Understand how English is written and read.

Develop print awareness in the reading process by:

identifying all upper and lower case letters.

sequencing the letters of the alphabet.

demonstrating that books are read left to right, top to bottom.

demonstrating that written words are made up of different letters.

knowing that a sentence is comprised of a group of words separated by spaces.

demonstrating one-to-one correspondence between spoken words and written words.

Develop phonemic awareness in the reading process.

Develop phonemic awareness in the reading process by:

identifying sounds in spoken words.

producing rhymes in response to spoken words.

distinguishing orally presented rhyming pairs of words from non-rhyming pairs.

recognizing spoken alliteration or groups of words that begin with the same onset or initial sound.

blending spoken onsets and rimes to form simple words.

blending spoken phonemes to form one syllable words.

isolating the initial, medial and final sounds in spoken words.

segmenting spoken words into 2 or 3 phonemes.

Develop phonics in the reading process.

Develop phonics in the reading process by:

producing and writing letter(s) for most short vowel and consonant sounds.

reading high frequency words.

blending letter sounds to decode simple words.

recognizing that new words can be created when letters are changed, added, or deleted.

Read with support, appropriate texts with purpose and understanding.

Develop and apply skills to the reading process.

With assistance, develop and demonstrate reading skills in response to read alouds by:

predicting what might happen next in a text based on the cover, title, and illustrations.

asking and responding to questions about texts read aloud.

retelling main ideas or important facts from a read aloud or familiar story.

connecting the information and events of a text to experiences.

recognizing beginning, middle, and end.

With assistance, develop an understanding of vocabulary by:

identifying and sorting pictures of objects into conceptual categories.

demonstrating understanding of opposites (antonyms).

distinguishing meaning between verbs describing the same action.

using a picture dictionary to find words.

using words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to.

With assistance, determine the connection between:

text to self (text ideas and own experiences).

text to text (text ideas including similarities and differences in fiction and nonfiction).

engaging with text as developmentally appropriate.

Develop and apply skills and strategies to comprehend, analyze, and evaluate fiction, poetry, and drama.

identify elements of a story, including setting, character, and key events.

retell a main event from a story read aloud and familiar stories.

recognize sensory details and recurring phrases.

recognize different types of texts.

name author and illustrator of a story and describe how each is telling the story.

compare and contrast adventures of characters in familiar stories.

ask and answer questions about unknown words in text.

respond to rhythm and rhyme through identifying a regular beat and similarities in word sounds.

Develop and apply skills and strategies to comprehend, analyze, and evaluate nonfiction.

identify the topic and details in an expository text heard and/or read.

use titles and illustrations to make predictions about text.

identify text features.

identify the meaning of environmental print.

respond to examples of sensory details.

ask and answer questions to clarify meaning.

identify basic similarities and differences between two texts on the same topic.

name the main topic and recall key details of the text.

ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

identifying different forms of media.

identifying techniques used in media.

Follow a writing process, with assistance, to generate a writing plan.

using pictures, oral language or written letters, and/or words.

sequencing the actions or details through letters, words, and pictures.

respond to questions and suggestions, adding details to strengthen writing.

edit by leaving spaces between words in a sentence.

explore a variety of conventional/digital tools to produce and publish writing.

use a combination of drawing and/or writing to tell an opinion about a topic or text.

give logical reasons for suggesting that others follow a particular course of action.

use words that are related to the topic.

use a combination of drawing and/or writing to name and inform about a topic.

use words that are related to the topic.

narrate a single event or several loosely linked events.

tell about the events in the order in which they occurred.

provide a reaction to what happened.

use words that are related to the topic.

generate a list of open-ended questions about topics of class interest.

decide what sources or people can answer their questions.

gather evidence from sources.

following agreed-upon rules for discussions.

continuing a conversation through multiple exchanges.

following one-step instructions, according to classroom expectations.

demonstrating active listening, according to classroom expectations.

speak clearly using conventions of language when presenting individually or with a group.

describe familiar people, places, things, and events.

use digital media to express ideas and information.

identify naming words (nouns) and action words (verbs).

form regular plural nouns orally by adding /s/ or /es/.

understand and use question words (interrogatives).

demonstrate the use of complete sentences in shared language activities.

print in upper and lower case letters.

recognize that a sentence ends with punctuation marks.

capitalize own first and last name.

capitalize first word in a sentence.

write and name the printed letters that match the sound.

Predict what will happen next using prior knowledge.

Ask and respond to relevant questions.

Seek clarification and use information/facts and details about texts and support answers with evidence from text.

Retell a story's beginning, middle, and end and determine its central message, lesson, or moral.

Monitor comprehension and make corrections and adjustments when understanding breaks down.

Use prefixes, root words, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words.

Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to determine the meaning of compound words.

Identify and use context clues to help determine the meaning of new words.

Identify and use synonyms and antonyms.

Identify and use words that name actions (verbs) and words that name persons, places, or things (nouns).

Use a dictionary or glossary to find the meaning of words.

Identify the main character(s), setting, and important events in a story.

Identify who is telling the story.

Identify sensory details in a story.

Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text.

Use text features to locate key facts or information in a text.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

With assistance, develop an awareness of media literacy by explaining that different types of media can be used to communicate information.

Recognize that sentences are comprised of words separated by spaces.

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.

Isolate and produce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).

Identify common consonant digraphs.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word.

Decode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Read words with inflectional endings.

Recognize and read common and irregularly spelled high-frequency words.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by brainstorming and recording key ideas.

Appropriate to genre type, develop a draft from prewriting by sequencing ideas into sentences and staying on topic.

Reread, revise, and edit drafts with assistance from adults/peers to respond to questions and suggestions.

With assistance from adults/peers, use a variety of conventional/digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Write opinion pieces that introduce the topic, state an opinion, supply a reason, and provide closure.

Write informative/explanatory texts that introduce a topic or text being studied and supply facts.

Write narratives that recount two or more appropriately sequenced events, include details, and provide closure.

With assistance, generate a list of open-ended questions about topics of interest.

With assistance, gather personal and natural evidence from available sources as well as from local interviews.

With assistance, organize information found during research using graphic organizers or other aids.

With assistance, make informal presentations of information gathered.

With assistance, self-evaluate using previously established teacher/student criteria.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

Take turns speaking, according to classroom expectations.

Continue a conversation through multiple exchanges.

Confirm comprehension by retelling information and asking appropriate questions based on read-alouds or other media.

Describe personal experiences using a prop, picture, or other visual aid.

Speak in complete sentences.

Use nouns and action verbs that designate past, present, and future in sentences.

Use adjectives and adverbs in sentences.

Use conjunctions and, but, and so in sentences.

Use pronouns in sentences.

Use prepositions in sentences.

Use articles in sentences.

Produce complete simple and compound sentences.

Capitalize dates and names of people.

Use end punctuation for sentences.

Use commas in dates and to separate single words in a series.

Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling patterns.

Using text features to make and confirm predictions, explain why not confirmed

Asking and responding to relevant questions

Seeking clarification and using information/facts and details about texts and supporting answers with evidence from text

Retelling a story's beginning, middle, and end and determining its central message, lesson, or moral

Monitoring comprehension and making corrections and adjustments when understanding breaks down

Using prefixes, root words, and suffixes to determine the meaning of words

Using knowledge of the meaning of individual words to determine the meaning of compound words

Using context to determine the meaning of a new word or multiple-meaning words in text

Using a dictionary or glossary to find the meaning of words

Using conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases

Determine relevant connections between text to text (similarities and differences regarding information and relationships)

Determine relevant connections between text to world (text ideas regarding experiences in the world)

Reading text that is developmentally appropriate

Producing evidence of reading

Describe the setting, problems, solutions, sequence of events (plot), and big idea or moral lesson

Describe the main characters in works of fiction, including other traits, motivations, and feelings

Compare and contrast different versions of the same story with respect to their characters, settings, and sequence of events

Describe cause and effect relationships

Explain how the story changes based on who is telling the story

Compare and contrast the differences in points of view of characters and how stories are narrated

Describe how rhythm, rhyme, and repetition create imagery in poetry

Use onomatopoeia

Identify characters, setting, acts, and scenes in plays

Identify the elements of dialogue and use them in informal plays

Identify the main idea of sections of text and distinguish it from the topic

Demonstrate understanding by locating facts to answer and/or ask questions

Use text features to locate specific information

Explain common graphic features to assist in the interpretation of text

Follow written multi-step directions

Explain why a text is fiction or nonfiction

Ask and answer questions to clarify meaning

Explain main ideas and supporting details

Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures

Describe the connection between and identify problems and solutions

Understanding that sentences are organized into paragraphs to convey meaning

Decoding multisyllabic words in context by applying common letter-sound correspondences

Decoding words with common prefixes and suffixes

Decoding regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels

Decoding words with vowel diphthongs

Decoding words with common spelling patterns

Reading words with common prefixes and suffixes

Using contractions

Using common syllable patterns to decode words including r-controlled vowels

Reading irregularly spelled high-frequency words

Demonstrating decoding skills when reading new words in a text

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary

Brainstorming and recording key ideas using a graphic organizer

Sequencing ideas into clear and coherent sentences

Generating paragraphs with one main idea

Creating evidence of a beginning, middle, and end

Addressing an appropriate audience

Reread, revise and edit drafts with assistance from adults/peers

With assistance from adults/peers, use digital tools to produce and publish writing

