With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about a story or poem read aloud.

With prompting and support, retell a sequence of events from a story read aloud.

With prompting and support, act out characters and events from a story or poem read aloud.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unfamiliar words in a story or poem read aloud.

Show awareness of the rhythmic structure of a poem or song by clapping or through movement.

With prompting and support, “read” the illustrations in a picture book by describing a character or place depicted, or by telling how a sequence of events unfolds.

With prompting and support, make predictions about what happens next in a picture book after examining and discussing the illustrations.

(Not applicable.)

With prompting and support, make connections between a story or poem and their own experiences.

Listen actively as an individual and as a member of a group to a variety of age-appropriate literature read aloud.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about an informational text read aloud.

With prompting and support, recall important facts from an informational text after hearing it read aloud.

With prompting and support, represent or act out concepts learned from hearing an informational text read aloud.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unfamiliar words in an informational text read aloud.

(Begins in kindergarten.)

(Begins in kindergarten.)

With prompting and support, “read” illustrations in an informational text by describing details.

(Not applicable.)

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities and differences between two texts on the same topic.

Listen actively as an individual and as a member of a group to a variety of age-appropriate informational texts read aloud.

With guidance and support, demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of printed and written text: books, words, letters, and the alphabet.

Handle books respectfully and appropriately, holding them right-side-up and turning pages one at a time from front to back.

(Begins in kindergarten.)

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Recognize and name some uppercase letters of the alphabet and the lowercase letters in their own name.

With guidance and support, demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

With guidance and support, recognize and produce rhyming words.

With guidance and support, segment words in a simple sentence by clapping and naming the number of words in the sentence.

Identify the initial sound of a spoken word and, with guidance and support, generate several other words that have the same initial sound.

(Begins in kindergarten.)

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Demonstrate beginning understanding of phonics and word analysis skills.

Link an initial sound to a picture of an object that begins with that sound and, with guidance and support, to the corresponding printed letter.

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Recognize own name and common signs and labels in the environment.

(Begins in kindergarten.)

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Dictate words to express a preference or opinion about a topic.

Use a combination of dictating and drawing to supply information about a topic.

Use a combination of dictating and drawing to tell a story.

(Begins in grade 1.)

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Recognize that digital tools (e.g., computers, mobile phones, cameras) are used for communication and, with support and guidance, use them to convey messages.

(Begins in kindergarten.)

(Begins in kindergarten.)

(Begins in grade 4.)

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners during daily routines and play.

Observe and use appropriate ways of interacting in a group (e.g., taking turns in talking, listening to peers, waiting to speak).

Continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Recall information for short periods of time and retell, act out, or represent information from a text read aloud, a recording, or a video.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe personal experiences; tell stories.

Create representations of experiences or stories (e.g., drawings, constructions, clay models) and explain them to others.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when speaking.

Demonstrate the ability to speak in complete sentences and to form questions using frequently occurring nouns, verbs, question words, and prepositions.

(Begins in kindergarten.)

(Begins in grade 2.)

Ask and answer questions about the meanings of new words and phrases introduced through books, activities, and play.

With guidance and support, generate words that are similar in meaning (e.g., happy/glad, angry/mad).

With guidance and support from adults, explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Demonstrate understanding of concepts by sorting common objects into categories (e.g., sort objects by color, shape, texture).

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Apply words learned in classroom activities to real-life examples (e.g., name places in school that are fun, quiet, or noisy).

(Begins in kindergarten.)

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, listening to books read aloud, activities, and play.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, retell familiar stories, including key details.

With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.

Ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Recognize common types of texts and characteristics of their structure (e.g., story elements in books; rhyme, rhythm, and repetition in poems).

With prompting and support, explain that reading the cover or title page is how to find out who created a book; name the author and illustrator and define their roles.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the story in which they appear.

(Not applicable to literature)

With prompting and support, compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.

With prompting and support, describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

Name the author and illustrator of a text and define the role of each in presenting the ideas or information in a text.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the text in which they appear.

With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Activate prior knowledge related to the information and events in texts.

Use illustrations and context to make predictions about text.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.

Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Recognize and produce rhyming words.

Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in three-phoneme (CVC) words.

Add or substitute individual sounds (phonemes) in simple, one-syllable words to make new words.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondences by producing the primary sound for each consonant.

Associate the long and short sounds with common spellings (graphemes) for the five major vowels.

Read common high-frequency words by sight (e.g., the, of, to, you, she, my, is, are, do, does).

Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of the letters that differ.

Read emergent-reader texts with purpose and understanding.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose opinion pieces that tell a reader the topic and state an opinion.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/explanatory texts that name and supply information about a topic.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to narrate a single event or several loosely linked events in order.

(Begins in grade 3)

With guidance and support from adults, respond to questions and suggestions from peers and add details to strengthen writing.

With guidance and support from adults, explore a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., explore a number of books by a favorite author).

With guidance and support from adults, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

(Begins in grade 4)

Write or dictate writing routinely for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about kindergarten topics and texts.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others and taking turns speaking).

Continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally by asking and answering questions about key details.

Understand and follow one- and two-step oral directions.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions as desired to provide additional detail.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Produce and expand complete sentences using nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, question words, and prepositions; name numbers 0–100.

Form questions that seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Print upper- and lowercase letters.

Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.

Recognize and name end punctuation.

Write a letter or letters for most consonant and short-vowel sounds (phonemes).

Spell simple words phonetically, drawing on knowledge of sound-letter relationships.

(Begins in grade 2)

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on kindergarten reading and content.

Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately (e.g., knowing duck is a bird and learning the verb to duck).

Use the most frequently occurring inflections and affixes (e.g., -ed, -s, re-, un-, pre-, -ful, -less) as a clue to meaning.

With guidance and support from adults, explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Sort common objects into categories (e.g., shapes, foods) to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Demonstrate understanding of frequently occurring verbs and adjectives by relating them to their opposites (antonyms).

Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., note places at school that are colorful).

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing the same general action by acting out the meanings.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Identify characteristics of common types of stories, including folktales and fairy tales.

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

With prompting and support, read prose and poetry of appropriate complexity for grade 1.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.

Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text.

Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by the words.

Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic.

With prompting and support, read informational texts appropriately complex for grade 1.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word, capitalization, ending punctuation).

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.

Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Know the spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables.

Decode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Read words with inflectional endings.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding.

Write opinion pieces that introduce the topic or name the book, state an opinion, and provide a reason.

Write informative/explanatory texts that name a topic, supply some facts, and provide closure.

Write narratives in prose or poem form that recount sequenced events and include details.

For poems, use rhyming words and words that repeat long or short vowel sounds to create structure.

With guidance and support, focus on a topic, respond to questions, and add details to strengthen writing.

Demonstrate the ability to choose and use appropriate vocabulary.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

With guidance and support, recall information from experiences or gather information from sources.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others with care, speaking one at a time).

Build on others' talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others through multiple exchanges.

Ask questions to clear up any confusion about the topics and texts under discussion.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions when appropriate to clarify ideas.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Produce and expand simple and compound sentences.

Demonstrate understanding that a question is a type of sentence.

Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in sentences.

Use verbs in sentences to convey a sense of past, present, and future.

Use common, proper, and possessive nouns.

Use personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns.

Use frequently occurring prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and articles.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Print legibly all upper- and lowercase letters.

Use end punctuation for sentences.

Capitalize the names of months and people.

Use commas in dates and to separate individual words in a series.

Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling patterns and for irregular words.

Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling conventions.

Write numerals up to 120; understand that numbers are also written as words; write words for numbers 1-10.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use frequently occurring affixes as a clue to the meaning of a word.

Identify frequently occurring root words and their inflectional forms.

With guidance and support from adults, demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances.

Sort words into categories to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Define words by category and by one or more key attributes.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs differing in manner and adjectives differing in intensity.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Retell stories, including fables and folktales from diverse cultures, and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.

Describe how words and phrases supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.

Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action.

Explain what dialogue is and how it can reveal characters' thoughts and perspectives.

Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.

(Not applicable. For expectations regarding central messages, lessons, or morals in stories, see RL.2.2.)

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from different cultures.

Independently and proficiently read and comprehend literary texts representing a variety of genres, cultures, and perspectives and exhibiting complexity appropriate for grade 2.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.

Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures in a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.

Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe.

Explain how specific images contribute to and clarify a text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

Independently and proficiently read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, mathematical, and technical texts.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams.

Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels.

Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces that introduce the topic or book, state an opinion, supply reasons, use linking words, and provide a concluding statement.

Write informative/explanatory texts that introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and provide a concluding statement.

Write narratives in prose or poem form that recount a well-elaborated event or experience; include details and dialogue; and provide a sense of closure.

For poems, use words and phrases that form patterns of sounds to create structure.

Produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support from adults and peers, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editing.

Demonstrate the ability to choose and use appropriate vocabulary.

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in collaboration with peers.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

(Begins in grade 4.)

