequently occurring adjectives.

Use frequently occurring conjunctions.

Use determiners (e.g., articles, demonstratives).

Use frequently occurring prepositions.

Produce and expand complete simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Capitalize dates and names of people.

Use end punctuation for sentences.

Use commas in dates and to separate single words in a series.

Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling-sound correspondences and for irregular words.

Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling conventions.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use frequently occurring affixes as a clue to the meaning of a word.

Identify frequently occurring root words and their inflectional forms.

With guidance and support from adults, demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances.

Sort words into categories to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Define words by category and by one or more key attributes.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs differing in manner and adjectives differing in intensity.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Recount stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.

Describe how words and phrases supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.

Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action.

Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialogue aloud.

Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from different cultures.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories and poetry, in the grades 2-3 text complexity band proficiently.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.

Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.

Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe.

Explain how specific images contribute to and clarify a text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, in the grades 2-3 text complexity band.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams.

Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels.

Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic, state an opinion, supply reasons, use linking words, and provide a concluding statement.

Write informative/explanatory texts in which they introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and provide a concluding statement.

Write narratives in which they recount a well-elaborated event, include details to describe actions and feelings, and provide a sense of closure.

With guidance and support from adults and peers, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editing.

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in collaboration with peers.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 2 topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Build on others' talk in conversations by linking their comments to the remarks of others.

Ask for clarification and further explanation as needed about the topics and texts under discussion.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension, gather additional information, or deepen understanding.

Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking audibly in coherent sentences.

Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add drawings or other visual displays to stories or recounts of experiences to clarify ideas.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use collective nouns.

Form and use frequently occurring irregular plural nouns.

Use reflexive pronouns.

Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs.

Use adjectives and adverbs, and choose between them depending on what is to be modified.

Produce, expand, and rearrange complete simple and compound sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize holidays, product names, and geographic names.

Use commas in greetings and closings of letters.

Use an apostrophe to form contractions and frequently occurring possessives.

Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Compare formal and informal uses of English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 2 reading and content.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words.

Use glossaries and beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases.

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among closely related verbs and closely related adjectives.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or moral.

Describe characters in a story and explain how their actions contribute to the sequence of events.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems using terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza; describe how parts build on sections.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the narrator or those of the characters.

Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story.

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 2-3 text complexity band independently.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas, or steps in technical procedures.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 3 topic.

Use text features and search tools to locate information relevant to a given topic efficiently.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the author of a text.

Use information gained from illustrations and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding of the text.

Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts at the high end of the grades 2-3 text complexity band.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Identify and know the meaning of the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes.

Decode words with common Latin suffixes.

Decode multi-syllable words.

Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons.

Introduce the topic or text, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure that lists reasons.

Provide reasons that support the opinion.

Use linking words and phrases to connect opinion and reasons.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic and group related information together; include illustrations when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, and details.

Use linking words and phrases to connect ideas within categories of information.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and descriptive details.

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences.

Use temporal words and phrases to signal event order.

Provide a sense of closure.

With guidance and support from adults, produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 3 topics and texts.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Ask questions to check understanding of information presented, stay on topic, and link comments.

Explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration and detail.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and details.

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems; add visual displays when appropriate.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in general and in sentences.

Form and use regular and irregular plural nouns.

Use abstract nouns (e.g., childhood).

Form and use regular and irregular verbs.

Form and use the simple (e.g., I walked; I walk; I will walk) verb tenses.

Ensure subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs.

Use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Produce simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Capitalize appropriate words in titles.

Use commas in addresses.

Use commas and quotation marks in dialogue.

Form and use possessives.

Use conventional spelling for high-frequency and other studied words and for adding suffixes.

Use spelling patterns and generalizations in writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Recognize and observe differences between the conventions of spoken and written standard English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning word and phrases.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known affix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use glossaries or beginning dictionaries to determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Distinguish the literal and nonliteral meanings of words and phrases in context.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among related words that describe states of mind or degrees of certainty.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.

Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including those that allude to significant characters found in mythology.

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, and refer to the structural elements of poems and drama when writing or speaking about a text.

Compare and contrast the point of view from which different stories are narrated, including the difference between first- and third-person narrations.

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text.

Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics and patterns of events in stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, in the grades 4-5 text complexity band proficiently.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine the main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text, including what happened and why.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words or phrases in a text relevant to a grade 4 topic or subject area.

Describe the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text or part of a text.

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic; describe the differences in focus and the information provided.

Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively and explain how the information contributes to an understanding of the text.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, in the grades 4-5 text complexity band.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which related ideas are grouped to support the writer's purpose.

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in addition, consequently, specifically).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections; include formatting, illustrations, and multimedia when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples related to the topic.

Link ideas within categories of information using words and phrases (e.g., another, for example, also, because).

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, description, and pacing, to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations.

Use a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With some guidance and support from adults, use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; take notes and categorize information.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to literature (e.g., 'Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama').

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to informational texts (e.g., 'Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points').

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 4 topics and texts.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation and other information known about the topic.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions to clarify or follow up on information, and make comments that contribute to the discussion.

Review the key ideas expressed and explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats, including visually, quantitatively, and orally.

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details.

Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate; use formal English when appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why).

Form and use the progressive (e.g., I was walking; I am walking; I will be walking) verb tenses.

Use modal auxiliaries (e.g., can, may, must) to convey various conditions.

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional patterns (e.g., a small red bag rather than a red small bag).

Form and use prepositional phrases.

Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate fragments and run-ons.

Correctly use frequently confused words (e.g., to, too, two; there, their, they're).

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use correct capitalization.

Use commas and quotation marks to mark direct speech and quotations from a text.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.

Choose punctuation for effect.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading and content.