Write opinion texts that introduce the topic, state an opinion, and provide reasons

Write informative/explanatory texts that introduce a topic, use facts and definitions, and provide a concluding statement

Write fiction or nonfiction narratives and poems that include details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings

Generating a list of topics of interest

Choosing a topic and formulating a question

Using a variety of resources to find information

Gather evidence from available sources, literary and informational

Record basic information from literary and informational text in simple visual format

Use nouns and pronouns in writing

Use collective nouns

Use common irregular nouns

Use reflexive pronouns

Use regular verbs

Use helping verbs with regular verbs

Use adjectives and adverbs in sentences

Produce simple declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences

Write legibly (print, cursive)

Use dialogue that contains quotation marks

Use apostrophes correctly for contractions

Capitalize weeks, days, months, holidays

Capitalize abbreviated titles of people

Spell words using irregular spelling patterns

Spell and use the plural of nouns by adding es to nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, or -x

Use nouns that change their spelling in plural form

Arrange words in alphabetical order to the second letter

Following classroom listening rules

Following three-step instructions

Demonstrating active listening

Taking turns in discussion with a shoulder partner

Confirming comprehension of read-alouds and independent reading by retelling and asking appropriate questions

Explaining a topic (student-chosen or teacher-assigned) while maintaining eye contact with audience

Recalling and telling a story with details, including a beginning, middle, and end

Using academic language and conventions

Develop and apply skills to the reading process.

Develop and demonstrate reading skills in response to text by:

Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story.

Draw conclusions and support with textual evidence.

Summarizing a story's beginning, middle, and end and determining their central message, lesson, or moral.

Monitoring comprehension and making corrections and adjustments when understanding breaks down.

Develop an understanding of vocabulary by:

Decoding and identifying the meaning of common prefixes and suffixes and knowing how they change the meaning of root words.

Using sentence level context to determine the relevant meaning of unfamiliar words or distinguish among multiple meaning words.

Using homographs and homophones.

Distinguishing the literal and non-literal meanings of words and phrases in context.

Determining the meaning of the new word formed when a known affix is added to a known base word.

Using a dictionary or a glossary to determine the meanings, syllabications, and pronunciation of unknown words.

Discussing analogies.

Determining the meaning of the author's use of similes and metaphors to produce imagery.

Using conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Explain relevant connections between:

Text to text (ideas and information in various fiction and nonfiction works, using compare and contrast).

Text to world (text ideas regarding experiences in the world).

Read independently for multiple purposes over sustained periods of time by:

Reading text that is developmentally appropriate.

Develop and apply skills and strategies to comprehend, analyze and evaluate fiction, poetry and drama.

Read, infer and draw conclusions to:

Describe the relationship between characters and how their actions contribute to the sequence of events.

Explain the point of view of the narrator or characters.

Describe the setting, characters, and plot of a story.

Read, infer and draw conclusions to:

Use examples of alliteration.

Identify basic forms of poetry.

Read, infer and draw conclusions to:

Explain the elements of plot, setting, and character as presented through dialogue in scripts.

Develop and apply skills and strategies to comprehend, analyze and evaluate nonfiction.

Read, infer and draw conclusions to:

Identify the main idea and explain how it is supported by key details.

Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures.

Use text features to locate information and make connections between information.

Read to develop an understanding of media and its components by:

Explaining how various design techniques used in media influence the message.

Understand how English is written and read.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Identify and use words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Decode multi-syllable words.

Read grade-appropriate irregular spellings.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read appropriately leveled text fluently with accuracy and appropriate rate/expression.

Apply a writing process to develop a text.

Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by:

Using a simple prewriting strategy when given the purpose and the intended audience.

Appropriate to genre type, develop a draft from prewriting by:

Developing a draft from prewriting.

Reread, revise, and edit drafts with assistance from adults/peers to:

Develop and strengthen writing by revising and editing.

With assistance from adults/peers, use a variety of conventional tools and technology to produce and publish writing.

Compose well-developed writing texts for audience and purpose.

Write opinion texts that:

Introduce a topic or text being studied, using connected sentences.

State an opinion or establish a position and provide reasons for the opinion/position.

Use specific and accurate words that are related to the topic, audience, and purpose.

Contain information using the student's original language except when using a direct quotation.

Reference the name of the author(s) or name of the source used for details or facts.

Use transitions to connect opinion and reason.

Provide clear evidence of a beginning, middle, and end.

Write informative/explanatory texts that:

Introduce a topic or text being studied.

Develop the topic with simple facts, definitions, details, and explanations.

Use specific and relevant words that are related to the topic, audience, and purpose.

Uses the student's original language, except when quoting from a source.

Use transition words to connect ideas within categories of information.

Create a concluding statement or paragraph.

Write fiction or non-fiction narratives and poems that:

Establish a setting, situation/topic and introduce a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue and descriptions.

Establish and organize an event sequence to establish a beginning/middle/end.

Use transition words and phrases to signal event order.

Use specific and relevant words that are related to the topic, audience, and purpose.

Apply research process to:

Generate a list of subject appropriate topics.

Create an individual question about a topic.

Decide what sources of information might be relevant to answer these questions.

Locate information in reference texts, electronic resources, interviews, or visual sources.

Determine the accuracy and relevance of the information related to a selected question.

Take simple notes in own words and sort evidence into provided categories or organizer.

Use quotation marks to denote direct quotations when recording specific words and sentences.

Create a resource page from notes.

Present and evaluate the information in a report or annotated display.

Develop and apply effective listening skills and strategies in formal and informal settings.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Build on others' talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration.

Identify the main points and supporting details of a speaker's message.

Speak effectively when presenting.

Speak effectively when presenting: speak clearly, audibly, and to the point.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts.

Communicate using conventions of English language.

Use regular and irregular verbs and simple verb tenses.

Use helping verbs with irregular verbs.

Use complete subject and complete predicate in a sentence.

Use comparative and superlative, demonstrative adjectives and adverbs.

Use subject/verb agreement in sentences.

Produce simple and compound imperative, exclamatory, declarative, and interrogative sentences.

Use 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person pronouns and their antecedents.

Use coordinating conjunctions.

Use articles and demonstratives.

Use prepositions and prepositional phrases.

Write legibly (print, cursive).

Use an apostrophe to form possessives.

Demonstrate and use commas and quotation marks in dialogue.

Capitalize dialogue correctly.

Capitalize titles of books, stories, and songs.

Capitalize names of places.

Use spelling patterns and generalizations in writing single-syllable words.

Use spelling patterns and generalizations to spell compound words.

Use spelling patterns and generalizations to spell words with suffixes.

Spell plural words that change 'y' to 'ies'.

Use conventional spelling for high-frequency words.

Arrange words in alphabetical order, to the second or third letter.

Drawing conclusions, inferring by referencing textual evidence of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Drawing conclusions by providing textual evidence of what the text says explicitly.

Monitor comprehension and making corrections and adjustments when understanding breaks down.

Determine the meaning of academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Use context to determine the meaning of words and phrases.

Use common Greek and Latin roots and affixes to determine the meaning of words.

Use a dictionary or glossary to determine the meaning of words.

Make and explain text-to-text connections.

Make and explain text-to-world connections.

Summarize and sequence the events/plot, explain how past events impact future events, and identify the theme.

Describe the personality traits of characters from their thoughts, words, and actions.

Describe the interaction of characters including their relationships and how they change.

Compare and contrast the adventures or exploits of characters and their roles.

Compare and contrast the point of view from which stories are narrated; explain whether the narrator is first or third person.

Explain structural elements of poetry.

Explain structural elements of drama.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Describe the overall structure (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of events or information in a text.

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic.

Distinguish fact from opinion in a text and explain how to verify what is a fact.

Explain explicit and implicit relationships among ideas in texts.

Explain author's purpose.

Explain the positive and negative impacts of advertisement techniques used in various genres of media.

Explain how various design techniques used in media influence the message.

Compare various written conventions used for digital media.

Explain text structures and graphics.

Decoding words using knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read multi-syllabic words.

Reading root words, prefixes, and suffixes and important words from specific content curricula.

Read appropriate texts with fluency (rate, accuracy, expression, appropriate phrasing) with purpose and for comprehension.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by: generating a list of subject-appropriate topics.

Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by: creating a research question to address relevant to a chosen topic.

Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by: identifying a variety of relevant sources, literary and informational.

Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by: using a pre-writing strategy.

Write opinion texts that: introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure.

Write opinion texts that: provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Write informative/explanatory texts that: introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections.

Write informative/explanatory texts that: develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, or quotations.

Write fiction or non-fiction narratives and poems that: orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing characters.

Write fiction or non-fiction narratives and poems that: use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, motivation and descriptions.

Apply research process to: generate a list of subject-appropriate topics.

Apply research process to: create a research question to address relevant to a chosen topic.

Apply research process to: identify a variety of relevant sources, literary and informational.

Apply research process to: determine the accuracy of the information gathered.

Apply research process to: differentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using ideas of others.