Write routinely for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 2 topics and texts with peers and adults.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others with care).

Build on others' talk in conversations by linking their comments to the remarks of others.

Ask for clarification and further explanation as needed about the topics and texts under discussion.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension, gather additional information, or deepen understanding.

Tell a story, recount an experience, or explain how to solve a mathematical problem with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details.

Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add drawings or other visual displays to stories or descriptions of experiences.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Produce and expand complete simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences.

Use adjectives and adverbs in sentences and choose between them depending on what is to be modified.

Use collective nouns and frequently occurring irregular plural nouns.

Use reflexive pronouns.

Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs.

Use frequently occurring conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so, because).

Read, pronounce, write, and understand the meaning of common abbreviations for titles, locations, and time periods.

Write legibly by hand, using either printing or cursive handwriting.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Print upper- and lowercase letters legibly and fluently.

Capitalize holidays, product names, and geographic names.

Use commas in greetings and closings of letters.

Use an apostrophe to form contractions and frequently occurring possessives.

Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Demonstrate understanding that context determines whether the writer uses a numeral or a written number.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Compare formal and informal uses of English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 2 reading and content.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words.

Use glossaries and beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases.

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among closely related verbs and closely related adjectives.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and responding to texts, including using adjectives and adverbs to describe.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Recount stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or moral.

Describe characters in a story and explain how their actions contribute to the sequence of events.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems when writing or speaking about a text, using terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the narrator or those of the characters.

Explain how specific aspects of a text’s illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story.

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 2–3 text complexity band independently.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas, or steps in technical procedures.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 3 topic.

Use text features and search tools (e.g., key words, sidebars, hyperlinks) to locate information relevant to a given topic.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the author of a text.

Use information gained from illustrations and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding of the text.

Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in a text (e.g., comparison, cause/effect).

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts at the high end of the grades 2–3 text complexity band.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Identify and know the meaning of the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes.

Decode words with common Latin suffixes.

Decode multisyllabic words.

Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons.

Introduce the topic or text they are writing about, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure.

Provide reasons that support the opinion.

Use linking words and phrases (e.g., because, therefore, since, for example) to connect opinion and reasons.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic and group related information together; include illustrations when useful to aiding comprehension.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, and details.

Use linking words and phrases (e.g., also, another, and, more, but) to connect ideas within categories of information.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and clear event sequences.

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences and events.

Use temporal words and phrases to signal event order.

Provide a sense of closure.

With guidance and support from adults, produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task and purpose.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes on sources.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 3 topics and texts.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others).

Ask questions to check understanding of information presented, stay on topic, and link their comments to the remarks of others.

Explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration and detail.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant details.

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems; add visual displays when appropriate to emphasize facts.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in general and their functions in particular sentences.

Form and use regular and irregular plural nouns.

Use abstract nouns (e.g., childhood).

Form and use regular and irregular verbs.

Form and use the simple (e.g., I walked; I walk; I will walk) verb tenses.

Ensure subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs.

Use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Produce simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize appropriate words in titles.

Use commas in addresses.

Use commas and quotation marks in dialogue.

Form and use possessives.

Use conventional spelling for high-frequency and other studied words and for adding suffixes to base words.

Use spelling patterns and generalizations (e.g., word families, position-based spellings) in writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Recognize and observe differences between the conventions of spoken and written standard English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning word and phrases based on grade 3 reading.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known affix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use glossaries or beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, to determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words.

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Distinguish the literal and nonliteral meanings of words and phrases in context (e.g., take steps).

Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., describe people who are friendly or helpful).

Distinguish shades of meaning among related words that describe states of mind or degrees of certainty.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.

Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including those that allude to significant characters found in mythology.

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, and refer to the structural elements of poems and drama when writing or speaking about a text.

Compare and contrast the point of view from which different stories are narrated, including the difference between first- and third-person narrations.

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text.

Not applicable to literature.

Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics and patterns of events in stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, in the grades 4–5 text complexity band proficiently.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine the main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text, including what happened and why.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words or phrases in a text relevant to a grade 4 topic or subject area.

Describe the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text or part of a text.

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic; describe the differences in focus and information provided.

Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively and explain how the information contributes to an understanding of the text.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, proficiently.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which related ideas are grouped.

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in order to, in addition).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections; include formatting, illustrations, and multimedia.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Link ideas within categories of information using words and phrases (e.g., another, for example, also, because).

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use dialogue and description to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations.

Use a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a sense of closure appropriate to the narrated experiences or events.

For poems, use patterns of sound and visual patterns to create works that are distinctly different in form from prose narratives.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

Demonstrate command of standard English conventions (as described in Language Standards 1–3).

Demonstrate the ability to use general academic and domain-specific vocabulary appropriately.

With some guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; take notes and categorize information.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to informational texts.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 4 topics and texts.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions to clarify or follow up on information, and make comments that contribute.

Review the key ideas expressed and explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and details.

Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why).

Form and use the progressive (e.g., I was walking; I am walking; I will be walking) verb tenses.

Use modal auxiliaries (e.g., can, may, must) to convey various conditions.

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional patterns (e.g., a small red bag rather than a red small bag).

Form and use prepositional phrases.

Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate fragments and run-ons.

Correctly use frequently confused words (e.g., to, too, two; there, their).

Write legibly and fluently by hand, using either printing or cursive handwriting; write their given name signature in cursive.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use correct capitalization.

Use commas and quotation marks to mark direct speech and quotations from a text.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.

Choose punctuation for effect.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading and content.

Use context (e.g., definitions, examples, or restatements in text) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words and phrases.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Explain the meaning of simple similes and metaphors (e.g., as pretty as a picture) in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their opposites (antonyms) and to words with similar meanings (synonyms).

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text, including how characters respond to challenges; summarize the text.

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as metaphors and similes.

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a particular story, drama, or poem.

Describe how a narrator’s or speaker’s point of view influences how events are described.

Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text.

Compare and contrast stories in the same genre on their approaches to similar themes and topics.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 4–5 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine two or more main ideas of a text and explain how they are supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 5 topic or subject area.

Compare and contrast the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in two or more texts.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view they represent.

Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer or solve a problem efficiently.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text, identifying which reasons support which point(s).

Integrate information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts at the high end of the grades 4–5 text complexity band independently.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which ideas are logically grouped.

Provide logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words, phrases, and clauses (e.g., consequently, specifically).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly, provide a general focus, and group related information logically; include formatting and multimedia when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Link ideas within and across categories of information using words, phrases, and clauses.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, description, and pacing, to develop experiences and events.

Use a variety of transitional words, phrases, and clauses to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

With some guidance, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather information from sources; summarize or paraphrase and provide a list of sources.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 5 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 5 Reading standards to informational texts.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation to explore ideas.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions by making comments that contribute to the discussion and elaborate on the remarks of others.

Review the key ideas expressed and draw conclusions in light of information and knowledge gained from the discussions.

Summarize a written text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Summarize the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence.

Report on a topic or text or present an opinion, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts and descriptive details.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, using formal English when appropriate to task and situation.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in general and their function in particular sentences.

Form and use the perfect (e.g., I had walked; I have walked; I will have walked) verb tenses.

Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense.

Use correlative conjunctions (e.g., either/or, neither/nor).

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation to separate items in a series.

Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence.

Use a comma to set off the words yes and no, to set off a tag question, and to indicate direct address.

Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Compare and contrast the varieties of English (e.g., dialects, registers) used in stories, dramas, or poems.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Use context (e.g., cause/effect relationships and comparisons in text) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words and phrases.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figurative language, including similes and metaphors, in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonyms, antonyms, homographs) to better understand each of the words.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of a text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.

Describe how the plot of a particular story, poem, or drama unfolds in a series of episodes as well as how the characters respond or change as the plot moves toward a resolution.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices on meaning, tone, or mood.

Analyze how a particular sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the theme, setting, or plot.

Explain how an author develops the point of view of the narrator or speaker in a text.

Compare and contrast the experience of reading a story, drama, or poem to that of listening to or viewing the same text.

Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Independently and proficiently read and comprehend literary texts representing a variety of genres, cultures, and perspectives and exhibiting complexity appropriate for at least grade 6.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate.

Determine a text’s central idea(s) and how particular details help convey the idea(s); provide a summary of a text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.

Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text (e.g., through examples or anecdotes).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; explain how word choice affects meaning and tone.

Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, section, or text feature (e.g., heading) fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the ideas.

Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.

Integrate information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.

Compare and contrast one author’s presentation of events with that of another (e.g., a memoir written by and a biography written about the same person).

Independently and proficiently read and comprehend literary nonfiction representing a variety of genres, cultures, and perspectives and exhibiting complexity appropriate for at least grade 6.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly in paragraphs and sections.

Support claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among claim(s) and reasons.

Establish and maintain a style appropriate to audience and purpose (e.g., formal for academic writing).

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content.

Introduce a topic; organize ideas, concepts, and information in paragraphs and sections; include text features, graphics, and multimedia when useful.

