When presented with a read-aloud, ask and answer questions about key details in a literary text (e.g., story, drama, poem).

When presented with a read-aloud, retell stories from literary texts, including key details.

When presented with a read-aloud: a. Name the character(s) and setting(s). b. List major events in a literary text.

When presented with a read-aloud, ask and answer questions to determine the meaning of unknown or essential vocabulary words in a literary text.

When presented with a read-aloud: a. Identify the type of literary text; and b. Show understanding of print concepts by naming the front and back covers and pointing to the title page.

When presented with a read-aloud, locate the author and illustrator and describe how each contributes to telling the story in a literary text.

When presented with a read-aloud, describe the information that illustrations show or help explain in a literary text.

When presented with a read-aloud, compare and/or contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in literary texts.

Use background knowledge and draw on previous experiences to understand a literary text read aloud.

When presented with a read-aloud, ask and answer questions about key details in an informational text (e.g., historical, scientific, or technical text).

When presented with a read-aloud, retell facts and ideas from an informational text, including the main topic and key details.

When presented with a read-aloud, identify the connection between two individuals, events, or ideas in an informational text.

When presented with a read-aloud, ask and answer questions to determine the meaning of unknown or essential vocabulary words in an informational text.

When presented with a read-aloud, show understanding of print concepts by naming the front and back covers and pointing to the title page.

When presented with a read-aloud, locate the author and illustrator and describe how each contributes to presenting facts and ideas in an informational text.

When presented with a read-aloud, describe the information that titles, headings, and illustrations provide in informational text.

With adult support, identify similarities and differences in information, illustrations, or features of two informational texts on the same topic.

With scaffolding provided, use background knowledge and draw on previous experiences to understand an informational text read aloud.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print: a. Follow words left to right, top to bottom. b. Recognize spoken words are represented by letters. c. Understand word spaces.

Recognize and produce sound structures of spoken words, including syllables and phonemes, with automaticity: a. Rhyming. b. Syllable blending. c. Onset/rime. d. Phoneme isolation and blending.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words: a. Grapheme-sound correspondence. b. Vowel sounds. c. High-frequency words. d. Distinguish similar words.

Read aloud decodable, controlled texts containing previously taught patterns with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate expression to gain meaning from text.

Print all lowercase and most uppercase graphemes independently, accurately, and with automaticity, demonstrating correct strokes, formation, placement, and pencil grip.

When given a word of up to three phonemes, encode and print words independently and accurately.

Print a simple sentence independently and accurately using grade-appropriate orthographic patterns, rules, and high-frequency words with correct capitalization, spacing, and punctuation.

Use drawing, dictation, and/or writing to express an opinion about a given topic or book.

Use drawing, dictation, and/or writing to compose informative or explanatory pieces about a given topic.

Use drawing, dictation, and/or writing to narrate a single event or a sequence of events.

With adult support, respond to questions and suggestions, adding details to strengthen ideas in writing.

With adult support, explore a variety of tools to produce and publish writing, including in collaboration with peers.

With adult support, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

With adult support, engage in collaborative research or writing projects that build language, vocabulary, and foundational writing skills around a given topic or theme.

Participate in discussions about kindergarten topics in pairs, small groups, or whole-class settings, following agreed-upon rules: a. Listen and take turns. b. Multiple exchanges. c. Stay focused.

Answer questions about key details of a text, conversation, or other media to demonstrate understanding.

Ask questions to seek help, information, or clarification of a given topic or task.

With adult support, expand oral descriptions of familiar people, places, things, and events by adding relevant details.

Use pictures, objects, or visual tools to enhance ideas, thoughts, and feelings so others can understand them.

Produce basic thoughts, ideas, and feelings using kernel sentences with a subject and a verb.

Know and apply conventions of formal American English grammar and usage when communicating: a. Nouns/verbs. b. Plurals. c. Interrogatives. d. Prepositions. e. Kernel sentences.

Recognize the conventions of formal American English capitalization and punctuation when communicating thoughts and ideas: a. Capitalize first word and 'I'. b. Name end punctuation.

When presented with a read-aloud or engaging in discussion, determine the meaning of new and multiple-meaning words: a. Demonstrate understanding. b. Use inflections and affixes.

Explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings: a. Categorize objects. b. Match antonyms. c. Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs.