Use context (e.g., definitions, examples, or restatements in text) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., telegraph, photograph, autograph).

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses) to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Explain the meaning of simple similes and metaphors (e.g., as pretty as a picture) in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their opposites (antonyms) and to words with similar but not identical meanings (synonyms).

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing on specific details.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as metaphors and similes.

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a particular story, drama, or poem.

Describe how a narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described.

Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text.

Compare and contrast stories in the same genre on their approaches to similar themes and topics.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 4-5 text complexity band independently.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine two or more main ideas of a text and explain how they are supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 5 topic.

Compare and contrast the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in two or more texts.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view.

Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer or solve a problem.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts at the high end of the grades 4-5 text complexity band.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read on-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read on-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which ideas are logically grouped.

Provide logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words, phrases, and clauses (e.g., consequently, specifically).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly, provide a focus, and group related information logically; include formatting and multimedia when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Link ideas within and across categories of information using words, phrases, and clauses.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and clear event sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, description, and pacing, to develop experiences and events.

Use a variety of transitional words, phrases, and clauses to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing; demonstrate command of keyboarding skills.

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather information from sources; summarize or paraphrase and provide a list of sources.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 5 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 5 Reading standards to informational texts.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 5 topics and texts.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions by making comments that contribute to the discussion.

Review the key ideas expressed and draw conclusions in light of information and knowledge gained.

Summarize a written text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Summarize the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence.

Report on a topic or text or present an opinion, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations when appropriate to enhance main ideas.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, using formal English when appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in general and in particular sentences.

Form and use the perfect (e.g., I had walked; I have walked; I will have walked) verb tenses.

Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense.

Use correlative conjunctions (e.g., either/or, neither/nor).

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation to separate items in a series.

Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence.

Use a comma to set off the words yes and no, to set off a tag question, and to indicate direct address.

Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Compare and contrast the varieties of English (e.g., dialects, registers) used in stories, dramas, or poems.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 5 reading.

Use context (e.g., cause/effect relationships and comparisons in text) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials, both print and digital, to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify precise meaning.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figurative language, including similes and metaphors, in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonyms, antonyms, homographs) to better understand each of the words.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text.

Describe how a particular story's or drama's plot unfolds in a series of episodes and how characters respond or change.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze word choice impact.

Analyze how a particular sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure and contributes to the theme.

Explain how an author develops the point of view of the narrator or speaker in a text.

Compare and contrast the experience of reading a text to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or live version.

Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, in the grades 6-8 text complexity band proficiently.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text.

Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure and contributes to ideas.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.

Integrate information presented in different media or formats as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing supported claims from those that are not.

Compare and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another (e.g., a memoir and a biography).

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6-8 text complexity band proficiently.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly.

Support claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible sources.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among claim(s) and reasons.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Introduce a topic; organize ideas using strategies such as definition and classification; include formatting and graphics.

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information.

Use appropriate transitions to clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and descriptive details.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and introducing a narrator; organize a natural event sequence.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences or characters.

Use a variety of transition words and phrases to convey sequence and signal shifts in time or setting.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to convey experiences.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task.

With guidance, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, or rewriting.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and to interact with others.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources; assess credibility; quote or paraphrase data avoiding plagiarism.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literary nonfiction.

Write routinely over extended and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 6 topics.

Come to discussions prepared, having read required material; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, set specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail by making comments that contribute.

Review the key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection.

Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats and explain how it contributes to a topic.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, distinguishing supported claims from those that are not.

Present claims and findings, sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions and facts.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify information.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Ensure that pronouns are in the proper case (subjective, objective, possessive).

Use intensive pronouns (e.g., myself, ourselves).

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person.

Recognize and correct vague pronouns (i.e., ones with unclear or ambiguous antecedents).

Recognize variations from standard English and identify strategies to improve expression.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Use punctuation (commas, parentheses, dashes) to set off nonrestrictive/parenthetical elements.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Vary sentence patterns for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Maintain consistency in style and tone.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find the pronunciation of a word or determine its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., personification) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how particular elements of a story or drama interact (e.g., how setting shapes the characters or plot).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of rhymes and repetitions.

Analyze how a drama's or poem's form or structure (e.g., soliloquy, sonnet) contributes to its meaning.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a text.

Compare and contrast a written story, drama, or poem to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version, analyzing the effects of techniques unique to each medium.

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine two or more central ideas in a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text (e.g., how ideas influence individuals or events).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to the development of the ideas.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author distinguishes his or her position from that of others.

Compare and contrast a text to an audio, video, or multimedia version of the text, analyzing each medium's portrayal of the subject.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient.

Analyze how two or more authors writing about the same topic shape their presentations of key information by emphasizing different evidence.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information using strategies such as definition, classification, and comparison.

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, or rewriting.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and link to and cite sources as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase data.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 7 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 7 Reading standards to literary nonfiction.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 7 topics, texts, and issues.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Pose questions that elicit elaboration and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant observations.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, modify their own views.

Analyze the main ideas and supporting details presented in diverse media and formats and explain how the ideas clarify a topic.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with pertinent descriptions, facts, and details.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences.

Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas.

Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose language that expresses ideas precisely and concisely, recognizing and eliminating wordiness and redundancy.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 7 reading and content.

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult general and specialized reference materials to find the pronunciation of a word or determine its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., literary, biblical, and mythological allusions) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonym/antonym, analogy) to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations (e.g., refined, respectful, polite, diplomatic, condescending).

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices.

Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes to its meaning and style.

Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader create such effects as suspense or humor.

Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script.

Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how a text makes connections among and distinctions between individuals, ideas, or events.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in developing and refining a key concept.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums to present a particular topic or idea.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant.

Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories.

Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, or rewriting.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literary nonfiction.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence.

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles.

Pose questions that connect the ideas of several speakers and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant evidence.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views in light of the evidence presented.

Analyze the purpose of information presented in diverse media and formats and evaluate the motives behind its presentation.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence and sound valid reasoning.

Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences.

Form and use verbs in the active and passive voice.

Form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive mood.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break.

Use an ellipsis to indicate an omission.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Use verbs in the active and passive voice and in the conditional and subjunctive mood to achieve particular effects.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words or phrases based on grade 8 reading and content.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult general and specialized reference materials to find the pronunciation of a word or determine its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g. verbal irony, puns) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions).

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Use word analysis skills to decode unfamiliar words.

Write legibly in cursive or joined italics with correct margins and spacing.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary.

Analyze how complex characters develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze cumulative impact.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events, and manipulate time create effects such as mystery or tension.

Analyze a particular point of view or cultural experience reflected in a work of literature from outside the United States.

Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each.

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme from Ovid).

By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literature in the grades 9-10 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.

Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums, determining which details are emphasized in each account.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is sufficient.

Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance, including how they address related themes and concepts.

By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 9-10 text complexity band proficiently.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships.

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons.

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately.

Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions.

Develop the topic with well-chosen, relevant, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information.

Use appropriate and varied transitions to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify relationships among ideas.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation, establishing one or multiple point(s) of view.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole.

Use precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, events, setting, and/or characters.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of the narrative.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess usefulness.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated evidence.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9-10 reading and content.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences, including where text is uncertain.

Determine two or more themes or central ideas and analyze their development, including how they interact and build on one another.

Analyze the impact of the author's choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story or drama.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure specific parts of a text contribute to its overall structure and meaning.

Analyze a case in which grasping a point of view requires distinguishing what is directly stated in a text from what is really meant.

Analyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem, evaluating how each version interprets the source text.

Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature.

By the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literature in the grades 11-CCR text complexity band proficiently.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences, including where text is uncertain.

Determine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary.

Analyze a complex set of ideas or sequence of events and explain how specific individuals, ideas, or events interact and develop.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text in which the rhetoric is particularly effective, analyzing how style and content contribute.

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats in order to address a question or solve a problem.

Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning.

Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. documents of historical and literary significance.

By the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 11-CCR text complexity band proficiently.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Introduce precise, knowledgeable claim(s), establish the significance of the claim(s), and create an organization that logically sequences claims.

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant evidence for each.

Use words, phrases, and clauses as well as varied syntax to link the major sections of the text and create cohesion.

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately.

Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it.

Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, and concrete details.

Use appropriate and varied transitions and syntax to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify relationships.

Use precise language, domain-specific vocabulary, and techniques such as metaphor, simile, and analogy to manage complexity.

Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation and its significance.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole and build toward a particular tone.

Use precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, events, setting, and/or characters.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of the narrative.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess strengths and limitations.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grades 11-12 topics, texts, and issues.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media in order to make informed decisions and solve problems.

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links among ideas, word choice, and tone.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening.

Count to 20 by ones.

Represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0-5 (with 0 representing a count of no objects).

Understand the relationship between numbers and quantities to 10; connect counting to cardinality.

When counting objects, say the number names in the standard order, pairing each object with one and only one number name and each number name with one and only one object.

Understand that the last number name said tells the number of objects counted. The number of objects is the same regardless of their arrangement or the order in which they were counted.

Understand that each successive number name refers to a quantity that is one larger.

Count to answer "how many?" questions about as many as 10 things arranged in a line, a rectangular array, or a circle, or as many as 5 things in a scattered configuration.

Identify whether the number of objects in one group is more, less, or greater than the number of objects in another group, e.g., by using matching and counting strategies. (up to 5 objects)

Identify "first" and "last" related to order or position.

Demonstrate an understanding of addition and subtraction by using objects, fingers, and responding to practical situations.

Describe measurable attributes of objects, such as length or weight. Describe several measurable attributes of a single object.

Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has "more of"/"less of" the attribute, and describe the difference.

Classify objects into given categories; count the numbers of objects in each category and sort the categories by count. (Limit category counts to be less than or equal to 10)

Describe objects in the environment using names of shapes, and describe the relative positions of these objects using terms such as top, bottom, up, down, in front of, behind, over, under, and next to.

Correctly name shapes regardless of their orientations or overall size.

Analyze, compare, and sort two- and three-dimensional shapes and objects, in different sizes, using informal language to describe their similarities, differences, and other attributes.

Create and build shapes from components (e.g., sticks and clay balls).

Count to 100 by ones and by tens.

Count forward from any given number within 100.

Count backwards from any given number within 20.

Write numbers from 0 to 20.

Represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0-20 (with 0 representing a count of no objects).

Use the relationship between numbers and quantities within 20 to count objects with one-to-one correspondence.

Understand that the last number name said tells the number of objects counted.

Understand that each successive number name refers to a quantity that is one larger.

Count to answer "how many?" questions about as many as 20 things.

Identify whether the number of objects in one group is greater than, less than, or equal to the number of objects in another group.

Compare two numbers between 1 and 10 presented as written numerals.

Compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into ten ones and some further ones.

Represent addition and subtraction situations within 10 with objects, fingers, drawings, sounds, acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.

Solve addition and subtraction problems in context within 10 and represent by using objects, drawings, and/or equations.

Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way.

For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number.

Fluently add and subtract within 5.

Identify and extend a repeating pattern (ABAB, AABB, or ABCABC) using concrete objects, shapes, sounds, or movements.