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a style appropriate to audience and purpose.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop experiences or events using effective literary techniques, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally and logically.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, figurative and sensory language, and techniques such as personification to convey experiences or events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others; demonstrate sufficient command of keyboarding skills.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry when appropriate.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase data while avoiding plagiarism.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literature (e.g., 'Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres').

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., 'Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text').

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 6 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence on the topic, text, or issue.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, set specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail by making comments that contribute to the topic, text, or issue under discussion.

Review the key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection and paraphrasing.

Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and explain how it contributes to a topic, text, or issue under study.

Delineate a speaker’s argument and specific claims, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.

Present claims and findings, sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions, facts, and details; use appropriate eye contact, volume, and pronunciation.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify information.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to communicate ideas clearly and to add variety to writing.

Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general, how phrases and clauses differ, and how their use conveys a particular meaning.

Place or rearrange phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.

Recognize and correct vague pronouns (i.e., ones with unclear or ambiguous antecedents).

Recognize variations from standard English in their own and others' writing and speaking, and identify and use strategies to improve expression in conventional language.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (commas, parentheses, dashes) to set off nonrestrictive/parenthetical elements.

Spell correctly, recognizing that some words have commonly accepted variations (e.g., donut/doughnut).

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Vary sentence patterns for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Maintain consistency in style and tone.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 6 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word’s position or function in a sentence) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., audience, auditory, audible).

Consult reference materials (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., personification) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., cause/effect, part/whole, item/category) to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., stingy, scrimping, economical, unwasteful, thrifty).

Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of a text.

Analyze how particular elements of a story, poem, or drama interact (e.g., how setting shapes the characters or plot).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text; analyze the impact of rhymes and other repetitions of sounds on a specific verse or stanza.

Analyze how a drama's or poem's (or other literary genre's) form or structure contributes to its meaning.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a text.

Compare and contrast a written story, drama, or poem to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version, analyzing the effects of techniques unique to each medium.

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period as a means of understanding how authors use history.

Independently and proficiently read and comprehend literary texts representing a variety of genres, cultures, and perspectives and exhibiting complexity appropriate for grade 7.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, quoting or paraphrasing as appropriate.

Determine a text's central idea(s) and analyze its/their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of a text.

Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text (e.g., how ideas influence individuals or events, or how individuals influence ideas or events).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze the impact of word choice on meaning and tone.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections and text features contribute to the whole and to the development of the ideas.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author distinguishes his or her position from that of others.

Compare and contrast a written text to an audio, video, or multimedia version, analyzing each medium's portrayal of the subject.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims.

Analyze how two or more authors writing about the same topic shape their presentations of key information by emphasizing different evidence or advancing different interpretations.

Independently and proficiently read and comprehend literary nonfiction representing a variety of genres, cultures, and perspectives and exhibiting complexity appropriate for grade 7.

Write arguments (e.g., essays, letters to the editor, advocacy speeches) to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically in paragraphs and sections.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a style appropriate to audience and purpose (e.g., formal for academic writing).

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content.

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information, using strategies such as definition, classification, comparison/contrast, and cause/effect.

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a style appropriate to audience and purpose.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally and logically.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences and events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed.

Demonstrate command of standard English conventions (as described in Language Standards 1–3 up to and including grade 7).

Demonstrate the ability to select accurate vocabulary appropriate for audience and purpose (as described in Language Standards 4–6 up to and including grade 7).

Use technology, including current web-based communication platforms, to produce and publish writing and link to and cite sources as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions for further research.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase data.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support written analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research, applying grade 7 Reading standards.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 7 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence on the topic, text, or issue.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Pose questions that elicit elaboration and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant observations and ideas that bring the discussion back on topic.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, modify their own views.

Analyze the main ideas and supporting details presented in diverse media and formats and explain how the ideas clarify a topic, text, or issue under study.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with pertinent descriptions, facts, details, and examples; use appropriate eye contact and volume.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking; retain and further develop language skills learned in previous grades.

Use phrases and clauses to communicate ideas precisely, with attention to skillful use of verb tenses to add clarity.

Recognize and correct vague pronouns (those that have unclear or ambiguous antecedents).

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person in sentences with multiple clauses and phrases.

Recognize that changing the placement of a phrase or clause can add variety, emphasize particular relationships among ideas, or alter the meaning of a sentence or paragraph.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives (e.g., a fascinating, enjoyable movie).

Spell correctly, recognizing that some words have commonly accepted variations (e.g., donut/doughnut).

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Maintain appropriate consistency in style and tone while varying sentence patterns for meaning and audience interest.

Recognize variations from standard or formal English in writing and speaking, determine their appropriateness, and make changes as necessary.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 7 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word's position or function in a sentence) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., belligerent, bellicose, rebel).

Consult general and specialized reference materials, both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., literary, biblical, and mythological allusions) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonym/antonym, analogy) to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., refined, respectful, polite, diplomatic, condescending).

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; independently research words and gather vocabulary knowledge.

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices.

Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes to its meaning and style.

Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader create such effects as suspense or humor.

Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script.

Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of grades 6–8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a text's central idea(s) and analyze its/their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how a text makes connections among and distinctions between individuals, ideas, or events.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze in detail the structural elements of a text, including the role of specific sentences, paragraphs, and text features.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums to present a particular topic or idea.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is sufficient.

Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where they disagree.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of grades 6–8 text complexity band independently.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection and analysis of relevant content.

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories.

Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence, signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences and events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, or rewriting.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support written analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles.

Pose questions that connect the ideas of several speakers and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant evidence.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views in light of the evidence presented.

Analyze the purpose of information presented in diverse media and formats and evaluate the motives behind its presentation.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence and sound valid reasoning.

Integrate multimedia components and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences.

Form and use verbs in the active and passive voice.

Form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive mood.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break.

Use an ellipsis to indicate an omission.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Use verbs in the active and passive voice and in the conditional and subjunctive mood to achieve particular effects.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words or phrases based on grade 8 reading and content.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult general and specialized reference materials to find the pronunciation of a word or determine its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g. verbal irony, puns) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary.

Analyze how complex characters develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of word choices.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events, and manipulate time create effects such as mystery, tension, or surprise.

Analyze a particular point of view or cultural experience reflected in a work of literature from outside the United States, drawing on a wide reading of world literature.

Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment.

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme from Ovid or the Bible).

By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literature in the grades 9-10 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what a text states explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how an author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made and the connections between them.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze cumulative impact of word choices.

Analyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.

Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums, determining which details are emphasized in each account.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient.

Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance, including how they address related themes and concepts.

By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 9-10 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships.

Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection and organization of content.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on what is most significant.

Use technology, including current web-based communication platforms, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support written analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated evidence.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9-10 reading and content.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college level.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary.

Analyze the impact of the author's choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story or drama.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of specific word choices.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure specific parts of a text contribute to its overall structure and meaning as well as its aesthetic impact.

Analyze a case in which grasping point of view requires distinguishing what is directly stated in a text from what is really meant (e.g., satire, sarcasm, irony).

Analyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem, evaluating how each version interprets the source text.

Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature.

By the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literature in the grades 11-CCR text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary.

Analyze a complex set of ideas or sequence of events and explain how specific individuals, ideas, or events interact and develop.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze how an author refines meaning.

Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text in which the rhetoric is particularly effective, analyzing how style and content contribute to persuasiveness.

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats in order to address a question or solve a problem.

Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning.

Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. documents of historical and literary significance for their themes, purposes, and rhetorical features.

By the end of grade 11, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 11-CCR text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection and organization of content.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on what is most significant.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support written analysis, interpretation, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media in order to make informed decisions and solve problems.

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links among ideas, word choice, and tone.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective, such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts, to make effective choices for meaning or style.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college level.

Listen to and say the names of numbers in meaningful contexts.

Recognize and name written numerals 0–10.

Understand the relationships between numerals and quantities up to 10.

Count concrete objects up to ten using one-to-one correspondence; count up to seven in scattered configurations; recognize 'one more/less' patterns.

Use comparative language, such as more/less than, equal to, to compare and describe collections of objects.

Use concrete objects to model real-world addition (putting together) and subtraction (taking away) problems up through five.

Recognize the attributes of length, area, weight, and capacity of everyday objects using appropriate vocabulary.

Compare the attributes of length and weight for two objects (e.g., longer/shorter, heavier/lighter, holds more/less).

Sort, categorize, and classify objects by more than one attribute.

Recognize that certain objects are coins and that dollars and coins represent money.

Identify relative positions of objects in space, and use appropriate language (e.g., beside, inside, next to, above, below).

Identify various two-dimensional shapes using appropriate language.

Create and represent three-dimensional shapes using various manipulative materials.

Count to 100 by ones and by tens.

Count forward beginning from a given number within the known sequence (instead of having to begin at 1).

Write numbers from 0 to 20. Represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0–20 (with 0 representing a count of no objects).