Develop and apply effective listening skills and strategies in formal and informal settings.

Speak clearly, audibly and to the point, using conventions of language when presenting individually or with a group.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: use the 'be' helping verbs with 'ing' verbs.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: use and order adjectives within sentences to conventional patterns.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: use progressive verbs to show past, present, and future.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: use adverbs in writing.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: use subject/verb agreement with 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person pronouns.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: use prepositions correctly in a sentence.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: recognize the difference between and use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: produce simple, compound, and complex sentences.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to: correct sentence fragments and run-on sentences in writing.

In written text: use punctuation.

In written text: use capitalization.

In written text: spell words correctly.

In written text: use correct capitalization.

In written text: spell words with suffixes by dropping or leaving the final 'e'.

In written text: alphabetize reference sources.

In written text: use knowledge of letter-sound correspondences, syllabication, and morphology to read and spell multi-syllabic words.

Draw conclusions, infer by referencing textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Draw conclusions by providing textual evidence of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Monitor comprehension and making corrections and adjustments when understanding breaks down.

Determine the meaning of academic English words derived from Latin, Greek, or other linguistic root words and their prefixes and suffixes through context.

Use context to determine the meaning of unfamiliar or multiple-meaning words.

Use synonyms, antonyms, and homographs to determine the meaning of words.

Use a dictionary, glossary, and thesaurus to determine the meaning, syllabication, and pronunciation of unknown words.

Identify and use words and phrases that signal contrast, addition, and other logical relationships.

Read appropriately leveled text fluently with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Read independently for multiple purposes over sustained periods of time by reading text that is developmentally appropriate.

Read independently for multiple purposes over sustained periods of time by producing evidence of reading.

Determine a theme and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the text; summarize the text.

Explain the theme or moral lesson, conflict, and resolution in a story or novel.

Describe how a narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described.

Recognize foreshadowing.

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a particular story, drama, or poem.

Identify structural elements of dramatic literature.

Determine the main idea and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Interpret details from procedural text to complete a task, solve a problem, or perform a procedure.

Use text and graphic features to locate information or to clarify meaning.

Explain the author's purpose.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view they represent.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Explain how an author uses digital and print sources to support points in a text.

Comprehend and analyze words, images, graphics, and sounds in various media and digital forms to impact meaning.

Select a genre appropriate for conveying the purpose to an intended audience.

Follow a writing process to plan a first draft by brainstorming, recording, and organizing ideas.

Follow a writing process to appropriate to the task and purpose to produce a draft.

Reread, revise, and edit drafts with assistance to develop and strengthen writing by adding or deleting details.

Reread, revise, and edit drafts with assistance to develop and strengthen writing by clarifying meaning.

With some guidance, use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which ideas are logically grouped.

Provide logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Use transitions to connect opinion and reasons.

Use specific and accurate words that are suited to the topic, audience, and purpose.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Introduce a topic and provide a focus, and group related information logically.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use transitions to connect ideas within and across categories of information.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Establish a setting and situation/topic and introduce a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, motivation, and descriptions.

Organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally to establish a beginning/middle/end.

Use a variety of transitions to manage the sequence of events.

Use specific, relevant, and accurate words that are suited to the topic, audience, and purpose.

Generate a list of subject appropriate topics.

Formulate and refine an open-ended research question.

Follow guidelines for collecting and recording information.

Record bibliographic information.

Gather and evaluate relevant information from multiple sources.

Differentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using ideas of others.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions to clarify or follow up on information.

Follow, restate, and give multi-step instructions from or to others in collaborative groups.

Review the key ideas expressed and draw conclusions in light of information and knowledge gained from the discussions.

Develop and apply effective listening skills and strategies in formal and informal settings by evaluating your own active listening.

Speak clearly, audibly, and to the point, using efficient presentation techniques.

Use multimedia components and visual displays in presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Explain and use the 8 parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.

Use relative pronouns and relative adverbs.

Use pronouns consistently across a text.

Use and correct verb tenses.

Produce a variety of complex sentences in writing.

Write legibly.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when writing compound sentences.

Use a comma to separate an introductory clause in a complex sentence.

Use a comma to set off the words yes and no.

Use italics when keyboarding titles of books, magazines, and newspapers.

Use underlining when writing titles of books, magazines, and newspapers.

Use quotation marks when writing titles of stories, songs, poems, articles.

Use apostrophes in singular nouns to show possession.

Write apostrophes in regular plural nouns to show possession.

Spell words using previously learned spelling patterns and word stories.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text including those from different media and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Using appropriate text, determine the theme(s) of a text and cite evidence of its development; summarize the text.

Analyze how an author's choice of words, including the use of figurative language, connotations and/or repetition, contributes to meaning.

Explain how an author develops the point of view of the narrator or speaker in a text.

Analyze how a particular sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure of a text and contributes to the development of the setting, or plot.

Describe how a particular text's plot unfolds in a series of episodes as well as how the characters respond or change as the plot moves toward a resolution.

Compare and contrast the experience of reading a story, drama, or poem to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or live version of the same text.

Compare and contrast texts in different genres that address similar themes or topics.

Explain how plot and conflict reflect historical and/or cultural contexts.

Read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas and poems, independently and proficiently.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative, connotative, and content-specific meanings.

Interpret visual elements of a text including those from different media and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Explain the central/main idea(s) of a text and cite evidence of its development; summarize the text.

Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, section, or image contributes to meaning.

Explain how an author's point of view or purpose is conveyed in a text.

Analyze how word choice, including the use of figurative language, connotations and/or repetition, contributes to meaning.

Identify an author's argument in a text and distinguish claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.

Compare and contrast the experience of reading a text to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or live version of the same text.

Compare and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another.

Explain how the text reflects historical and/or cultural contexts.

Read and comprehend informational text independently and proficiently.

Conduct research to answer a question, drawing on several sources; integrate information using a standard citation system.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase data while avoiding plagiarism.

Follow a writing process to produce clear and coherent writing appropriate to task, purpose and audience; develop writing with narrative, expository, and argumentative techniques.

Narrative: Develop narratives including poems about real or imagined experiences, with clearly identified characters, well-structured event sequences, and descriptive details.

Expository: Develop informative/explanatory writing to examine a topic with relevant facts, examples, and details.

Argumentative: Develop argumentative writing by introducing and supporting a claim with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Review, revise, and edit writing with consideration for the task, purpose, and audience.

Organization and Content: Introduce the topic, maintain a clear focus throughout the text, and provide a conclusion.

Word Choice, Punctuation, and Sentence Variety: Use precise and appropriate vocabulary and capitalize words correctly.

Spelling: Spell words correctly.

Standard English: Demonstrate a command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking; maintain a consistent tone and voice.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Delineate a speaker's argument and claims in order to pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail.

Review the key ideas expressed by a speaker and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection and paraphrasing.

Speak clearly, audibly, and to the point, using conventions of language as appropriate to task, purpose and audience when presenting.

Position body to face the audience when speaking and make eye contact with listeners at various intervals using gestures to communicate a clear viewpoint.

Plan and deliver appropriate presentations based on the task, audience and purpose including multimedia components to clarify claims and ideas.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text and draw conclusions from them.

Determine the theme(s) or central idea of a text and explain the relationship between the theme(s) and supporting evidence; summarize the text.

Analyze how a text’s form or structure contributes to its meaning.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a literary text.

Analyze how specific word choices contribute to meaning and tone.

Analyze how a dramatist’s or poet’s choice of form or structure contributes to its meaning.

Compare and contrast a written text to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version, analyzing the effects of techniques unique to each medium.

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period to understand how authors use or alter history.

Explain how the text reflects historical and/or cultural contexts.

Read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, independently and proficiently.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text and draw conclusions from them.

Explain the central/main idea(s) of a text and explain the relationship between the central idea(s) and supporting evidence; summarize the text.

Analyze how a text’s organization or overall structure contributes to its meaning.

Analyze how an author develops his/her point of view or purpose and distinguishes it from those of others in an informational text.

Analyze how specific word choices contribute to meaning and tone.

Evaluate an author’s argument and specific claims, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims.

Compare and contrast information presented in different mediums and analyze how the techniques unique to each medium contribute to meaning.

Compare and contrast how two or more authors writing about the same topic make decisions about craft and structure.

Explain how the text reflects historical and/or cultural contexts.

Read and comprehend informational text independently and proficiently.

Conduct research to answer a question; gather relevant sources, print and digital; integrate information using a standard citation system.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Follow a writing process to produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, style, and voice are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Review, revise, and edit writing with consideration for task, purpose, and audience.

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Delineate a speaker’s argument and claims, evaluating reasoning in order to pose questions that elicit elaboration, and respond to others' questions and comments.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, modify their own views.

Speak effectively when presenting, using conventions of language, articulation, and an understandable pace.

Position body to face the audience when speaking and make eye contact with listeners at various intervals.

Plan and deliver appropriate presentations based on the task, audience, and purpose; include multimedia components to clarify claims and findings.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to phrases and clauses, sentence variety, and correcting misplaced modifiers.

In written form, demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization and punctuation, including coordinate adjectives and spelling.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Using appropriate text, determine the theme(s) of a text and analyze its development over the course of a text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how an author's choice concerning a text's form or overall structure contributes to meaning.

Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader create dramatic irony.

Analyze how specific word choices and sentence structures contribute to meaning and tone.

Analyze how literary devices are used to develop setting, reveal character, advance the plot, and contribute to meaning.

Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script, evaluating the choices made by the director or actors.

Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works.

Explain how an author's choice of genre affects the expression of a theme or topic.

Read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, independently and proficiently.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative, connotative, and content-specific meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text including those from different media and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Explain the central/main idea(s) of a text and analyze its development over the course of a text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how an author's choice concerning a text's organization or structure contributes to meaning.

Analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.

Analyze how specific word choices and sentence structures contribute to meaning and tone.

Evaluate an author's argument, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; recognize when irrelevant evidence is introduced.

Compare and contrast information provided by different authors on the same topic and analyze how the two texts differ to help the reader decide which explanation is more plausible.

Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree on matters of fact or interpretation.

Explain how an author's choice of genre affects the expression of a theme or topic.

Read and comprehend informational text independently and proficiently.

Conduct research to answer a question (including a self-generated question); gather relevant, credible sources, print and digital; integrate information using a standard citation system.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase while avoiding plagiarism.

Follow a writing process to produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, style, and voice are appropriate to the task, purpose and audience.

Narrative: Develop narratives including poems about real or imagined experiences, which establish and maintain a consistent point of view, and include clearly identified characters and well-structured event sequences.

Expository: Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content.

Argumentative: Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Review, revise, and edit writing with consideration for the task, purpose, and audience.

Organization and content: Review, revise, and edit writing with consideration for the task, purpose, and audience.

Word choice, syntax, and style: Review, revise, and edit writing with consideration for the task, purpose, and audience.

Conventions of standard English and usage: Review, revise, and edit writing with consideration for the task, purpose, and audience.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views in light of the evidence presented.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details.

Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

In speech and written form, apply standard English grammar to explain the function of verbals, form and use verbs in active/passive voice, and use various verb moods.

In written form, demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing relevant and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Using appropriate text, determine two or more themes in a text, analyze their development, and relate the themes to life experiences; provide an objective and concise summary.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events, or manipulate time impact the reader.

Analyze how point of view is reflected in the characters, setting, and plot.

Analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices and syntax on meaning and tone.

Analyze how complex characters develop over the course of a text to advance the plot and develop the theme.

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work.

Explain how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works.

Analyze how multiple texts address similar themes or topics.

Read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, independently and proficiently.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing relevant and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text including those from different media and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Explain two or more central ideas in a text, analyze their development, and relate them to life experiences; provide an objective and concise summary.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events, or manipulate time impact the reader.

Analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance point of view or purpose.

Analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices and syntax on meaning and tone.

Evaluate an author's argument, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work.

Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance, including how they address related themes and concepts.

Analyze how multiple texts address similar themes or topics.

Read and comprehend informational text independently and proficiently.

Conduct research to answer a question or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry; gather multiple relevant, credible sources; integrate information using a standard citation system.

Follow a writing process to produce clear and coherent writing; self-select and blend previously learned narrative, expository, and argumentative writing techniques.

Write argumentative texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.

Write narrative texts to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, clear goals, and deadlines, and individual roles as needed.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the speaker's point of view, reasoning, and evidence.

Respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives, summarize points of agreement and disagreement, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views.

Speak audibly and to the point, using conventions of language as appropriate to task, purpose, and audience when presenting problems, findings, or supporting evidence.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

In speech and written form, apply a command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage.

In speech and written form, apply a command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing relevant and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including where the text leaves matters uncertain.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Using appropriate text, determine two or more themes in a text, analyze their development, and relate the themes to human nature and the world; provide an objective and concise summary.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events, or manipulate time impact the reader.

Analyze how point of view is reflected in the characters, setting, and plot.

Analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices and syntax on meaning and tone.

Analyze how complex characters develop over the course of a text to advance the plot and develop the theme.

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work.

Explain how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works.

Analyze how multiple texts address similar themes or topics.

Read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poems, independently and proficiently.

Draw conclusions, infer and analyze by citing relevant and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text, including where the text leaves matters uncertain.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings using context, affixes, or reference materials.

Interpret visual elements of a text including those from different media and draw conclusions from them (when applicable).

Explain two or more central ideas in a text, analyze their development, and relate them to human nature and the world; provide an objective and concise summary.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events, or manipulate time impact the reader.

Analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance point of view or purpose.

Analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices and syntax on meaning and tone.

Evaluate an author's argument, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work.

Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance, including how they address related themes and concepts.

Analyze how multiple texts address similar themes or topics.

Read and comprehend informational text independently and proficiently.

Conduct research to answer a question or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry; gather multiple relevant, credible sources; integrate information using a standard citation system.

Follow a writing process to produce clear and coherent writing; self-select and blend previously learned narrative, expository, and argumentative writing techniques.

Write argumentative texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.

Write narrative texts to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, clear goals, and deadlines, and individual roles as needed.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the speaker's point of view, reasoning, and evidence.

Respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives, summarize points of agreement and disagreement, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views.

Speak audibly and to the point, using conventions of language as appropriate to task, purpose, and audience when presenting problems, findings, or supporting evidence.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

In speech and written form, apply a command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage.

In speech and written form, apply a command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Count to 100 by ones and tens.

Count forward beginning from a given number between 1 and 20.

Count backward from a given number between 10 and 1.

Read and write numerals and represent a number of objects from 0 to 20.

Say the number names when counting objects, in the standard order, pairing each object with one and only one number name.

Demonstrate that the last number name said tells the number of objects counted.

Demonstrate that each successive number name refers to a quantity that is one larger than the previous number.

Recognize, without counting, the quantity of groups up to 5 objects arranged in common patterns.

Demonstrate that a number can be used to represent “how many” are in a set.

Compare two or more sets of objects and identify which set is equal to, more than or less than the other.

Compare two numerals, between 1 and 10, and determine which is more than or less than the other.

Represent addition and subtraction within 10.

Demonstrate fluency for addition and subtraction within 5.

Decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 in more than one way.

Make 10 for any number from 1 to 9.

Compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into sets of tens with additional ones.

Describe several measurable attributes of objects.

Compare the measurable attributes of two objects.

Demonstrate an understanding of concepts of time and devices that measure time.

Name the days of the week.

Identify pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters.

Identify shapes and describe objects in the environment using names of shapes.

Describe the relative positions of objects in space.

Identify and describe the attribute of shapes, and use the attributes to sort a collection of shapes.

Draw or model simple two-dimensional shapes.

Compose simple shapes to form larger shapes using manipulatives.

Classify objects into given categories; count the number of objects in each category.

Compare category counts using appropriate language.

Count to 120, starting at any number less than 120.

Read and write numerals and represent a number of objects with a written numeral.

Count backward from a given number between 20 and 1.

Count by 5s to 100 starting at any multiple of five.

Understand that 10 can be thought of as a bundle of 10 ones – called a "ten".

Understand two-digit numbers are composed of ten(s) and one(s).

Compare two two-digit numbers using the symbols >, = or <.

Count by 10s to 120 starting at any number.

Add within 100 using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value.

Calculate 10 more or 10 less than a given number mentally without having to count.

Add or subtract a multiple of 10 from another two-digit number, and justify the solution.

Use addition and subtraction within 20 to solve problems.

Solve problems that call for addition of three whole numbers whose sum is within 20.

Develop the meaning of the equal sign and determine if equations are true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation.

Use properties as strategies to add and subtract.

Demonstrate that subtraction can be solved as an unknown-addend problem.

Add and subtract within 20.

Demonstrate fluency with addition and subtraction within 10.

Distinguish between defining attributes versus non-defining attributes; build and draw shapes.

Compose and decompose two- and three-dimensional shapes to build part-whole understanding.

Recognize two- and three-dimensional shapes from different perspectives and orientations.

Partition circles and rectangles into two or four equal shares.

Order three or more objects by length.

Compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object.

Demonstrate the ability to measure length or distance using objects.

Tell and write time in hours and half-hours using analog and digital clocks.

Know the value of a penny, nickel, dime and quarter.

Collect, organize and represent data with up to three categories.

Draw conclusions from object graphs, picture graphs, T-charts and tallies.

Understand that the three digits of a three-digit number represent amounts of hundreds, tens, and ones.

Understand that 100 can be thought of as a bundle of ten tens — called a “hundred.”

Count within 1000 by 1s, 10s and 100s starting with any number.

Read and write numbers to 1000 using number names, base-ten numerals and expanded form.

Compare two three-digit numbers using the symbols >, = or <.

Demonstrate fluency with addition and subtraction within 100.

Add up to four two-digit numbers.

Add or subtract within 1000, and justify the solution.

Use successive addition of 10 or 100 to find the next number in a sequence up to 1000.

Add or subtract mentally 10 or 100 to or from a given number within 1000.

Write and solve problems involving addition and subtraction within 100.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two-step word problems.

Determine if a set of objects has an odd or even number of members.

Use addition to find the total number of objects arranged in rectangular arrays with up to 5 rows and 5 columns.

Use various strategies to fluently add and subtract within 20.