Describe measurable attributes of an object such as length, height, weight, and capacity using appropriate vocabulary.

Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common.

Describe objects in the environment using names of shapes and describe relative positions.

Correctly name shapes regardless of their orientations or overall size.

Identify shapes as two-dimensional (lying in a plane, "flat") or three-dimensional ("solid").

Analyze and compare two- and three-dimensional shapes using informal language to describe their similarities, differences, and attributes.

Model shapes in the world by building shapes from components and drawing shapes.

Compose simple shapes to form larger shapes.

Classify objects into given categories.

Analyze data sets by ordering the categories by count.

Count forward and backward within 120.

Count forward and backwards by ones starting with any number.

Skip count forward and backwards by tens.

Read, write numerals, and represent a number of objects with a written numeral within 120.

Extend understanding of 10 as a group, collection, or bundle of ten ones, called a “ten,” to compose and decompose two-digit numbers.

Compose and decompose two-digit numbers into tens and ones using objects or drawings, and equations.

Describe a given number as the correct number of tens and ones.

Compose and decompose two-digit numbers in more than one way.

Represent whole numbers as lengths from 0 on a number line (horizontal and vertical) with equally spaced points.

Compare two numbers within 100 by reasoning about values of tens and ones digits. Record results with symbols >, =, and <.

Estimate the location of numbers on a number line by reasoning about their relationship to benchmark numbers.

Apply the Commutative Property of Addition and Associative Property of Addition as a strategy to add.

Use the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to subtract.

Recall or quickly derive addition and subtraction facts within 20.

Use the count on and count back strategies to add and subtract.

Add within 100 including adding a two-digit number and a one-digit number and adding a two-digit number and a multiple of 10.

Use concrete models and drawings to add.

Use counting strategies and strategies based on place value to add.

Use properties of operations, and/or the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to add.

Represent and explain the calculation by connecting the strategy used to the meaning of addition.

Given a two-digit number, identify 10 more or 10 less than the given number, without having to count, and explain the reasoning.

Subtract a multiple of 10 from another multiple of 10 within 90.

Subtract a 1-digit number from a 2-digit number (without regrouping).

Use concrete models or drawings to subtract.

Use counting strategies, properties of operations, and/or the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to subtract.

Partition circles and rectangles into equal shares (halves and fourths) and determine how many equal shares are needed to make a whole.

Understand the meaning of the equal sign. Determine if equations involving addition and subtraction are true or false.

Add and subtract within 20 involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation relating three whole numbers.

Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object.

Use non-standard units (with no gaps or overlaps) to measure the length of an object to the nearest whole unit.

Distinguish between defining attributes versus non-defining attributes.

Compose two-dimensional or three-dimensional shapes to create a composite shape.

Tell time in hours, half hours, and quarter hours using a digital clock or analog clock.

Identify and know the value of coins (penny, nickel, dime, and quarter) and bills ($1, $5, $10, and $20).

Ask and answer questions by collecting, organizing and summarizing data.

Craft a question that can be answered by collecting categorical data.

Collect and organize categorical data (into up to three categories) using surveys or observations.

Represent data by creating tally charts and picture graphs.

Use understanding of 100 as a bundle of ten tens, called a "hundred," and compose and decompose three-digit numbers.

Compose and decompose three-digit numbers into hundreds, tens, and ones by using objects, drawings, and/or equations.

Describe a given number as the correct number of hundreds, tens, and ones.

Compose and decompose three-digit numbers in more than one way.

Count forward and backward within 1000 starting with any number.

Skip-count forward and backwards by 2s, 5s, 10s, and 100s.

Use skip-counting to find the total number of objects arranged in rectangular arrays with up to 5 rows and up to 5 columns.

Read and write numbers within 1000 using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compare two numbers within 1000 by reasoning about the values of the digits and/or the location on a number line.

Estimate quantities by reasoning about their location on a number line and relationship to benchmark numbers.

Recall or quickly derive addition and subtraction facts within 20.

Use strategies based on counting (e.g., counting on, counting back) to add and subtract.

Use the "make ten" strategy and "doubles plus one" strategy to add and subtract.

Use the inverse operation to add and subtract.

Represent whole number sums and differences within 100 using lengths on a number line.

Fluently add and subtract within 100.

Use strategies based on counting and place value to add and subtract.

Use properties of operations and the inverse relationship to add and subtract.

Determine and explain when a strategy is most efficient.

Add and subtract within 1000, recognizing place value relationships and the need to compose or decompose units.

Use concrete models or drawings to add and subtract.

Use strategies based on place value (counting on, partial sums, making tens, etc.) to add and subtract.

Use properties of operations and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction to add and subtract.

Represent and explain the calculation by connecting the strategy used to the meaning of addition and subtraction.

Mentally add and subtract 10 or 100 to a given number 100-900.

Partition circles and rectangles into equal shares (halves, thirds, and fourths) and determine shares needed for a whole.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one-step problems in context involving an unknown in any position.

Use addition and/or subtraction within 100 to solve two-step problems in context involving an unknown number.

Determine whether a group of objects within 20 has an odd or even number of members.

Measure the length of an object to the nearest whole unit by using appropriate tools.

Measure the length of an object twice using different length units and compare the measurements.

Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, centimeters, and meters.

Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another.

Identify and draw shapes (triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and cubes) having specific attributes.

Explain and identify lines of symmetry for two-dimensional figures.

Tell and represent time to the nearest minute using multiple representations.

Estimate and calculate elapsed time to the hour and half hour.

Count mixed sets of coins and bills to solve problems in context (within $20.00).

Ask and answer questions by collecting, organizing, and summarizing data.

Craft a question that can be answered by collecting categorical and numerical data.

Collect and organize data using surveys, making observations, or measuring.