Understand the relationship between numbers and quantities; connect counting to cardinality.

When counting objects, say the number names in the standard order, pairing each object with one and only one number name and each number name with one and only one object.

Understand that the last number name said tells the number of objects counted. The number of objects is the same regardless of their arrangement or the order in which they were counted.

Understand that each successive number name refers to a quantity that is one larger.

Count to answer "how many?" questions about as many as 20 things arranged in a line, a rectangular array, or a circle, or as many as 10 things in a scattered configuration; given a number from 1–20, count out that many objects.

Identify whether the number of objects in one group is greater than, less than, or equal to the number of objects in another group, e.g., by using matching and counting strategies.

Compare two numbers between 1 and 10 presented as written numerals.

Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings, sounds (e.g., claps), acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.

Solve addition and subtraction word problems, and add and subtract within 10, e.g., by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.

Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each decomposition by a drawing or equation.

For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record the answer with a drawing or equation.

Fluently add and subtract within 5.

Compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into ten ones and some further ones, e.g., by using objects or drawings, and record each composition or decomposition by a drawing or equation.

Describe measurable attributes of objects, such as length or weight. Describe several measurable attributes of a single object.

Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has "more of"/"less of" the attribute, and describe the difference.

Classify objects into given categories; count the numbers of objects in each category and sort the categories by count.

Identify U.S. coins by name and value (pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters).

Describe objects in the environment using names of shapes, and describe the relative positions of these objects using terms such as above, below, beside, in front of, behind, and next to.

Correctly name shapes regardless of their orientations or overall size.

Identify shapes as two-dimensional (lying in a plane, "flat") or three-dimensional ("solid").

Analyze and compare two- and three-dimensional shapes, in different sizes and orientations, using informal language to describe their similarities, differences, parts and other attributes.

Model shapes in the world by building shapes from components (e.g., sticks and clay balls) and drawing shapes.

Compose simple shapes to form larger shapes. For example, "Can you join these two triangles with full sides touching to make a rectangle?"

Use addition and subtraction within 20 to solve word problems involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions.

Solve word problems that call for addition of three whole numbers whose sum is less than or equal to 20, e.g., by using objects, drawings, and equations.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract. (Students need not use formal terms for these properties.)

Understand subtraction as an unknown-addend problem. For example, subtract 10 - 8 by finding the number that makes 10 when added to 8.

Relate counting to addition and subtraction (e.g., by counting on 2 to add 2).

Add and subtract within 20, demonstrating fluency for addition and subtraction within 10. Use mental strategies such as making ten or decomposing a number leading to a ten.

Understand the meaning of the equal sign, and determine if equations involving addition and subtraction are true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation relating three whole numbers.

Recognize, describe, and extend untaught patterns, including growing patterns and repeating patterns (e.g., AB, ABC, AAB, ABB).

Count to 120, starting at any number less than 120. In this range, read and write numerals and represent a number of objects with a written numeral.

Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones.

10 can be thought of as a bundle of ten ones — called a 'ten.'

The numbers from 11 to 19 are composed of a ten and one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine ones.

The numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 refer to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine tens (and 0 ones).

Compare two two-digit numbers based on meanings of the tens and ones digits, recording the results of comparisons with the symbols >, =, and <.

Add within 100, including adding a two-digit number and a one-digit number, and adding a two-digit number and a multiple of 10.

Given a two-digit number, mentally find 10 more or 10 less than the number, without having to count; explain the reasoning used.

Subtract multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 from multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 (positive or zero differences).

Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object.

Express the length of an object as a whole number of length units, by laying multiple copies of a shorter object end to end with no gaps or overlaps.

Tell and write time in hours and half-hours using analog and digital clocks.

Organize, represent, and interpret data with up to three categories; ask and answer questions about the total number of data points.

Identify the values of all U.S. coins and know their comparative values (e.g., a dime is of greater value than a nickel).

Distinguish between defining attributes versus non-defining attributes; build and draw shapes that possess defining attributes.

Compose two-dimensional shapes or three-dimensional shapes to create a composite shape, and compose new shapes from the composite shape.

Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares, describe the shares using the words halves, fourths, and quarters.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two-step word problems involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions.

Fluently add and subtract within 20 using mental strategies. By end of Grade 2, know from memory all sums of two one-digit numbers.

Determine whether a group of objects (up to 20) has an odd or even number of members; write an equation to express an even number as a sum of two equal addends.

Use addition to find the total number of objects arranged in rectangular arrays with up to 5 rows and up to 5 columns; write an equation to express the total as a sum of equal addends.

Understand that the three digits of a three-digit number represent amounts of hundreds, tens, and ones; e.g., 706 equals 7 hundreds, 0 tens, and 6 ones.

100 can be thought of as a bundle of ten tens — called a "hundred."

The numbers 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 refer to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine hundreds (and 0 tens and 0 ones).

Count within 1000; skip-count by 5s, 10s, and 100s.

Read and write numbers to 1000 using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compare two three-digit numbers based on meanings of the hundreds, tens, and ones digits, using >, =, and < symbols to record the results of comparisons.

Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Add and subtract within 1000, using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Mentally add 10 or 100 to a given number 100–900, and mentally subtract 10 or 100 from a given number 100–900.

Explain why addition and subtraction strategies work, using place value and the properties of operations.

Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate tools such as rulers, yardsticks, meter sticks, and measuring tapes.

Measure the length of an object twice, using length units of different lengths for the two measurements; describe how the two measurements relate to the size of the unit chosen.

Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, centimeters, and meters.

Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another, expressing the length difference in terms of a standard length unit.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve word problems involving lengths that are given in the same units.

Represent whole numbers as lengths from 0 on a number line diagram with equally spaced points, and represent whole-number sums and differences within 100 on a number line diagram.

Tell and write time from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, using a.m. and p.m.

Solve word problems involving dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies, using $ and ¢ symbols appropriately.

Generate measurement data by measuring lengths of several objects to the nearest whole unit. Show the measurements by making a line plot.

Draw a picture graph and a bar graph (with single-unit scale) to represent a data set with up to four categories. Solve simple problems using information presented in a bar graph.

Recognize and draw shapes having specified attributes, such as a given number of angles or a given number of equal faces. Identify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, and cubes.

Partition a rectangle into rows and columns of same-size squares and count to find the total number of them.

Partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal shares, describe the shares using the words halves, thirds, half of, a third of, etc., and describe the whole.

Interpret products of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 5 × 7 as the total number of objects in 5 groups of 7 objects each.

Interpret whole-number quotients of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 56 ÷ 8 as the number of objects in each share when 56 objects are partitioned equally.

Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve word problems in situations involving equal groups, arrays, and measurement quantities.

Determine the unknown whole number in a multiplication or division equation relating three whole numbers.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide. (Commutative, Associative, and Distributive properties).

Understand division as an unknown-factor problem. For example, find 32 ÷ 8 by finding the number that makes 32 when multiplied by 8.

Fluently multiply and divide within 100, using strategies such as the relationship between multiplication and division or properties of operations.

Solve two-step word problems using the four operations. Represent these problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity.

Identify arithmetic patterns (including patterns in the addition table or multiplication table), and explain them using properties of operations.

Use place value understanding to round whole numbers to the nearest 10 or 100.

Fluently add and subtract within 1,000 using strategies and algorithms based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Multiply one-digit whole numbers by multiples of 10 in the range 10–90 (e.g., 9 × 80, 5 × 60) using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Understand a fraction 1/b as the quantity formed by 1 part when a whole is partitioned into b equal parts; understand a/b as the quantity formed by a parts of size 1/b.

Understand a fraction as a number on the number line; represent fractions on a number line diagram.

Represent a fraction 1/b on a number line diagram by defining the interval from 0 to 1 as the whole and partitioning it into b equal parts.

Represent a fraction a/b on a number line diagram by marking off a lengths 1/b from 0.

Explain equivalence of fractions in special cases, and compare fractions by reasoning about their size.

Understand two fractions as equivalent (equal) if they are the same size, or the same point on a number line.

Recognize and generate simple equivalent fractions, e.g., 1/2 = 2/4, 4/6 = 2/3. Explain why the fractions are equivalent.

Express whole numbers as fractions, and recognize fractions that are equivalent to whole numbers.

Compare two fractions with the same numerator or the same denominator by reasoning about their size. Record results with symbols >, =, or <.

Tell and write time to the nearest minute and measure time intervals in minutes. Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of time intervals.

Measure and estimate liquid volumes and masses of objects using standard units of grams (g), kilograms (kg), and liters (l).

Draw a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set with several categories. Solve one- and two-step problems using information in scaled bar graphs.

Generate measurement data by measuring lengths using rulers marked with halves and fourths of an inch. Show the data by making a line plot.

Recognize area as an attribute of plane figures and understand concepts of area measurement.

A square with side length 1 unit, called “a unit square,” is said to have “one square unit” of area, and can be used to measure area.