Know from memory all sums of two one-digit numbers.

Recognize and draw shapes having specified attributes, such as a given number of angles or sides.

Identify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons, circles and cubes.

Identify the faces of three-dimensional objects.

Partition a rectangle into rows and columns of same-size squares and count to find the total number of them.

Partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal shares, and describe the shares and the whole.

Demonstrate that equal shares of identical wholes need not have the same shape.

Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate tools.

Analyze the results of measuring the same object with different units.

Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, yards, centimeters and meters.

Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve problems involving lengths that are given in the same units.

Represent whole numbers as lengths on a number line, and represent whole-number sums and differences within 100.

Tell and write time from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, using a.m. and p.m.

Describe a time shown on a digital clock as representing hours and minutes, and relate it to an analog clock.

Find the value of combinations of dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels and pennies, using $ and ¢ symbols.

Find combinations of coins that equal a given amount.

Create a line plot to represent a set of numeric data, given a horizontal scale in whole-number units.

Generate measurement data to the nearest whole unit, and display the data in a line plot.

Draw a picture graph or a bar graph (with single-unit scale) to represent a data set with up to four categories.

Solve problems using information presented in line plots, picture graphs and bar graphs.

Draw conclusions from line plots, picture graphs and bar graphs.

Interpret products of whole numbers.

Interpret quotients of whole numbers.

Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve problems.

Determine the unknown whole number in a multiplication or division equation.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide.

Understand division as an unknown-factor problem.

Multiply and divide within 100.

Demonstrate fluency with products within 100.

Write and solve two-step problems using the four operations.

Identify and explain arithmetic patterns.

Understand that an equation is a statement of equality.

Solve problems involving equal groups and arrays.

Use place value understanding to round whole numbers to the nearest 10 or 100.

Read, write and identify whole numbers within 100,000.

Fluently add and subtract within 1000.

Multiply whole numbers by multiples of 10 in the range 10-90.

Understand a unit fraction as the quantity formed by 1 part when a whole is partitioned into equal parts.

Understand a fraction as a number on the number line; represent fractions on a number line diagram.

Explain equivalence of fractions and compare fractions by reasoning about their size.

Understand that shapes in different categories may share attributes and that shared attributes can define a larger category.

Partition shapes into parts with equal areas.

Tell and write time to the nearest minute.

Measure and estimate liquid volumes and masses of objects.

Measure lengths using rulers marked with halves and fourths of an inch.

Recognize area as an attribute of plane figures and understand concepts of area measurement.

Measure area by counting unit squares.

Relate area to the operations of multiplication and addition.

Solve real world and mathematical problems involving perimeters of polygons.

Create and interpret frequency tables and scaled picture and bar graphs.

Generate measurement data by measuring lengths using rulers marked with halves and fourths of an inch.

Round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.

Read, write and identify multi-digit whole numbers up to one million using number names, base ten numerals and expanded form.

Compare two multi-digit numbers using the symbols >, = or <, and justify the solution.

Understand that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit represents 10 times what it would represent in the place to its right.

Demonstrate fluency with addition and subtraction of whole numbers.

Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number and multiply two two-digit numbers, and justify the solution.

Find whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors, and justify the solution.

Multiply or divide to solve problems involving a multiplicative comparison.

Solve multi-step whole number problems involving the four operations and variables and using estimation to interpret the reasonableness of the answer.

Solve whole number division problems involving variables in which remainders need to be interpreted, and justify the solution.

Recognize that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors and find the multiples for a given whole number.

Determine if a whole number within 100 is composite or prime, and find all factor pairs for whole numbers within 100.

Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule.

Explain and/or illustrate why two fractions are equivalent.

Recognize and generate equivalent fractions.

Compare two fractions using the symbols >, = or <, and justify the solution.

Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining/composing and separating/decomposing parts referring to the same whole.

Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator and record each decomposition with an equation and justification.

Solve problems involving adding and subtracting fractions and mixed numbers with like denominators.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Solve problems involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number.

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100.

Understand that fractions and decimals are equivalent representations of the same quantity.

Read, write and identify decimals to the hundredths place using number names, base ten numerals and expanded form.

Compare two decimals to the hundredths place using the symbols >, = or <, and justify the solution.

Draw and identify points, lines, line segments, rays, angles, perpendicular lines and parallel lines.

Classify two-dimensional shapes by their sides and/or angles.

Construct lines of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure.

Identify and estimate angles and their measure.

Draw and measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor.

Know relative sizes of measurement units within one system of units.

Use the four operations to solve problems involving distances, intervals of time, liquid volume, weight of objects and money.

Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles to solve problems.

Create a frequency table and/or line plot to display measurement data.

Solve problems involving addition and subtraction by using information presented in a data display.

Analyze the data in a frequency table, line plot, bar graph or picture graph.

Read, write and identify numbers from billions to thousandths using number names, base ten numerals and expanded form.

Understand that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents in the place to its left.

Use whole-number exponents to denote powers of 10.

Understand the effects of multiplying and dividing a number by a power of 10.

Round numbers from billions to thousandths place.

Add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers and decimals to the thousandths place, and justify the solution.

Multiply multi-digit whole numbers and decimals to the hundredths place, and justify the solution.

Divide multi-digit whole numbers and decimals to the hundredths place using up to two-digit divisors and four-digit dividends, and justify the solution.

Understand that parts of a whole can be expressed as fractions and/or decimals.

Convert decimals to fractions and fractions to decimals.

Compare and order fractions and/or decimals to the thousandths place using the symbols >, = or <, and justify the solution.

Estimate results of sums, differences and products with fractions and decimals to the thousandths.

Justify the reasonableness of a product when multiplying with fractions.

Estimate the size of the product based on the size of the two factors.

Explain why multiplying a given number by a fraction greater than 1 results in a product larger than the given number.

Explain why multiplying a given number by a fraction less than 1 results in a product smaller than the given number.

Explain why multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same number is equivalent to multiplying the fraction by 1.

Solve real-world problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions and mixed numbers with unlike denominators, and justify the solution.

Extend the concept of multiplication to multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.

Recognize the relationship between multiplying fractions and finding the areas of rectangles with fractional side lengths.

Calculate and interpret the product of a fraction by a whole number and a whole number by a fraction.

Calculate and interpret the product of two fractions less than one.

Extend the concept of division to divide unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions.

Calculate and interpret the quotient of a unit fraction by a non-zero whole number.

Calculate and interpret the quotient of a whole number by a unit fraction.

Investigate the relationship between two numeric patterns.

Generate two numeric patterns given two rules.

Translate two numeric patterns into two sets of ordered pairs.

Graph numeric patterns on the Cartesian coordinate plane.

Identify the relationship between two numeric patterns.

Write a rule to describe or explain a given numeric pattern.

Write, evaluate and interpret numeric expressions using the order of operations.

Translate written expressions into algebraic expressions.

Solve and justify multi-step problems involving variables, whole numbers, fractions and decimals.

Understand that attributes belonging to a category of figures also belong to all subcategories.

Classify figures in a hierarchy based on properties.

Analyze and describe the properties of prisms and pyramids.

Understand the concept of volume and recognize that volume is measured in cubic units.

Describe a cube with edge length 1 unit as a “unit cube” and is said to have “one cubic unit” of volume and can be used to measure volume.

Understand that the volume of a right rectangular prism can be found by stacking multiple layers of the base.

Apply the formulas V = l × w × h and V = B × h for volume of right rectangular prisms with whole-number edge lengths.

Define a coordinate system.

The x-axis and y-axis are perpendicular number lines that intersect at 0 (the origin).

Any point on the coordinate plane can be represented by an ordered pair of numbers, which are called coordinates.

Plot and interpret points in the first quadrant of the Cartesian coordinate plane to represent real-world and mathematical situations.

Convert measurements of different size, unit or system within a given measurement system.

Solve problems that require attention to the units of measurement.

Create a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit.

Use operations on fractions for this grade to solve problems involving information presented in line plots.

Understand a ratio as a comparison of two quantities and represent these comparisons.

Understand the concept of a unit rate associated with a ratio, and describe the meaning of unit rate.

Solve problems involving ratios and rates.

Create tables of equivalent ratios, find missing values in the tables and plot the pairs of values on the Cartesian coordinate plane.

Solve unit rate problems.

Solve percent problems.

Convert measurement units within and between two systems of measurement.

Compute and interpret quotients of positive fractions.

Solve problems involving division of fractions by fractions.

Demonstrate fluency with division of multi-digit whole numbers.

Demonstrate fluency with addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of decimals.

Find common factors and multiples.

Find the greatest common factor (GCF) and the least common multiple (LCM).

Use the distributive property to express a sum of two whole numbers with a common factor as a multiple of a sum of two whole numbers.

Use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities.

Locate a rational number as a point on the number line.

Locate rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line.

Write, interpret and explain problems of ordering of rational numbers.

Understand that a number and its opposite (additive inverse) are located on opposite sides of zero on the number line.

Understand that the absolute value of a rational number is its distance from 0 on the number line.

Extend prior knowledge to generate equivalent representations of rational numbers between fractions, decimals and percentages.

Describe the difference between an expression and an equation.