Represent categorical data using picture graphs and bar graphs; represent numerical data using line plots.

Summarize data visualizations using comparative language and determine what questions can be answered.

Apply and extend place value understanding to whole numbers within 10,000.

Read and write whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compose and decompose whole numbers.

Estimate quantities by reasoning about their location on a number line and rounding to nearest 10 or 100.

Compare two whole numbers using symbols >, =, and <.

Represent and interpret multiplication of two factors (0-10) as equal groups or as a composed unit.

Represent and interpret whole-number quotients (0-10) as partitive or quotative division.

Identify and apply Commutative, Associative, and Distributive Properties as strategies to multiply.

Explain and use the inverse relationship between multiplication and division to determine unknown numbers.

Estimate sums and differences within 1,000 using benchmark numbers and front-end estimation.

Fluently add and subtract within 1,000.

Use computational strategies efficiently to add and subtract.

Use properties of operations and/or the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction.

Determine and explain when a strategy is most efficient.

Multiply one-digit whole numbers by multiples of 10 in the range 10-90.

Recall or quickly derive multiplication and division facts within 100.

Skip count (2s, 5s, 10s) and apply properties (0s, 1s) to derive foundational facts.

Derive unknown facts from known facts using double facts to multiply and divide.

Use properties of operations to multiply.

Recognize and explain that a fraction represents a part of a whole.

Partition shapes into parts with equal areas and express the area using a unit fraction.

Explain that a fraction 1/d represents one part and c/d represents c parts of size 1/d.

Understand that a fraction is a number that can be represented on a number line.

Represent a fraction as a number on the number line.

Represent a unit fraction 1/d on a number line by partitioning the interval from 0 to 1.

Represent a fraction c/d on a number line by marking off c lengths of 1/d from 0.

Explain equivalence of fractions and compare fractions by reasoning about their size.

Represent two fractions as equivalent if they are the same size or point on a number line.

Recognize and generate simple equivalent fractions.

Express whole numbers as fractions and identify fractions equivalent to whole numbers.

Compare two fractions with the same numerator or denominator using symbols >, =, or <.

Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve one-step problems in context.

Use the four operations to solve two-step problems in context.

Represent these problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity.

Assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies.

Identify arithmetic patterns and explain them using properties of operations.

Measure the length of an object to the nearest half and quarter unit using appropriate tools.

Solve problems in context that involve addition and subtraction of time intervals in minutes.

Measure and estimate liquid volumes and masses using standard units (l, g, kg).

Solve one-step problems in measurement contexts involving masses or volumes in the same units.

Explain that shapes in different categories may share attributes and define larger categories.

Identify area as an attribute of a 2D figure and measure by counting square units.

Relate area to multiplication and addition.

Determine area of a rectangle by tiling and show it matches multiplication of side lengths.

Multiply side lengths to find areas of rectangles in real world and mathematical problems.

Use area models to represent the distributive property in mathematical reasoning.

Recognize area as additive and find areas of rectilinear figures by decomposition.

Identify perimeter as an attribute of 2D figures and measure distance around the outside.

Solve problems involving perimeters of polygons, including finding unknown side lengths.

Create and summarize data visualizations.

Create scaled data visualizations (picture graphs, bar graphs, line plots) to display data.

Summarize data presented in scaled visualizations by describing the story the data is telling.

Solve one- and two-step problems using information presented in scaled data visualizations.

Apply and extend place value understanding to multi-digit whole numbers within 1,000,000.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Estimate quantities by reasoning about their location on a number line and rounding to any place.

Compare two multi-digit numbers using symbols >, =, and <.

Explain that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents ten times what it represents to its right.

Fluently add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers within 1,000,000.

Apply estimation strategies to estimate sums and differences.

Use computational strategies efficiently.

Use a standard algorithm.

Determine and explain when a strategy or algorithm is most efficient.

Extend place value understanding and basic facts to multiply a multi-digit whole number by a multiple of ten.

Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, and multiply two two-digit numbers.

Apply estimation strategies to estimate products.

Use strategies based on place value to multiply.

Use properties of operations to multiply.

Represent and explain computation by connecting rectangular arrays, area models, and/or equations.

Divide whole numbers with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors with and without remainders.

Apply estimation strategies to estimate quotients.

Use strategies based on place value to divide.

Use properties of operations and/or the inverse relationship between multiplication and division to divide.

Represent and explain computation by connecting rectangular arrays, area models, and/or equations.

Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1–100.

Recognize that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors.

Determine whether a given whole number in the range 1–100 is prime or composite.

Understand and generate equivalent fractions.

Identify and generate equivalent fractions using representations and the Identity Property of Multiplication.

Explain why fractions are equivalent (c/d = n × c / n × d).

Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators.

Use benchmark numbers, common numerators, and common denominators to compare.

Record comparisons with symbols >, =, <.

Justify comparisons using representations and reasoning.

Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way.

Apply and extend previous understanding of addition and subtraction to add and subtract fractions with like denominators.

Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining and separating parts referring to the same whole.

Estimate sums and differences of fractions.

Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators.

Solve problems in context involving addition and subtraction of fractions using visual models and equations.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Estimate products by reasoning about benchmark numbers and assess reasonableness of answers.

Use understanding of multiplication as equal groups to multiply a unit fraction by a whole number.

Use understanding of multiplication as equal groups to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Solve problems in context involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number.

Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100 to add fractions.

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100.

Compare two decimals to hundredths by reasoning about their size and using symbols >, =, <.

Interpret a multiplication situation as a comparison.

Multiply or divide to solve multiplicative comparison problems in context.

Distinguish multiplicative comparison from additive comparison.

Solve multistep problems in context involving whole numbers using the four operations.

Represent problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity.