A plane figure which can be covered without gaps or overlaps by n unit squares is said to have an area of n square units.

Measure areas by counting unit squares (square cm, square m, square in, square ft, and improvised units).

Relate area to the operations of multiplication and addition.

Find the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths by tiling it, and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying the side lengths.

Multiply side lengths to find areas of rectangles with whole-number side lengths in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Use tiling to show in a concrete case that the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths a and (b + c) is the sum of a × b and a × c.

Recognize area as additive. Find areas of rectilinear figures by decomposing them into non-overlapping rectangles and adding the areas of the parts.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving perimeters of polygons, including finding the perimeter given the side lengths or finding an unknown side length.

Understand that shapes in different categories may share attributes, and that the shared attributes can define a larger category (e.g., quadrilaterals).

Partition shapes into parts with equal areas. Express the area of each part as a unit fraction of the whole.

Interpret a multiplication equation as a comparison, e.g., interpret 35 = 5 × 7 as a statement that 35 is 5 times as many as 7 and 7 times as many as 5.

Multiply or divide to solve word problems involving multiplicative comparison, e.g., by using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown number.

Solve multi-step word problems posed with whole numbers and having whole-number answers using the four operations, including problems with remainders.

Know multiplication facts and related division facts through 12 x 12.

Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1–100. Recognize that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors.

Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule. Identify apparent features of the pattern that were not explicit in the rule itself.

Recognize that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents ten times what it represents in the place to its right.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form. Compare two multi-digit numbers using >, =, and <.

Use place value understanding to round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.

Fluently add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers using the standard algorithm.

Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, and multiply two two-digit numbers, using strategies based on place value.

Find whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors, using strategies based on place value.

Explain why a fraction a/b is equivalent to a fraction (n x a)/(n x b) by using visual fraction models.

Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators, e.g., by creating common denominators or numerators.

Understand a fraction a/b with a > 1 as a sum of fractions 1/b.

Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining and separating parts referring to the same whole.

Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way, recording each decomposition by an equation.

Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, e.g., by replacing each mixed number with an equivalent fraction.

Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole and having like denominators.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Understand a fraction a/b as a multiple of 1/b.

Understand a multiple of a/b as a multiple of 1/b, and use this understanding to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Solve word problems involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number, e.g., by using visual fraction models and equations.

Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100, and use this technique to add two fractions.

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100.

Compare two decimals to hundredths by reasoning about their size. Recognize that comparisons are valid only when the decimals refer to the same whole.

Know relative sizes of measurement units within one system of units including km, m, cm; kg, g; lb, oz.; l, ml; hr, min, sec.

Use the four operations to solve word problems involving distances, intervals of time, liquid volumes, masses of objects, and money.

Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in real-world and mathematical problems.

Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions.

Recognize angles as geometric shapes that are formed wherever two rays share a common endpoint, and understand concepts of angle measurement.

An angle is measured with reference to a circle with its center at the common endpoint of the rays.

An angle that turns through 1/360 of a circle is called a "one-degree angle," and can be used to measure angles.

Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor. Sketch angles of specified measure.

Recognize angle measure as additive. Solve addition and subtraction problems to find unknown angles on a diagram.

Draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines. Identify these in two-dimensional figures.

Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or the presence or absence of angles of a specified size.

Recognize a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure as a line across the figure such that the figure can be folded into matching parts.

Use parentheses, brackets, or braces in numerical expressions, and evaluate expressions with these symbols.

Write simple expressions that record calculations with numbers, and interpret numerical expressions without evaluating them.

Generate two numerical patterns using two given rules. Identify apparent relationships between corresponding terms.

Recognize that in a multi-digit number, including decimals, a digit in any place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents in the place to its left.

Explain patterns in the number of zeros of the product when multiplying a number by powers of 10, and explain patterns in the placement of the decimal point when a decimal is multiplied or divided by a power of 10.

Read, write, and compare decimals to thousandths.

Read and write decimals to thousandths using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compare two decimals to thousandths based on meanings of the digits in each place, using >, =, and < symbols to record the results of comparisons.

Use place value understanding to round decimals to any place.

Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers using the standard algorithm.

Find whole-number quotients of whole numbers with up to four-digit dividends and two-digit divisors, using strategies based on place value, the properties of operations, and/or the relationship between multiplication and division.

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimals to hundredths, using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators (including mixed numbers) by replacing given fractions with equivalent fractions in such a way as to produce an equivalent sum or difference of fractions with like denominators.

Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole, including cases of unlike denominators.

Interpret a fraction as division of the numerator by the denominator (a/b = a ÷ b). Solve word problems involving division of whole numbers leading to answers in the form of fractions or mixed numbers.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.

Interpret the product (a/b) × q as a parts of a partition of q into b equal parts; equivalently, as the result of a sequence of operations a × q ÷ b.

Find the area of a rectangle with fractional side lengths by tiling it with unit squares of the appropriate unit fraction side lengths, and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying the side lengths.

Interpret multiplication as scaling (resizing).

Comparing the size of a product to the size of one factor on the basis of the size of the other factor, without performing the indicated multiplication.

Explaining why multiplying a given number by a fraction greater than 1 results in a product greater than the given number; and explaining why multiplying a given number by a fraction less than 1 results in a product smaller than the given number.

Solve real-world problems involving multiplication of fractions and mixed numbers, e.g., by using visual fraction models or equations to represent the problem.

Apply and extend previous understandings of division to divide unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions.

Interpret division of a unit fraction by a non-zero whole number, and compute such quotients.

Interpret division of a whole number by a unit fraction, and compute such quotients.

Solve real-world problems involving division of unit fractions by non-zero whole numbers and division of whole numbers by unit fractions.

Convert among different-sized standard measurement units within a given measurement system (e.g., convert 5 cm to 0.05 m), and use these conversions in solving multi-step, real-world problems.

Make a line plot (dot plot) to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Use operations on fractions for this grade to solve problems involving information presented in line plot (dot plot).

Recognize volume as an attribute of solid figures and understand concepts of volume measurement.

A cube with side length 1 unit, called a “unit cube,” is said to have “one cubic unit” of volume, and can be used to measure volume.

A solid figure which can be packed without gaps or overlaps using n unit cubes is said to have a volume of n cubic units.

Measure volumes by counting unit cubes, using cubic cm, cubic in., cubic ft., and non-standard units.

Relate volume to the operations of multiplication and addition and solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with whole-number edge lengths by packing it with unit cubes, and show that the volume is the same as would be found by multiplying the edge lengths.

Apply the formulas V = l × w × h and V = b × h for rectangular prisms to find volumes of right rectangular prisms with whole-number edge lengths in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Recognize volume as additive. Find volumes of solid figures composed of two non-overlapping right rectangular prisms by adding the volumes of the non-overlapping parts.

Use a pair of perpendicular number lines, called axes, to define a coordinate system, with the intersection of the lines (the origin) arranged to coincide with the zero on each line.

Represent real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane, and interpret coordinate values of points in the context of the situation.

Understand that attributes belonging to a category of two-dimensional figures also belong to all subcategories of that category.

Classify two-dimensional figures in a hierarchy based on properties.

Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities.

Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠ 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship.

Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, or equations.

Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities with whole-number measurements, find missing values in the tables, and plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane.

Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed.

Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100; solve problems involving finding the whole, given a part and the percent.

Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units; manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities.

Interpret and compute quotients of fractions, and solve word problems involving division of fractions by fractions.

Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using the standard algorithm.

Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit decimals using the standard algorithm for each operation.

Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers ≤ 100 and the least common multiple of two whole numbers ≤ 12. Use the distributive property.

Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values.

Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes to represent negative coordinates.

Recognize opposite signs of numbers as indicating locations on opposite sides of 0 on the number line.

Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the coordinate plane.

Find and position integers and other rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram; find and position ordered pairs on a coordinate plane.

Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers.

Interpret statements of inequality as statements about the relative position of two numbers on a number line diagram.

Write, interpret, and explain statements of order for rational numbers in real-world contexts.

Understand the absolute value of a rational number as its distance from 0 on the number line.

Distinguish comparisons of absolute value from statements about order.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane.

Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.

Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers.

Write expressions that record operations with numbers and with letters standing for numbers.

Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terms (sum, term, product, factor, quotient, coefficient).

Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables. Include expressions that arise from formulas used in real-world problems.

Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Identify when two expressions are equivalent (i.e., when the two expressions name the same number regardless of which value is substituted into them).

Understand solving an equation or inequality as a process of answering a question: which values from a specified set make the equation or inequality true?

Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems by writing and solving equations of the form x + p = q and px = q for cases in which p, q and x are all nonnegative rational numbers.

Write an inequality of the form x > c or x < c to represent a constraint or condition in a real-world or mathematical problem.

Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity in terms of the other.

Find the area of right triangles, other triangles, special quadrilaterals, and polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with fractional edge lengths by packing it with unit cubes.

Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for the vertices; use coordinates to find the length of a side.

Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles, and use the nets to find the surface area of these figures.

Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers.

Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape.

Recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while a measure of variation describes how its values vary.

Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots.

Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context.

Reporting the number of observations.

Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units of measurement.

Giving quantitative measures of center (median and/or mean) and variability (interquartile range and/or mean absolute deviation).

Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data distribution and the context in which the data were gathered.

Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions, including ratios of lengths, areas, and other quantities measured in like or different units.

Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities.

Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship, e.g., by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane.

Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables, graphs, equations, diagrams, and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships.

Represent proportional relationships by equations.

Explain what a point (x, y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation, with special attention to (0, 0) and (1, r).

Use proportional relationships to solve multi-step ratio and percent problems.

Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent on a number line diagram.

Describe situations in which opposite quantities combine to make 0.

Understand p + q as the number located a distance |q| from p, in the positive or negative direction depending on whether q is positive or negative.

Understand subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse, p - q = p + (-q). Show distance as the absolute value of their difference.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract rational numbers.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Understand that multiplication is extended from fractions to rational numbers by requiring that operations continue to satisfy the properties of operations.

Understand that integers can be divided, provided that the divisor is not zero, and every quotient of integers is a rational number.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Convert a rational number to a decimal using long division; know that the decimal form terminates in 0s or eventually repeats.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add, subtract, factor, and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients.

Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a problem context can shed light on the problem.

Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form.

Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems.

Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r, where p, q, and r are specific rational numbers.

Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q > r or px + q < r, where p, q, and r are specific rational numbers.

Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures, including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing.

Draw geometric shapes with given conditions. Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides.

Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures, as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms.

Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems; give an informal derivation of the relationship.

Use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, volume, and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects.

Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population.

Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest.

Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities.

Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw informal comparative inferences.

Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of the event occurring.

Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency.

Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events. Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies.

Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes, and use the model to determine probabilities of events.

Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process.

Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists, tables, tree diagrams, and simulation.

Understand that the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs.

Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists, tables, and tree diagrams.

Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events.

Know that numbers that are not rational are called irrational. Understand that every number has a decimal expansion; for rational numbers show that the expansion repeats eventually, and convert a repeating decimal into a rational number.

Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line diagram, and estimate the value of expressions.

Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions.

Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x² = p and x³ = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots.

Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other.

Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used. Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements.

Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.

Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line; derive the equation y = mx and y = mx + b.

Solve linear equations in one variable.

Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which is the case by transforming the given equation into simpler forms.

Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and collecting like terms.

Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of intersection of their graphs, because points of intersection satisfy both equations simultaneously.

Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically, and estimate solutions by graphing the equations. Solve simple cases by inspection.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.

Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs consisting of an input and the corresponding output.

Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).

Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear.

Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value from a description, table, or graph.

Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph. Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described verbally.

Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations.

Lines are taken to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length.

Angles are taken to angles of the same measure.

Parallel lines are taken to parallel lines.

Understand that a 2D figure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, and translations; describe a sequence that exhibits congruence.

Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations, and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.

Understand that a 2D figure is similar to another if the second can be obtained by a sequence of transformations and dilations; describe a sequence that exhibits similarity.

Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, angles created by parallel lines and transversals, and the angle-angle criterion for similarity.

Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

Know the formulas for the volumes of cones, cylinders, and spheres and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, and linear/nonlinear association.

Know that straight lines are used to model relationships between quantitative variables. For scatter plots suggesting linear association, informally fit a straight line and assess the model fit.

Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept.

Understand patterns of association in bivariate categorical data by displaying frequencies in a two-way table. Construct and interpret a two-way table and use relative frequencies to describe association.

Explain how the definition of the meaning of rational exponents follows from extending the properties of integer exponents to those values.

Rewrite expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.

Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational and irrational is irrational.

Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas.

Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.

Describe the effects of approximate error in measurement and rounding on measurements and on computed values from measurements.

Know there is a complex number i such that i^2 = -1, and every complex number has the form a + bi with a and b real.

Use the relation i^2 = -1 and the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.

(+) Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli and quotients of complex numbers.

(+) Represent complex numbers on the complex plane in rectangular and polar form.

(+) Represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, and conjugation of complex numbers geometrically on the complex plane.

(+) Calculate the distance between numbers in the complex plane as the modulus of the difference.

Solve quadratic equations with real coefficients that have complex solutions.

(+) Extend polynomial identities to the complex numbers.

(+) Know the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra; show that it is true for quadratic polynomials.

(+) Recognize vector quantities as having both magnitude and direction.

(+) Find the components of a vector by subtracting the coordinates of an initial point from the coordinates of a terminal point.

(+) Solve problems involving velocity and other quantities that can be represented by vectors.

(+) Add and subtract vectors.

(+) Multiply a vector by a scalar.

(+) Use matrices to represent and manipulate data, e.g., to represent payoffs or incidence relationships in a network.

(+) Multiply matrices by scalars to produce new matrices.

(+) Add, subtract, and multiply matrices of appropriate dimensions.

(+) Understand that, unlike multiplication of numbers, matrix multiplication for square matrices is not a commutative operation.

(+) Understand that the zero and identity matrices play a role in matrix addition and multiplication similar to the role of 0 and 1 in the real numbers.

(+) Multiply a vector by a matrix of suitable dimensions to produce another vector.

(+) Work with 2 x 2 matrices as transformations of the plane, and interpret the absolute value of the determinant in terms of area.

Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.

Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it.

Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity represented by the expression.

Derive the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series, and use the formula to solve problems.

Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

Divide polynomials by monomials.

Know and apply the Remainder Theorem.

Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph.

Prove polynomial identities and use them to describe numerical relationships.

(+) Know and apply the Binomial Theorem for the expansion of (x + y)^n in powers of x and y for a positive integer n.

Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms.

(+) Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems.

Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.

Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities, and interpret solutions as viable or non-viable options.

Rearrange formulas to highlight a quantity of interest, using the same reasoning as in solving equations.

Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step.

Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise.

Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.

Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable involving absolute value.

Solve quadratic equations in one variable.

Prove that, given a system of two equations in two variables, replacing one equation by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solutions.

Solve systems of linear equations exactly and approximately, focusing on pairs of linear equations in two variables.

Solve a simple system consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables algebraically and graphically.

(+) Represent a system of linear equations as a single matrix equation in a vector variable.

(+) Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists and use it to solve systems of linear equations.

Understand that the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane.

Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions of the equation f(x) = g(x).

Graph the solutions to a linear inequality in two variables as a half-plane, and graph the solution set to a system of linear inequalities as the intersection of the corresponding half-planes.

Understand that a function from one set to another set assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range.

Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context.

Recognize that sequences are functions, sometimes defined recursively, whose domain is a subset of the integers.

For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables in terms of the quantities.

Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.

Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function over a specified interval.

Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.

Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain different properties of the function.

Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).

Given algebraic, numeric and/or graphical representations of functions, check the function's properties relative to the entire domain.

Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.

Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula, use them to model situations, and translate between the two forms.

Identify the effect on the graph of replacing f(x) by f(x) + k, k f(x), f(kx), and f(x + k) for specific values of k.

Find inverse functions.

(+) Understand the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms and use this relationship to solve problems involving logarithms and exponents.

Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with exponential functions.

Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences, given a graph, a description of a relationship, or two input-output pairs.

Observe using graphs and tables that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing linearly, quadratically, or (more generally) as a polynomial function.

For exponential models, express as a logarithm the solution to ab^(ct) = d where a, c, and d are numbers and the base b is 2, 10, or e; evaluate the logarithm using technology.

Interpret the parameters in a linear or exponential function in terms of a context.

Understand radian measure of an angle as the length of the arc on the unit circle subtended by the angle.

Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers.

(+) Use special triangles to determine geometrically the values of sine, cosine, tangent for pi/3, pi/4 and pi/6.

(+) Use the unit circle to explain symmetry (odd and even) and periodicity of trigonometric functions.

Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena with specified amplitude, frequency, and midline.

(+) Understand that restricting a trigonometric function to a domain on which it is always increasing or always decreasing allows its inverse to be constructed.

(+) Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions using technology, and interpret them in terms of the context.

Prove the Pythagorean identity sin^2(theta) + cos^2(theta) = 1 and use it to find sin(theta), cos(theta), or tan(theta) given sin(theta), cos(theta), or tan(theta) and the quadrant of the angle.

(+) Prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent and use them to solve problems.

Know precise definitions of angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line, and line segment, based on the undefined notions of point, line, distance along a line, and distance around a circular arc.

Represent transformations in the plane using, e.g., transparencies and geometry software; describe transformations as functions.

Given a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, or regular polygon, describe the rotations and reflections that carry it onto itself.

Develop definitions of rotations, reflections, and translations in terms of angles, circles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and line segments.

Given a geometric figure and a rotation, reflection, or translation, draw the transformed figure using, e.g., graph paper, tracing paper, or geometry software.

Use geometric descriptions of rigid motions to transform figures and to predict the effect of a given rigid motion on a given figure.