Create and evaluate expressions involving variables and whole-number exponents.

Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terminology.

Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables.

Understand the meaning of the variable in the context of the situation.

Identify and generate equivalent algebraic expressions using mathematical properties.

Use substitution to determine whether a given number in a specified set makes a one-variable equation or inequality true.

Understand that if any solutions exist, the solution set for an equation or inequality is the value or set of values that make it true.

Write and solve equations using variables to represent quantities, and understand the meaning of the variable in context.

Solve one-step linear equations in one variable involving non-negative rational numbers.

Write and graph inequalities of the form x > c, x < c, x ≥ c or x ≤ c to represent a condition.

Identify and describe relationships between two variables that change in relationship to one another.

Write an equation to express one quantity, the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, the independent variable.

Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables and relate these to the equation.

Find the area of polygons by composing or decomposing.

Find the volume of right rectangular prisms.

Solve problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the Cartesian coordinate plane.

Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the Cartesian coordinate plane.

Recognize that when two ordered pairs differ only by signs, the locations of the points are related by reflections across axes.

Find distances between points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate.

Solve problems using nets.

Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data.

Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution.

Recognize that a measure of center summarizes all values with a single number, while a measure of variation describes how values vary.

Display and interpret data.

Use dot plots, histograms and box plots to display and interpret numerical data.

Create and interpret circle graphs.

Summarize numerical data sets in relation to the context.

Report the number of observations.

Describe the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units.

Give quantitative measures of center and variability, as well as describing overall patterns and striking deviations.

Analyze the choice of measures of center and variability based on the shape of the data distribution and context.

Compute unit rates, including those that involve complex fractions, with like or different units.

Determine when two quantities are in a proportional relationship.

Identify and/or compute the constant of proportionality (unit rate).

Explain what a point (x, y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation.

Recognize that the graph of any proportional relationship will pass through the origin.

Solve problems involving ratios, rates, percentages and proportional relationships.

Add and subtract rational numbers.

Represent addition and subtraction on a horizontal or vertical number line.

Describe situations and show that a number and its opposite have a sum of 0 (additive inverses).

Understand subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse.

Determine the distance between two rational numbers on the number line is the absolute value of their difference.

Interpret sums and differences of rational numbers.

Multiply and divide rational numbers.

Determine that a number and its reciprocal have a product of 1 (multiplicative inverse).

Understand that every quotient of integers (with non-zero divisor) is a rational number.

Convert a rational number to a decimal.

Understand that all rational numbers can be written as fractions or decimal numbers that terminate or repeat.

Interpret products and quotients of rational numbers by describing real-world contexts.

Solve problems involving the four arithmetic operations with rational numbers.

Apply properties of operations to simplify and to factor linear algebraic expressions with rational coefficients.

Understand how to use equivalent expressions to clarify quantities in a problem.

Convert between equivalent forms of the same number.

Assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies.

Write and/or solve equations of the form x + p = q and px = q in which p and q are rational numbers.

Write and/or solve two-step equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r, where p, q and r are rational numbers.

Write, solve and/or graph inequalities of the form px + q > r or px + q < r, where p, q and r are rational numbers.

Solve problems involving scale drawings of real objects and geometric figures, including computing actual lengths and areas.

Determine if provided constraints will create a unique triangle through construction.

Construct special quadrilaterals given specific parameters.

Describe the two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects.

Know the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve problems.

Give an informal derivation of the relationship between the circumference and area of a circle.

Use angle properties to write and solve equations for an unknown angle.

Find the area of triangles, quadrilaterals and other polygons composed of triangles and rectangles.

Find the volume and surface area of prisms, pyramids and cylinders.

Understand that a sample is a subset of a population.

Understand that generalizations from a sample are valid only if the sample is representative of the population.

Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest.

Analyze different data distributions using statistical measures.

Compare the numerical measures of center, measures of frequency and measures of variability from two random samples.

Determine probabilities of simple events.

Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1.

Predict outcomes using theoretical probability.

Perform experiments that model theoretical probability.

Compare theoretical and experimental probabilities.

Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes.

Develop a probability model by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process.

Represent the sample space of a compound event.

Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events.

Know that numbers that are not rational are called irrational. Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion.

Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers and locate them on a number line.

Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent expressions.

Solve equations of the form x^2 = p and x^3 = p, where p is a positive rational number.

Evaluate square roots of perfect squares less than or equal to 625 and cube roots of perfect cubes less than or equal to 1000.

Recognize that square roots of non-perfect squares are irrational.

Express very large and very small quantities in scientific notation and approximate how many times larger one is than the other.

Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used.

Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements of very large or very small quantities.

Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships.

Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line.

Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions.

Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations requiring expanding expressions and collecting terms.

Understand that solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of intersection of their graphs.

Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically, and estimate solutions by graphing the equations.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to two linear equations in two variables.

Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph is the set of ordered pairs.

Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, or verbally).

Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of non-linear functions.

Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description, two (x, y) values, a table, or a graph.

Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.

Describe and graph functions that are increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear.

Sketch a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function that has been described verbally.

Verify experimentally that lines are taken to lines, and line segments to line segments of the same length under rigid motions.

Verify experimentally that angles are taken to angles of the same measure under rigid motions.

Verify experimentally that parallel lines are taken to parallel lines under rigid motions.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if a sequence of rigid motions exists that exhibits that congruence.

Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if a sequence of transformations exists that exhibits that similarity.

Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles and parallel lines cut by a transversal.

Explain a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems.

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

Understand the concepts of volume and find the volume of cylinders, cones and spheres to solve problems.

Understand the concepts of surface area and find the surface area of pyramids, cones and spheres to solve problems.

Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association.

Generate and use a trend line for bivariate data by graphing a straight line and informally assess the model fit.

Interpret the parameters of a linear model of bivariate measurement data to solve problems.

Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing data on two categorical variables collected from the same subjects.

Use relative frequencies calculated for rows or columns to describe possible association between the two variables.

Explain how the meaning of rational exponents extends from the properties of integer exponents.

Rewrite expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.

Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.

Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.

Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it.

Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity.

Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under addition, subtraction and multiplication.

Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems.

Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes.

Represent constraints by equations or inequalities and by systems of equations or inequalities.

Solve literal equations and formulas for a specified variable that highlights a quantity of interest.

Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step.

Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.

Solve quadratic equations in one variable.

Solve systems of linear equations exactly and approximately, focusing on pairs of linear equations in two variables.

Understand that the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane.

Explain why the x-coordinates of the points where the graphs of the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) intersect are the solutions.

Graph the solutions to a linear inequality in two variables as a half-plane.

Understand that a function from one set to another set assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range.

Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation.

For a function that models a relationship between two quantities, interpret key features of graphs and tables.

Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.

Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function over a specified interval.

Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph.

Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain different properties.

Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way.

Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.

Distinguish between situations that can be modeled with linear functions and with exponential functions.

Construct linear and exponential functions, including arithmetic and geometric sequences.

Represent data with plots on the real number line.

Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center and spread of two or more different data sets.

Interpret differences in shape, center and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points.

Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables.

Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related.

Interpret the slope and the intercept of a linear model in the context of the data.

Compute and interpret the correlation coefficient of a linear fit.

Distinguish between correlation and causation.

Know precise definitions of angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line and line segment.

Represent transformations in the plane using, e.g., transparencies and geometry software.

Describe the rotations and reflections that carry a rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid or regular polygon onto itself.

Develop definitions of rotations, reflections and translations in terms of angles, circles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines and line segments.

Given a geometric figure and a rotation, reflection or translation, draw the transformed figure.

Use geometric descriptions of rigid motions to transform figures and to predict the effect of a given rigid motion on a given figure.

Use the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions to show that two triangles are congruent.

Explain how the criteria for triangle congruence (ASA, SAS and SSS) follow from the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions.

Prove theorems about lines and angles.

Prove theorems about triangles.

Prove theorems about parallelograms.

Make formal geometric constructions with a variety of tools and methods.

Construct an equilateral triangle, a square and a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle.

Verify experimentally the properties of dilations given by a center and a scale factor.

Given two figures, use the definition of similarity in terms of similarity transformations to decide if they are similar.

Use the properties of similarity transformations to establish the AA criterion for two triangles to be similar.

Prove theorems about triangles involving similarity.

Use congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems and to prove relationships in geometric figures.

Understand that by similarity, side ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles in the triangle, leading to definitions of trigonometric ratios.

Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles.

Use trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem to solve right triangles in applied problems.

Prove that all circles are similar.

Identify and describe relationships among inscribed angles, radii and chords.

Construct the inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle, and prove properties of angles for a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle.

Derive using similarity the fact that the length of the arc intercepted by an angle is proportional to the radius.

Derive the equation of a circle of given center and radius using the Pythagorean Theorem.

Use coordinates to prove simple geometric theorems algebraically.

Prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines and use them to solve geometric problems.

Find the point on a directed line segment between two given points that partitions the segment in a given ratio.

Use coordinates to compute perimeters of polygons and areas of triangles and rectangles.

Give an informal argument for the formulas for the circumference of a circle, area of a circle, volume of a cylinder, pyramid and cone.

Identify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects.

Use geometric shapes, their measures and their properties to describe objects.