Assess the reasonableness of answers in terms of context, including interpreting remainders.

Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule.

Draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles, and perpendicular and parallel lines.

Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines.

Recognize a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure.

Know relative sizes of measurement units within one system of units.

Identify angles as geometric figures formed by two rays that share a common endpoint.

Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor.

Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in real world and mathematical problems.

Recognize angles as geometric shapes formed wherever two rays share a common endpoint.

Recognize angle measure as additive.

Ask and answer questions by collecting, organizing, and summarizing data.

Create scaled data visualization to display data to communicate an idea.

Summarize data presented in scaled data visualizations and draw conclusions.

Compare and contrast different data visualizations of the same data.

Explain that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents in the place to its left.

Explain patterns in the number of zeros of the product when multiplying a number by powers of 10 and explain patterns in the placement of the decimal point when a decimal is multiplied or divided by a power of 10.

Read, write, and compare decimals to thousandths.

Read and write decimals to thousandths using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Estimate decimal quantities by reasoning about their location on a number line, their relationship to benchmark numbers (e.g. 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) and rounding to any place.

Compare two decimals to thousandths by reasoning about the values of the digits and the location on the number line. Record the results of comparisons with the symbols >, =, <.

Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers.

Apply estimation strategies to estimate products.

Use computational strategies (e.g., partial products, doubling and halving) efficiently to multiply.

Use a standard algorithm to multiply.

Determine and explain when a strategy or algorithm is most efficient.

Divide multi-digit whole numbers with up to four-digit dividends and two-digit divisors.

Apply estimation strategies to estimate quotients.

Use partial quotients efficiently to divide.

Use properties of operations and/or the inverse relationship between multiplication and division to divide.

Represent and explain the computation by connecting rectangular arrays, area models, and/or equations to the meaning of division.

Apply and extend previous understanding of addition and subtraction of whole numbers to add and subtract decimals to hundredths.

Apply estimation strategies to estimate sums and differences of decimals.

Use concrete models, drawings, strategies based on place value, properties of operations and/or the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to add and subtract decimals.

Use an algorithm to add and subtract decimals.

Determine and explain when a strategy or algorithm is most efficient.

Apply and extend previous understanding of multiplication and division of whole numbers to multiply and divide decimals to hundredths in context.

Apply estimation strategies to estimate products and quotients.

Use concrete models, drawings, and arrays to multiply and divide.

Use strategies based on place value (e.g., partial products, partial quotients) to multiply and divide.

Use properties of operations and/or the inverse relationship between multiplication and division to multiply and divide.

Represent and explain the computation by connecting concrete models, drawings, and/or equations to the meaning of multiplication and division.

Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators (including mixed numbers) by replacing given fractions with equivalent fractions.

Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole, including cases of unlike denominators.

Interpret a fraction as division of the numerator by the denominator (a/b = a ÷ b). Solve word problems involving division of whole numbers leading to fraction answers.

Multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.

Estimate products by reasoning about benchmark numbers and assess reasonableness of answers.

Multiply a whole number by a fraction.

Interpret multiplication as scaling (resizing).

Solve real world problems involving multiplication of fractions and mixed numbers.

Apply and extend previous understandings of division to divide unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions.

Interpret and evaluate numerical expressions with grouping symbols.

Write simple expressions that record calculations with numbers, and interpret numerical expressions without evaluating them.

Generate two numerical patterns using two given rules. Identify apparent relationships between corresponding terms.

Apply the relationship between measurement units within a given measurement system to convert among different-sized standard measurement units.

Understand that attributes belonging to a category of two-dimensional figures also belong to all subcategories of that category.

Classify two-dimensional figures in a hierarchy based on properties.

Recognize volume as an attribute of solid figures and understand concepts of volume measurement.

Relate volume to the operations of multiplication and addition and solve problems in context.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with whole-number side lengths by filling it with unit cubes.

Use a pair of perpendicular number lines, called axes, to define a coordinate system.

Represent real world and mathematical problems by graphing points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane.

Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8).

Divide fractions by fractions in context.

Extend estimation strategies to estimate and assess the reasonableness of quotients.

Use and connect concrete and visual fraction models and equations to divide.

Represent and explain the calculation by connecting fraction models and/or equations to the meaning of division.

Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using the standard algorithm.

Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit decimals using the standard algorithm for each operation.

Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers ≤ 100 and the least common multiple of two whole numbers ≤ 12.

Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values.

Understand a rational number as a point on the number line.

Recognize opposite signs of numbers as indicating locations on opposite sides of 0 on the number line.

Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the coordinate plane.

Find and position integers and other rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.

Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers.

Interpret statements of inequality as statements about the relative position of two numbers on a number line diagram.

Write, interpret, and explain statements of order for rational numbers in real-world contexts.

Understand the absolute value of a rational number as its distance from 0 on the number line.

Distinguish comparisons of absolute value from statements about order.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane.

Use ratio language in context to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities, including part to part and part to whole.

Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠ 0.

Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities with whole-number measurements.

Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed.

Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100.

Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units.

Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.

Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers.

Write expressions that record operations with numbers and with letters standing for numbers.

Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terms (sum, term, product, factor, quotient, coefficient).

Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables.

Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Identify when two expressions are equivalent.

Understand solving an equation or inequality as a process of answering a question.

Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems by writing and solving equations of the form x + p = q and px = q.

Use variables to represent two quantities in context that change in relationship to one another.

Write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable.

Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables.

Find the area of triangles, quadrilaterals, and polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles and quadrilaterals.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with fractional edge lengths.

Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for the vertices.

Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles.

Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question.

Use the language of probability to describe the likelihood of possible outcomes and to anticipate variability.

Explain how a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution.

Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots.

Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context.

Reporting the number of observations.

Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation.

Giving quantitative measures of center and variability.

Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data distribution.

Add and subtract rational numbers using multiple strategies and representations.

Describe situations in which opposite quantities combine to make 0.

Model the addition of rational numbers as movement along a number line, where the direction and distance depend on the sign and magnitude of the addend.

Rewrite subtraction as addition using the additive inverse (p – q = p + (–q)). Use strategies such as number lines and absolute value to solve problems.

Model and solve multistep contextual problems involving addition and subtraction of rational numbers, using efficient and flexible strategies.

Multiply and divide rational numbers using multiple strategies and representations.

Model multiplication of rational numbers using number lines, arrays, or area models to show how properties of operations lead to rules for signed numbers.

Understand that integers can be divided, provided that the divisor is not zero, and every quotient of integers is a rational number.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Convert a rational number to a decimal using long division; know that the decimal form of a rational number terminates in 0s or eventually repeats.

Solve multistep problems involving positive and negative rational numbers in any form using all four operations.

Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions, including ratios of lengths, areas, and other quantities measured in like or different units.

Identify proportional relationships between quantities using tables, graphs, equations, and verbal descriptions.

Represent proportional relationships between quantities using equations and graphs.

Solve ratio and percent problems in context by applying proportional reasoning, including interest, tax, and percent change.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add, subtract, factor, and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients.

Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem and how quantities are related.

Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form.

Use variables to represent quantities and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities.

Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r, where p, q, and r are specific rational numbers.

Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q > r or px + q < r, where p, q, and r are specific rational numbers.

Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures, including computing actual lengths and areas and reproducing drawings at different scales.

Draw geometric shapes with given conditions, focusing on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides.

Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures, such as right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids.

Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems; give an informal derivation of the relationship.

Use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, volume and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects.

Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample; understand the role of random sampling.

Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest.

Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities.

Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw informal comparative inferences about two populations.

Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of the event occurring.

Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process and observing its long-run relative frequency.

Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events; compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies.

Design a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes, and use the model to determine probabilities of events.

Design a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process.

Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists, tables, tree diagrams, and simulation.

Understand that the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs.

Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists, tables and tree diagrams.

Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events.

Identify a number as irrational when its decimal expansion neither terminates nor repeats, and explain that irrational numbers cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers.

Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to estimate their locations on a number line, compare their size, and apply this understanding to estimate the value of expressions.

Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions.

Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x² = p and x³ = p, where p is a positive rational number.

Express numbers as a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate and compare magnitudes.

Use scientific notation to model and compute with real-world quantities, choose appropriate units, and interpret their meaning based on the context.

Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.

Derive the equation y = mx for a line through the origin and the equation y = mx + b for a line intercepting the vertical axis at b.

Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane.

Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solution. Justify each example.

Solve linear equations in one variable with rational number coefficients, including equations requiring the distributive property and combining like terms.

Solve linear inequalities in one variable, including those requiring the use of the distributive property and combining like terms.

Represent the solution set of a linear inequality on a number line and describe the set of possible values in context.

Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of intersection of their graphs.

Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically, and estimate solutions by graphing the equations. Solve simple cases by inspection.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.

Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs.

Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).

Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear.

Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value from a description or values.

Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph. Sketch a graph that exhibits qualitative features.

Verify experimentally that lines are taken to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length under rotations, reflections, and translations.

Verify experimentally that angles are taken to angles of the same measure under rotations, reflections, and translations.

Verify experimentally that parallel lines are taken to parallel lines under rotations, reflections, and translations.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rigid transformations.

Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations, and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rigid transformations and dilations.

Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, and the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal.

Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

Know the formulas for the volumes of cones, cylinders, and spheres and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association between two quantities.

Informally fit a straight line to scatter plots that suggest a linear association, and assess the model fit by judging the closeness of data points.

Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept.

Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing data on two categorical variables. Use relative frequencies to describe possible association.

Explain how the definition of the meaning of rational exponents follows from extending the properties of integer exponents to those values.

Rewrite expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.

Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational and irrational is irrational.

Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.

Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.

Know there is a complex number i such that i^2 = -1, and every complex number has the form a + bi.

Use the relation i^2 = -1 and the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.

Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli and quotients of complex numbers.

Solve quadratic equations with real coefficients that have complex solutions.

Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.

Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it.

Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity represented.

Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

Know and apply the Remainder Theorem.

Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph.

Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems.

Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes.

Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step.

Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.

Solve quadratic equations in one variable.

Prove that, given a system of two equations in two variables, replacing one equation by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solutions.

Solve systems of linear equations exactly and approximately, focusing on pairs of linear equations in two variables.

Understand that the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane.

Understand that a function from one set to another set assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range.

For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables.

Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.

Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with exponential functions.

Know precise definitions of angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line, and line segment.

Prove theorems about lines and angles.

Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems and to prove relationships in geometric figures.

Understand that by similarity, side ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles in the triangle, leading to definitions of trigonometric ratios.

Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots).

Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.

Raise questions about the world around them and be willing to seek answers to some of them by making careful observations and trying things out.

People are more likely to believe your ideas if you can give good reasons for them.

Ask, 'How do you know?' in appropriate situations and attempt reasonable answers when others ask them the same question.

Design and make things with simple tools and a variety of materials.

Practice identifying the parts of things and how one part connects to and affects another.

Examine a variety of physical models and describe what they teach about the real things they are meant to resemble.

Describe the weather using observations.

Observe a variety of familiar plants and animals to describe how they are alike and how they are different.

Observe, describe and compare different kinds of animals and their offspring.

Observe and describe the properties of objects and materials.

Observe and describe the way things move.

Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on the motion of an object.

Analyze data to determine if a design solution works as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a push or a pull.

Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight on Earth’s surface.

Use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area.