Use the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions to show that two triangles are congruent if and only if corresponding pairs of sides and corresponding pairs of angles are congruent.

Explain how the criteria for triangle congruence (ASA, SAS, and SSS) follow from the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions.

Prove theorems about lines and angles.

Prove theorems about triangles.

Prove theorems about parallelograms.

Make formal geometric constructions with a variety of tools and methods.

Construct an equilateral triangle, a square, and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle.

Verify experimentally the properties of dilations given by a center and a scale factor.

Given two figures, use the definition of similarity in terms of similarity transformations to decide if they are similar.

Use the properties of similarity transformations to establish the AA criterion for two triangles to be similar.

Prove theorems about triangles.

Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems and to prove relationships in geometric figures.

Understand that by similarity, side ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles in the triangle, leading to definitions of trigonometric ratios for acute angles.

Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles.

Use trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem to solve right triangles in applied problems.

Solve problems using the properties of special right triangles (30-60-90 and 45-45-90).

(+) Derive the formula A = 1/2 ab sin(C) for the area of a triangle by drawing an auxiliary line from a vertex perpendicular to the opposite side.

(+) Prove the Laws of Sines and Cosines and use them to solve problems.

(+) Understand and apply the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines to find unknown measurements in right and non-right triangles.

Prove that all circles are similar.

Identify and describe relationships among inscribed angles, radii, and chords.

Construct the inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle, and prove properties of angles for a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle.

(+) Construct a tangent line from a point outside a given circle to the circle.

Derive using similarity the fact that the length of the arc intercepted by an angle is proportional to the radius, and define the radian measure of the angle as the constant of proportionality.

Derive the equation of a circle of given center and radius using the Pythagorean Theorem; complete the square to find the center and radius of a circle given by an equation.

Derive the equation of a parabola given a focus and directrix.

(+) Derive the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas given the foci, using the fact that the sum or difference of distances from the foci is constant.

(+) Use equations and graphs of conic sections to model real-world problems.

Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically.

Prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines and use them to solve geometric problems.

Find the point on a directed line segment between two given points that partitions the segment in a given ratio.

Use coordinates to compute perimeters of polygons and areas of triangles and rectangles, e.g., using the distance formula.

Give an informal argument for the formulas for the circumference of a circle, area of a circle, volume of a cylinder, pyramid, and cone.

(+) Give an informal argument using Cavalieri's principle for the formulas for the volume of a sphere and other solid figures.

Use volume formulas for cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres to solve problems.

Identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects, and identify three-dimensional objects generated by rotations of two-dimensional objects.

Use geometric shapes, their measures, and their properties to describe objects.

Apply concepts of density based on area and volume in modeling situations.

Apply geometric methods to solve design problems.

Use dimensional analysis for unit conversions to confirm that expressions and equations make sense.

Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots).

Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center and spread of two or more different data sets.

Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers).

Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages.

Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables.

Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related.

Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data.

Compute (using technology) and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit.

Distinguish between correlation and causation.

Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.

Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process, e.g., using simulation.

Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each.

Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.

Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments; use simulations to decide if differences between parameters are significant.

Evaluate reports based on data.

Describe events as subsets of a sample space using characteristics of the outcomes, or as unions, intersections, or complements of other events.

Understand that two events A and B are independent if the probability of A and B occurring together is the product of their probabilities.

Understand the conditional probability of A given B as P(A and B)/P(B), and interpret independence of A and B.

Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data when two categories are associated with each object being classified.

Recognize and explain the concepts of conditional probability and independence in everyday language and everyday situations.

Find the conditional probability of A given B as the fraction of B's outcomes that also belong to A, and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

Apply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), and interpret the answer in terms of the model.

(+) Apply the general Multiplication Rule in a uniform probability model, P(A and B) = P(A)P(B|A) = P(B)P(A|B), and interpret the answer.

(+) Use permutations and combinations to compute probabilities of compound events and solve problems.

(+) Define a random variable for a quantity of interest by assigning a numerical value to each event in a sample space.

(+) Calculate the expected value of a random variable; interpret it as the mean of the probability distribution.

(+) Develop a probability distribution for a random variable defined for a sample space in which theoretical probabilities can be calculated.

(+) Develop a probability distribution for a random variable defined for a sample space in which probabilities are assigned empirically.

(+) Weigh the possible outcomes of a decision by assigning probabilities to payoff values and finding expected values.

(+) Use probabilities to make fair decisions.

(+) Analyze decisions and strategies using probability concepts.

Demonstrate awareness that the Moon can be seen in the daytime and at night, and of the different apparent shapes of the Moon over a month.

Observe and use evidence to describe that the Sun is in different places in the sky during the day.

Raise questions and engage in discussions about how different types of local environments provide homes for different kinds of living things.

Observe and classify non-living materials, natural and human made, in the local environment.

Explore and describe different places water is found in the local environment.

Use simple instruments to collect and record data on elements of daily weather, including sun, wind, precipitation, and temperature.

Describe how local weather changes from day to day and over the seasons and recognize patterns in those changes.

Provide examples of the impact of weather on living things.

Engage in discussion and raise questions using examples about local resources (including soil and water) humans use to meet their needs.

Observe and discuss the impact of people's activities on the local environment.

Compare, using descriptions and drawings, the external body parts of animals and plants and explain functions of some observable body parts.

Explain that most animals have five senses they use to gather information about the world around them.

Use their five senses in their exploration and play to gather information.

Use evidence from animals and plants to define several characteristics of living things that distinguish them from non-living things.

Using evidence from the local environment, explain how familiar plants and animals meet their needs where they live.

Give examples from the local environment of how animals and plants are dependent on one another to meet their basic needs.

Use observations to explain that young plants and animals are like but not exactly like their parents.

Use observations to recognize differences and similarities among themselves and their friends.

Raise questions and investigate the differences between liquids and solids and develop awareness that a liquid can become a solid and vice versa.

Investigate natural and human-made objects to describe, compare, sort, and classify objects based on physical characteristics and uses.

Differentiate between the properties of an object and those of the material of which it is made.

Recognize through investigation that physical objects and materials can change under different circumstances.

Using evidence, discuss ideas about what is making something move the way it does and how some movements can be controlled.

Through experience, develop awareness of factors that influence whether things stand or fall.

Investigate and describe that different objects make different sounds and that sounds can be produced in different ways.

Make predictions and investigate that shadows are made when light is blocked by an object.

Investigate and communicate the idea that different objects are made of different materials and a material can be a solid or a liquid depending on temperature.

Compare the effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on the motion of an object.

Make observations to determine that sunlight warms Earth’s surface.

Use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area.

Observe and communicate that animals and plants need food, water, and air to survive. Animals get food from plants or other animals. Plants make their own food and need light.

Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants and animals (including humans) can change the environment to meet their needs.

Obtain and summarize information about how people create and use forecasts to prepare for, and respond to, severe weather.

Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environment.

Demonstrate that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials vibrate.

Conduct an investigation to determine the effect of placing materials that allow light to pass through them, allow only some light through them, block all the light, or redirect light...

Use tools and materials to design and build a device that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.

Use evidence to explain that (a) different animals use their body parts and senses in different ways... and (b) plants have roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits...

Read texts and use media to determine patterns in behavior of parents and offspring that help offspring survive.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their parents.

Use observations of the Sun, Moon, and stars to describe that each appears to rise in one part of the sky, appears to move across the sky, and appears to set.

Analyze provided data to identify relationships among seasonal patterns of change, including relative sunrise and sunset time changes, seasonal temperature and rainfall or snowfall patterns...

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change that can be solved by developing or improving an object or tool.

Generate multiple solutions to a design problem and make a drawing (plan) to represent one or more of the solutions.

Describe and classify different kinds of materials by observable properties of color, flexibility, hardness, texture, and absorbency.

Test different materials and analyze the data obtained to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose.*

Analyze evidence that when a material is broken into pieces, each piece is still the same material and has weight. Show that properties of pieces do not change when used to build larger objects.

Construct an argument with evidence that some changes to materials caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot.

Design and conduct an experiment to show the effects of friction on the relative temperature and speed of objects that rub against each other.

Develop and use models to compare how plants and animals depend on their surroundings and other living things to meet their needs in the places they live.

Use texts, media, or local environments to observe and compare different kinds of living things in an area and differences in the kinds of living things in different types of areas.

Investigate and compare the effectiveness of multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land.*

Map the shapes and types of landforms and bodies of water in an area.

Use examples obtained from informational sources to explain that water is found in the ocean, rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and may be solid or liquid.

Observe how blowing wind and flowing water can move Earth materials from one place to another and change the shape of a landform.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same design problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each object performs.

Use graphs and tables of local weather data to describe and predict typical weather during a particular season in an area.

Obtain and summarize information about the climate of different regions of the world to illustrate that typical weather conditions over a year vary by region.

Evaluate the merit of a design solution that reduces the damage caused by weather.

Use simple graphical representations to show that different types of organisms have unique and diverse life cycles. Describe that all organisms have birth, growth, reproduction, and death in common.