Apply concepts of density based on area and volume in modeling situations.

Apply geometric methods to solve design problems.

Extend the system of powers and roots to include rational exponents.

Know there is a complex number i such that i^2 = -1, and every complex number has the form a + bi with a and b real.

Use the relation i^2 = -1 and the commutative, associative and distributive properties to add, subtract and multiply complex numbers.

Develop the definition of logarithms based on properties of exponents.

Use the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve exponential and logarithmic equations.

Use properties of logarithms to simplify and evaluate logarithmic expressions.

Understand why logarithmic scales are used, and use them to solve problems.

Extend the knowledge of factoring to include properties of complex numbers and the difference of squares.

Understand the Remainder Theorem and use it to find roots of polynomials.

Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph.

Know and apply the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.

Solve rational equations and inequalities in one variable.

Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems.

Create and solve systems of equations that may include non-linear equations and inequalities.

Solve problems using linear programming.

Identify and interpret key features of functions from graphical and tabular representations.

Translate between different representations of functions.

Create new functions from existing functions.

Find inverse functions.

Construct and compare linear, quadratic and exponential models to solve problems.

Understand and use the unit circle.

Know and use the sine, cosine and tangent functions of any angle.

Model periodic phenomena with trigonometric functions.

Analyze how random sampling could be used to make inferences about population parameters.

Determine if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process.

Describe and explain the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments and observational studies.

Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion.

Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments.

Make qualitative observations of the physical properties of objects (i.e., size, shape, color, mass).

Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on the motion of an object.

Describe ways to change the motion of an object (i.e., how to cause an object to go slower, go faster, go farther, change direction, stop).

Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight on Earth's surface.

With help, use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area.

Use observations to describe patterns of what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive.

Make observations during different seasons to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year.

Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time.

With prompting and support, construct an argument using evidence for how plants and animals (including humans) can change the environment to meet their needs.

Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants or animals (including humans) and the places they live.

Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environment.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved through a new or improved object or tool.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed to solve a given problem.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Identify the source of energy that causes an increase in the temperature of an object (e.g., sun, stove, flame, light bulb).

Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials vibrate.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that objects can be seen only when illuminated.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine the effect of placing objects made with different materials in the path of a beam of light.

Use tools and materials to design and build a device that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.

Use materials to design a solution to a human problem by mimicking how plants and/or animals use their external parts to survive and grow.

Read texts and use media to determine patterns in behavior of parents and offspring that help offspring survive.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their parents.

Describe the presence of the Sun, Moon, and stars in the sky over time.

Use observations of the sun, moon, and stars to describe patterns that can be predicted.

Make observations at different times of year to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year.

Identify patterns indicating relationships between observed weather data and weather phenomena.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties.

Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose.

Analyze data to determine how the motion of an object changed by an applied force or the mass of an object.

Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that changes in vibration create change in sound.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine if plants need sunlight and water to grow.

Develop a simple model that mimics the function of an animal in dispersing seeds or pollinating plants.

Make observations of plants and animals to compare the diversity of life in different habitats.

Use information from several sources to provide evidence that Earth events can occur quickly or slowly.

Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land.

Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an area.

Obtain information to identify where water is found on Earth and that it can be solid or liquid.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Predict and investigate that water can change from a liquid to a solid, and back again, or from a liquid to a gas, and back again as the result of temperature changes.

Construct an argument with evidence that some changes caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.

Make observations and/or measurements of an object's motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict future motion.

Plan and conduct investigations to determine the cause and effect relationship of electric or magnetic interactions between two objects not in contact.

Develop a model to compare and contrast observations on the life cycle of different plants and animals.

Construct an argument that some animals form groups that help members survive.

Construct scientific arguments to support claims that some characteristics of organisms are inherited from parents and some are influenced by the environment.

Use evidence to construct an explanation for how the variations in characteristics among individuals of the same species may provide advantages in surviving and finding mates.

Construct an argument with evidence that in a particular ecosystem some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot.

Make a claim about the merit of a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes and the types of plants and animals that live there may change.

Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.

Represent data in tables and graphical displays to describe typical weather conditions expected during a particular season.

Obtain and combine information to describe climates in different regions of the world.

Make a claim about the merit of an existing design solution that reduces the impacts of a weather-related hazard.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model that can be improved.

Make observations and/or measurements of an object's motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict future motion.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.

Plan and conduct a fair test to compare and contrast the forces required to overcome friction when an object moves over different surfaces.

Predict how changes in either the amount of force applied to an object or the mass of the object affects the motion of the object.

Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the speed of an object to the energy of that object.

Provide evidence to construct an explanation of an energy transformation (e.g. temperature change, light, sound, motion, and magnetic effects).

Apply scientific ideas to design, test, and refine a device that converts energy from one form to another.

Use models to explain that simple machines change the amount of effort force and/or direction of force.

Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude or wavelength and that waves can cause objects to move.

Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen.

Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information.

Construct an argument that plants and animals have internal and external structures that function to support survival, growth, behavior, and reproduction.

Use a model to describe that animals receive different types of information through their senses, process it in their brain, and respond in different ways.

Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time.

Plan and conduct scientific investigations or simulations to provide evidence how natural processes (e.g. weathering and erosion) shape Earth's surfaces.

Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth's features.

Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model that can be improved.

Develop a model to describe that matter is made of particles too small to be seen.

Measure and graph quantities to provide evidence that regardless of the type of change that occurs, the total weight of matter is conserved.

Plan and conduct investigations to separate the components of a mixture/solution by their physical properties (i.e., sorting, filtration, magnets, screening).

Conduct an investigation to determine whether the combining of two or more substances results in new substances.

Support an argument that the gravitational force exerted by Earth on objects is directed toward the planet's center.

Use models to describe that energy stored in food (used for body repair, growth, motion, and warmth) was once energy from the sun.

Develop a model to describe that objects can be seen only when light is reflected off them or when they produce their own light.

Compare and contrast the major organs/organ systems that perform similar functions for animals belonging to different vertebrate classes.

Support an argument that plants get the materials (i.e., carbon dioxide, water, sunlight) they need for growth chiefly from air and water.

Develop a model to describe the movement of matter among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment.

Support an argument that relative distances from Earth affects the apparent brightness of the sun compared to other stars.

Make observations during different seasons to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year.

Represent data in graphical displays to reveal patterns of daily changes in shadows, day and night, and seasonal appearance of stars.

Develop a model using an example to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.

Describe and graph the amounts and percentages of water and fresh water in various reservoirs to provide evidence about water distribution.

Obtain and combine information about ways individual communities use science ideas to protect the Earth’s resources and environment.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects that can be improved.

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after they interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Gather, analyze, and present information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and how they impact society.

Develop a model that describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms remains the same during a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Apply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces and the mass of the object.

Analyze and interpret data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on mass.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though they are not in contact.

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among energy transferred, type of matter, mass, and change in average kinetic energy.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how amplitude is related to energy.

Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are more reliable than analog signals.

Provide evidence that organisms are made of cells; that it is the basic unit of life; and that cells come from pre-existing cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.

Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Construct an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions to support growth and/or release energy.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on individual organisms and populations.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects.

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in identical offspring and sexual reproduction results in variation.

Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms.

Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern and fossil organisms.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations increase some individuals’ probability of surviving and reproducing.

Gather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits.

Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's history.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's history.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of plate motions.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and gravity.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather conditions.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's resources are the result of geoscience processes.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and consumption impact Earth's systems.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Gather, analyze, and present information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and how they impact society.

Develop a model that describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms remains the same during a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Apply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among energy transferred, type of matter, mass, and change in average kinetic energy of particles.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.

Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Use argument to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) may affect proteins and result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects.

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in identical offspring and sexual reproduction results in genetic variation.

Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms.

Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for anatomical similarities and differences among modern and fossil organisms to infer relationships.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase survival and reproduction probability.

Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's history.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of past plate motions.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather conditions.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation.

Construct a scientific explanation for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources result from geoscience processes.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption impact Earth's systems.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with precision to ensure a successful solution, considering scientific principles and potential impacts.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process to achieve an optimal design.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among design solutions to identify the best characteristics for a new solution.

Use the organization of the periodic table to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Construct and revise an explanation for the products of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms and periodic trends.

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare physical and chemical properties of substances to infer the relative strength of attractive forces.

Apply the concepts of bonding and crystalline/molecular structure to explain the macroscopic properties of various categories of structural materials.

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration on the rate of reaction.

Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would alter the amount of products at equilibrium.

Use symbolic representations and mathematical calculations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Use symbolic representations to illustrate changes in the nucleus and energy released during fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Analyze data to support and verify the concepts expressed by Newton’s second law of motion.

Use mathematical representations to support and verify the concepts that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force.

Apply scientific principles of motion and momentum to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and vice versa.

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the changes in energy are known.

Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with motions and positions.

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy results in a more uniform energy distribution (Second Law of Thermodynamics).

Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces and changes in energy.

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model.

Communicate technical information about how electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed.

Communicate technical information about how technological devices use the principles of wave behavior to transmit and capture information and energy.

Construct a model of how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Develop and use models to communicate the role of mitosis, cellular division, and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Use a model to demonstrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

Use a model to demonstrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of molecules are broken and new compounds are formed.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence that organic macromolecules are primarily composed of six elements.