Use observations to describe patterns of what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive.

Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants and animals (including humans) can change the environment to meet their needs.

Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants or animals (including humans) and the places they live.

Ask questions to obtain information about the purpose of weather forecasting to prepare for, and respond to, severe weather.

Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environment.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved through a new or improved object.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed to solve a given problem.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials vibrate.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that objects can be seen only when illuminated.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine the effect of placing objects made with different materials in the path of a beam of light.

Use tools and materials to design and build a device that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.

Use materials to design a solution to a human problem by mimicking how plants and/or animals use their external parts to help them survive.

Read texts and use media to determine patterns in behavior of parents and offspring that help offspring survive.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their parents.

Use observations of the sun, moon, and stars to describe patterns that can be predicted.

Make observations at different times of year to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties.

Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account of how an object made of a small set of pieces can be disassembled and made into a new object.

Construct an argument with evidence that some changes caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine if plants need sunlight and water to grow.

Develop a simple model that mimics the function of an animal in dispersing seeds or pollinating plants.

Make observations of plants and animals to compare the diversity of life in different habitats.

Use information from several sources to provide evidence that Earth events can occur quickly or slowly.

Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land.

Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an area.

Obtain information to identify where water is found on Earth and that it can be solid or liquid.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved through a new or improved object.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed to solve a given problem.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.

Make observations and/or measurements of an object’s motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict future motion.

Ask questions to determine cause and effect relationships of electric or magnetic interactions between two objects not in contact with each other.

Define a simple design problem that can be solved by applying scientific ideas about magnets.

Develop models to describe that organisms have unique and diverse life cycles but all have in common birth, growth, reproduction, and death.

Construct an argument that some animals form groups that help members survive.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence that plants and animals have traits inherited from parents and that variation of these traits exists.

Use evidence to support the explanation that traits can be influenced by the environment.

Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.

Use evidence to construct an explanation for how the variations in characteristics among individuals may provide advantages in surviving and reproducing.

Construct an argument with evidence that in a particular habitat some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot survive at all.

Make a claim about the merit of a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes and the types of plants and animals there may change.

Represent data in tables and graphical displays to describe typical weather conditions expected during a particular season.

Obtain and combine information to describe climates in different regions of the world.

Make a claim about the merit of a design solution that reduces the impacts of a weather-related hazard.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects that can be improved.

Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the speed of an object to the energy of that object.

Make observations to provide evidence that energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and electric currents.

Ask questions and predict outcomes about the changes in energy that occur when objects collide.

Apply scientific ideas to design, test, and refine a device that converts energy from one form to another.

Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude and wavelength and that waves can cause objects to move.

Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen.

Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information.

Construct an argument that plants and animals have internal and external structures that function to support survival, growth, behavior, and reproduction.

Use a model to describe that animals receive different types of information through their senses, process it in their brain, and respond in different ways.

Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time.

Make observations and/or measurements to provide evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.

Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth’s features.

Obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resources and their uses affect the environment.

Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model that can be improved.

Develop a model to describe that matter is made of particles too small to be seen.

Measure and graph quantities to provide evidence that regardless of the type of change that occurs when heating, cooling, or mixing substances, the total weight of matter is conserved.

Make observations and measurements to identify materials based on their properties.

Conduct an investigation to determine whether the mixing of two or more substances results in new substances.

Support an argument that the gravitational force exerted by Earth on objects is directed down.

Use models to describe that energy in animals’ food (used for body repair, growth, motion, and to maintain body warmth) was once energy from the sun.

Support an argument that plants get the materials they need for growth chiefly from air and water.

Develop a model to describe the movement of matter among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment.

Support an argument that differences in the apparent brightness of the sun compared to other stars is due to their relative distances from Earth.

Represent data in graphical displays to reveal patterns of daily changes in length and direction of shadows, day and night, and the seasonal appearance of some stars.

Develop a model using an example to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.

Describe and graph the amounts and percentages of water and fresh water in various reservoirs to provide evidence about the distribution of water on Earth.

Obtain and combine information about ways individual communities use science ideas to protect the Earth’s resources and environment.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model or prototype that can be improved.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather conditions.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

Environmental Issue Investigation and Action: Investigate environmental issues in order to develop and implement local actions that protect, sustain, or restore the natural environment.

Human Dependence on Earth Systems and Natural Resources: Construct and apply understanding of how Earth's systems and natural resources support human existence.

Environmental Impact of Human Activity: Construct and apply understanding of the environmental impact of human activities on Earth's systems and resources.

Consequences of Environmental Change on Human Health and Well-Being: Construct and apply understanding of the consequences of environmental change on human health and well-being.

Individual and Collective Responses to Environmental Change: Construct and apply understanding of individual and collective responses to environmental change.

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.

Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism.

Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

Gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.

Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Apply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses result in changes in weather conditions.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms and trends in the periodic table.

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration on the rate at which a reaction occurs.

Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus and the energy released during fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among net force, mass, and acceleration.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and vice versa.

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when energy flows are known.

Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale is a combination of particle motion and relative position.

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that thermal energy transfer results in a more uniform energy distribution.

Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate forces and energy changes.

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves in various media.

Evaluate questions about the advantages of using digital transmission and storage of information.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described by a wave or particle model.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims regarding the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

Communicate technical information about how technological devices use wave behavior and interactions to transmit and capture information and energy.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out essential functions.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

Construct and revise an explanation for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules combine with other elements to form large molecules.

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process resulting in a net transfer of energy.

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems.

Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among Earth's spheres.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms.

Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.

Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species’ chances to survive and reproduce.

Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations result from meiosis, replication errors, or mutations.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that evolution results from species increase, genetic variation, competition, and survival of the fittest.