Provide evidence, including through the analysis of data, that plants and animals have traits inherited from parents and that variation of these traits exist in a group of similar organisms.

Distinguish between inherited characteristics and those characteristics that result from a direct interaction with the environment. Give examples of characteristics influenced by both inheritance and environment.

Use fossils to describe types of organisms and their environments that existed long ago and compare those to living organisms and their environments.

Use evidence to construct an explanation for how the variations in characteristics among individuals within the same species may provide advantages to these individuals in their survival and reproduction.

Construct an argument with evidence that in a particular environment some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot survive.

Analyze and interpret given data about changes in a habitat and describe how the changes may affect the ability of organisms that live in that habitat to survive and reproduce.

Provide evidence to support a claim that the survival of a population is dependent upon reproduction.

Provide evidence to explain the effect of multiple forces, including friction, on an object. Include balanced forces and unbalanced forces that change the motion of the object.

Conduct an investigation to determine the nature of the forces between two magnets based on their orientations and distance relative to each other.

Define a simple design problem that can be solved by using interactions between magnets.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Gather information using various informational resources on an existing technological product and summarize how its design and use have changed over time.

Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the speed of an object to the energy of that object.

Make observations to provide evidence that energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and electric currents.

Ask questions and predict outcomes about the changes in energy that occur when objects collide.

Apply scientific principles to design, test, and refine a device that converts energy from one form to another.

Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude and wavelength and that waves can cause objects to move.

Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen.

Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information.

Construct an argument that plants and animals have internal and external structures that function to support survival, growth, behavior, and reproduction.

Use evidence from a variety of sources to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time.

Make observations and/or measurements to provide evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.

Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth’s features.

Obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resources and their uses affect the environment.

Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model that can be improved.

Evaluate relevant design features that must be considered in building a model or prototype of a solution to a given design problem.

Use a particle model of matter to explain common phenomena involving gases, and phase changes between gas and liquid and between liquid and solid.

Measure and graph the weights (masses) of substances before and after a reaction or phase change to provide evidence that matter is conserved.

Make observations and measurements of substances to describe characteristic properties of each, including color, hardness, reflectivity, and solubility.

Conduct an experiment to determine whether the mixing of two or more substances results in new substances with new properties or not.

Support an argument with evidence that the gravitational force exerted by Earth on objects is directed toward Earth’s center.

Use a model to describe that the food animals digest contains energy that was once energy from the sun and provides energy for life processes.

Ask testable questions about the process by which plants use air, water, and energy from sunlight to produce sugars and plant materials.

Develop a model to describe the movement of matter among producers, consumers, decomposers, and the air, water, and soil in the environment.

Compare at least two designs for a composter to determine which is most likely to encourage decomposition of materials.

Use observations to argue that the Sun is a star that appears larger and brighter than other stars because it is closer to Earth.

Use a model to communicate Earth’s relationship to the Sun, Moon, and stars to explain day/night, shadow patterns, and seasonal positions.

Use a model to describe the cycling of water through a watershed through evaporation, precipitation, absorption, surface runoff, and condensation.

Describe and graph the relative amounts of salt water and fresh water in various reservoirs to provide evidence about water availability.

Obtain and combine information about ways communities reduce human impact on the Earth’s resources and environment.

Test a simple system designed to filter particulates out of water and propose one change to the design to improve it.

Use informational text to provide examples of improvements to existing technologies (innovations) and the development of new technologies (inventions).

Use sketches or drawings to show how each part of a product or device relates to other parts in the product or device.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to explain the causes of lunar phases and eclipses of the sun and moon.

Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.

Use graphical displays to illustrate the relative ages of surface rocks and fossils.

Analyze and interpret maps to provide evidence of past plate motions.

Provide evidence that organisms (unicellular and multicellular) are made of cells and that cells are the smallest unit of life.

Develop and use a model to describe how parts of cells contribute to the cellular functions of obtaining materials, releasing energy, and eliminating wastes.

Construct an argument supported by evidence that the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells forming tissues and organs.

Analyze and interpret data from the fossil record to document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout Earth’s history.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that provides the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine whether more or less thermal energy is needed to change the temperature of a given substance.

Use a particulate model of matter to explain that density is the amount of matter in a given volume and is a property used to identify a substance.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Present qualitative information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution.

Create visual representations of solutions to a design problem.

Communicate a design solution to an intended user, including relevant performance data and visualizations.

Analyze and compare properties of metals, plastics, wood, and ceramics, including stiffness, strength, ductility, hardness, and conductivity.

Given a design task, select appropriate materials based on specific properties needed in the construction of a solution.

Choose and safely use appropriate measuring tools, hand tools, fasteners, and common power tools used to construct a prototype.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how Earth's surface has changed over scales that range from local to global in size.

Develop a model to explain how the energy of the sun and Earth's gravity drive the cycling of water, including changes of state.

Obtain and communicate information on how data from past geologic events are analyzed for patterns and used to forecast future catastrophic events.

Construct an argument supported by evidence that human activities and technologies can mitigate the impact of human population on the environment.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how animal behaviors and plant structures increase the probability of successful reproduction.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on the growth of organisms and population size.

Describe how relationships among organisms in an ecosystem can be competitive, predatory, parasitic, and mutually beneficial.

Develop a model to describe that matter and energy cycle among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem and are conserved.

Analyze data to provide evidence that disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in populations.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Explain how changes to the biodiversity of an ecosystem may limit the availability of resources humans use.

Analyze data to describe the effect of distance and magnitude of electric charge on the strength of electric forces.

Use scientific evidence to argue that fields exist between objects with mass, magnetic objects, and electrically charged objects.

Construct and interpret data and graphs to describe the relationships among kinetic energy, mass, and speed of an object.

Develop a model to describe the relationship between the relative positions of objects and their relative potential energy in the system.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device to minimize or maximize thermal energy transfer.

Conduct an investigation to determine the relationships among energy transferred, type of matter, mass, and change in kinetic energy.

Present evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Use a model to explain how thermal energy is transferred by convection, conduction, and radiation.

Use informational text to describe the relationship between kinetic and potential energy and illustrate conversions.

Evaluate competing solutions to a given design problem using a decision matrix to determine how well each meets criteria and constraints.

Generate and analyze data from iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to optimize it.

Construct a prototype of a solution to a given design problem.

Explain the function of a communication system and the role of its components, including source, encoder, transmitter, receiver, decoder, and storage.

Compare the benefits and drawbacks of different communication systems.

Research and communicate information about how transportation systems are designed to move people and goods using a variety of vehicles.

Show how the components of a structural system work together to serve a structural function.

Use the concept of systems engineering to model inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback that comprise a completed system.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun system to explain the cyclical pattern of seasons, which includes Earth’s tilt and differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year.

Explain the role of gravity in ocean tides, the orbital motions of planets, their moons, and asteroids in the solar system.

Use a model to illustrate that energy from Earth’s interior drives convection which cycles Earth’s crust leading to melting, crystallization, weathering, and deformation of large rock formations.

Interpret basic weather data to identify patterns in air mass interactions and the relationship of those patterns to local weather.

Describe how interactions involving the ocean affect weather and climate on a regional scale, including the influence of the ocean temperature as mediated by energy input from the Sun.

Analyze and interpret data to explain that Earth’s mineral and fossil fuel resources are unevenly distributed as a result of geologic processes.

Examine and interpret data to describe the role that human activities have played in causing the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Construct an argument based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Use informational text to describe that food molecules are broken down and rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support cell growth and/or release of energy.

Develop and use a model to describe that structural changes to genes (mutations) may or may not result in changes to proteins, and if there are changes to proteins there may be harmful, beneficial, or neutral changes to traits.

Construct an argument based on evidence for how asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Communicate through writing and in diagrams that chromosomes contain many distinct genes and that each gene holds the instructions for the production of specific proteins.

Develop and use a model to show that sexually reproducing organisms have two of each chromosome in their cell nuclei, and hence two variants (alleles) of each gene.

Use a model to describe the process of natural selection, in which genetic variations of some traits in a population increase some individuals’ likelihood of surviving and reproducing.

Synthesize and communicate information about artificial selection, or the ways in which humans have changed the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

Develop a model to describe that atoms combine to produce pure substances, form molecules and compounds of various sizes, and that mixtures are composed of different proportions of pure substances.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Develop a model that describes and predicts changes in particle motion, relative spatial arrangement, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Use a model to explain that atoms are rearranged during a chemical reaction to form new substances with new properties and that the total number of atoms is conserved.

Develop a model that demonstrates Newton’s third law involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Provide evidence that the change in an object’s speed or direction depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Use informational text to illustrate that materials maintain their composition under various kinds of physical processing; however, some material properties may change.

Present information that illustrates how a product can be created using basic processes in manufacturing systems. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of human vs. computer control.

Construct a model of transcription and translation to explain the roles of DNA and RNA that code for proteins that regulate and carry out essential functions of life.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.