Explain how various biotic and abiotic factors affect the carrying capacity and biodiversity of an ecosystem using mathematical representations.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence that the processes of photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, and respiration are responsible for cycling matter.

Communicate the pattern of the cycling of matter and the flow of energy among trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Use a model that illustrates the roles of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion to explain the cycling of carbon.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent populations while conditions remain stable.

Design, evaluate, and/or refine solutions that positively impact the environment and biodiversity.

Develop and use models to clarify relationships about how DNA in the form of chromosomes is passed from parents to offspring.

Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction with regard to genetic information and variation in offspring.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) may affect proteins and result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects.

Make and defend a claim that inheritable genetic variations may result from meiosis, mutations, and/or environmental factors.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with advantageous traits tend to increase in proportion.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in increases in individuals, new species, or extinction.

Create or revise a model to test a solution to mitigate adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity.

Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the Sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the Sun’s core to release energy.

Construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter.

Use Kepler’s Law to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system.

Evaluate evidence of the past and current movements of continental and oceanic crust and the theory of plate tectonics.

Apply scientific reasoning and evidence from ancient Earth materials to construct an account of Earth’s formation and early history.

Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales.

Analyze geoscientific data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s surface can create changes to other Earth systems.

Develop a model based on evidence of Earth’s interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.

Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth’s systems result in changes in climate.

Develop a model based on evidence of Earth’s interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.

Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on earth materials and surface processes.

Develop a quantitative model to describe the cycling of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.

Analyze geoscientific data and global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of climate change.

Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on Earth.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources and natural hazards have influenced human activity.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources and natural hazards have influenced human activity.

Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, human populations, and biodiversity.

Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.

Analyze geoscientific data and global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the current rate of climate change.

Predict how human activity affects the relationships between Earth systems in both positive and negative ways.

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem.

Criteria may need to be broken down into simpler ones that can be approached systematically.

Identify reasons for making rules within the school.

Discuss the concept of individual rights.

Describe the character traits of role models within your family or school.

Identify the flag as a symbol of our nation.

Recite the Pledge of Allegiance.

Describe why groups need to make decisions and how those decisions are made in families and classrooms.

Describe roles and responsibilities of people in authority in families and in groups.

Create a personal history.

Compare your family in the past and present.

Describe the contributions of people typically studied in K-5 programs associated with national holidays.

Describe examples of scarcity within your family and school.

Describe examples of opportunity cost within your family and school.

Describe examples of needs and wants within your family and school.

Identify maps and globes as representations of real places.

With assistance, read, construct, and use maps of familiar places such as the classroom, the home, the bedroom etc.

Match legend symbols to map features.

Apply positional words to locations within the classroom.

Describe cultural characteristics of your family and class members including language, celebrations, customs, holidays, food, and traditions.

Explain how to resolve disputes peacefully in the classroom and on the playground.

Share stories related to your family cultural traditions and family lore.

Describe how you and your family remember and commemorate your cultural heritage.

Label and analyze different social studies' sources with guidance and support from an adult.

Use artifacts to share information on social studies' topics.

Use visual tools to communicate information.

Share findings about a topic.

Ask questions and find answers about a topic, with assistance.

Identify and explain why cities make laws.

Discuss how individual rights are protected.

Give examples of being an active and informed citizen in your classroom and community.

Describe the character traits of role models within your community.

Recognize and explain the significance of the Statue of Liberty, U.S. Capitol, Bald Eagle and the Liberty Bell.

Recognize and explain the significance of symbols of your local community.

Describe how authoritative decisions are made, enforced and interpreted within schools and local communities.

Describe roles and responsibilities of people in government, such as a judge, mayor, police, city council member, in a community.

Compare and contrast our community in the past and present (e.g., schools, land usage, communication).

Describe the contributions of people typically studied in K-5 programs associated with national holidays.

Describe examples of scarcity within your school and community.

Describe examples of goods and services within your school and community.

Describe consumers and producers and the relationship to goods and services within your school and community.

Identify globes as representations of real places.

With assistance, read, construct, and use maps which have a title and key.

Describe how maps are created for different purposes such as a school fire drill, a trip to the zoo etc.

Use a compass rose to identify cardinal directions on a map.

Locate a place by pointing it out on a map and by describing its relative location.

Identify physical characteristics of your community, such as climate, topography, relationship to water and ecosystems.

Describe human characteristics of your community such as population, architecture, and transportation networks.

Describe cultural characteristics of your school & community including language, celebrations, and traditions.

Propose peaceful resolutions of disputes in the classroom and on the playground.

Recount stories about locations, people, and cultural events in your community.

Describe how your community commemorates its cultural heritage.

Identify and analyze primary and secondary Social Studies sources in classroom discussion with guidance.

Identify and use artifacts to share information on Social Studies topics.

Create visual tools to communicate information.

Share findings about a Social Studies topic.

Ask questions about a Social Studies topic.

Explain and give examples of how laws and rules are made and changed within a community.

Examine how individual rights are protected within a community.

Analyze how being an active and informed citizen makes a difference in your community.

List the consequences of citizens not actively participating in their communities.

Describe the character traits and civic attitudes of inventors or pioneers in their field who influenced progress in the nation.

Describe the importance of the Pledge of Allegiance.

Recognize and explain the significance of national symbols including national landmarks, national parks, and important memorials.

Distinguish the responsibilities and powers of government officials at various levels and branches of government in authoritative decision making.

Identify and explain the concept of branches and functions of government.

Compare the culture and people in our community across multiple time periods.

Compare and contrast the changing habitats, resources, art and daily lives of native American people in regions of the U.S.

Describe the contributions of inventors or pioneers in their field who influenced progress in our nation.

Describe consumption and production and the relationship to goods and services within your region.

Demonstrate how people use money to buy and sell goods and services.

Demonstrate how people barter to exchange goods and services.

Explain the relationship of income, labor, and wages.

Describe a personal cost-benefit situation.

Read and construct maps with title and key.

Identify the properties and use of different types of maps for a variety of purposes.

Name and locate the regions in your community.

Name and locate regions of the world.

Identify and describe physical characteristics of the world.

Identify and describe human characteristics of the world.

Identify examples of different regions in Missouri.

Describe why people of different groups settle more in one place or region than another.

Explain how geography affects the way people live today.

Compare the cultural characteristics of regions in the state.

Demonstrate a peaceful resolution to a dispute.

Recall stories and songs that reflect the cultural history of peoples from various regions in the United States.

Describe how regions commemorate cultural heritage.

Describe and analyze primary and secondary social studies sources in classroom discussion with guidance and support.

Select and use artifacts to share information on social studies topics.

Use visual tools and informational texts to communicate information.

Explain the difference between fact and opinion in social studies topics.

Explain the concept of point of view in social studies topics.

Share research about a social studies topic.

Develop supporting questions about social studies topics, with assistance.

Describe a process to answer those questions.

Discuss types of sources that would be helpful in exploring social studies questions.

Explain and give examples of how laws are made and changed within the state.

Explain the major purposes of the Missouri Constitution.

Examine how individual rights are protected within our state.

Explain how the State of Missouri relies on responsible citizen participation and draw implications for how people should participate.

Describe the character traits and civic attitudes of influential Missourians.

Explain how the National Anthem symbolizes our nation.

Recognize and explain the significance of the Gateway Arch and the Great Seal of Missouri and other symbols of our state.

Explain how governments balance individual rights with common good to solve local community or state issues.

Analyze peaceful resolution of disputes by the courts, or other legitimate authorities in Missouri.

Describe how authoritative decisions are made, enforced and interpreted by the state government across historical time periods and/or in current events.

Identify and explain the functions of the three branches of government in Missouri.

Describe the migration of native Americans to Missouri prior to European settlement in the state.

Describe the discovery, exploration and early settlement of Missouri by European immigrants.

Describe the reasons African peoples were enslaved and brought to Missouri.

Examine cultural interactions and conflicts among Native Americans, European immigrants, and enslaved and free African Americans in Missouri prior to the Civil War.

Examine changing cultural interactions and conflicts among Missourians after the Civil War.

Identify and describe the historical significance of the individuals from Missouri who have made contributions to our state and nation.

Describe the importance of the Louisiana Purchase and the expedition of Lewis and Clark.

Explain the causes and consequences of the Dred Scott decision on Missouri and the nation.

Describe the importance of the Louisiana Purchase and the expedition of Lewis and Clark.

Evaluate the impact of westward expansion on the Native Americans in Missouri.

Discuss issues of Missouri statehood.

Explain Missouri's role in the Civil War, including the concept of a border state.

Describe the consequences of the Civil War in Missouri including on education, transportation, and communication.

Describe the changes in Missouri since the Civil War in education, transportation and communication.

Compare and contrast private and public goods and services.

Define natural, capital and human resources.

Define economy.

Explain supply and demand.

Conduct a personal cost-benefit analysis.

Define taxes and explain how taxes are generated and used.

Explain factors, past and present, that influence changes in our state's economy.

Read and construct historical and current maps.

Name and locate major cities, rivers, regions, & border states of Missouri.

Describe and use absolute location using a grid system.