Apply previously taught vocabulary in a given context by demonstrating connections between words and their use.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Analyze literary text development.

Demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

Retell stories, including key details.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information.

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events.

(Not applicable to literature)

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

With prompting and support, read prose and poetry of appropriate complexity for grade 1.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Analyze informational text development.

Identify the main topic.

Retell key details of a text.

Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text.

Distinguish between information provided by pictures and information provided by words.

Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic.

With prompting and support, read informational texts appropriately complex for grade 1.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence (e.g., first word, capitalization, punctuation).

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Orally produce single-syllable words by blending sounds (phonemes), including consonant blends.

Isolate and pronounce initial, medial vowel, and final sounds (phonemes) in spoken single-syllable words.

Segment spoken single-syllable words into their complete sequence of individual sounds (phonemes).

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Know the spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs.

Decode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables.

Decode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Read words with inflectional endings.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding.

Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic, state an opinion, and provide a reason.

Write informative/explanatory texts in which they name a topic, supply some facts, and provide closure.

Write narratives in which they recount two or more sequenced events and include details.

With guidance and support, focus on a topic, respond to questions, and add details to writing.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

With guidance and support, recall information from experiences or gather information to answer a question.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., listening to others, speaking one at a time).

Build on others' talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others.

Ask questions to clear up any confusion about the topics and texts under discussion.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather information or clarify.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas clearly.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions when appropriate to clarify ideas.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Print all upper- and lowercase letters.

Use common, proper, and possessive nouns.

Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in basic sentences.

Use personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns.

Use verbs to convey a sense of past, present, and future.

Use frequently occurring adjectives.

Use frequently occurring conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or, so, because).

Use determiners (e.g., articles, demonstratives).

Use frequently occurring prepositions (e.g., during, beyond, toward).

Produce and expand complete simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Capitalize dates and names of people.

Use end punctuation for sentences.

Use commas in dates and to separate single words in a series.

Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling patterns and for irregular words.

Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling conventions.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use frequently occurring affixes as a clue to the meaning of a word.

Identify frequently occurring root words and their inflectional forms.

With guidance and support, demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances.

Sort words into categories to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Define words by category and by one or more key attributes.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs differing in manner and adjectives differing in intensity.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and responding to texts.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Analyze literary text development: a. Determine the lesson or moral. b. Retell stories from literary texts, including key details.

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.

Describe how words and phrases supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.

Describe the overall structure of a story, including how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action.

Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialogue aloud.

Use information gained from the illustrations and words in a print or digital text to demonstrate understanding of its characters, setting, or plot.

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from different cultures.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories and poetry, in the grades 2–3 text complexity band proficiently.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details and clarify meaning.

Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph informational text and explain how specific paragraphs support that topic.

Describe the connection between a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures within an informational text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases in an informational text using strategies such as context clues, word parts, and text features.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.

Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe.

Explain how specific images contribute to and clarify a text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

With scaffolding provided as needed, read and comprehend grade level informational text.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams.

Decode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels.

Decode words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

Recognize and read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level text orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding.

Write legibly in manuscript: a. Form letters correctly. b. Write at a pace that supports sustained composition.

Encode words, aligned with scope and sequence of adopted HQIM, including vowel teams, prefixes, suffixes, and high-frequency words.

Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic, state an opinion, supply reasons, use linking words, and provide a conclusion.

Write informative/explanatory texts in which they introduce a topic, use facts and definitions, and provide a conclusion.

Write narratives in which they recount a well-elaborated event, include details, use temporal words, and provide closure.

With guidance and support, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editing.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Participate in collaborative conversations about grade 2 topics and texts with diverse partners.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Build on others' talk in conversations by linking their comments to the remarks of others.

Ask for clarification and further explanation as needed.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension or gather information.

Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details.

Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add drawings or other visual displays to clarify ideas.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use collective nouns.

Form and use frequently occurring irregular plural nouns.

Use reflexive pronouns.

Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs.

Use adjectives and adverbs, and choose between them depending on what is to be modified.

Produce, expand, and rearrange complete simple and compound sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize holidays, product names, and geographic names.

Use commas in greetings and closings of letters.

Use an apostrophe to form contractions and frequently occurring possessives.

Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Recognize formal and informal uses of English.

Compare formal and informal uses of English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 2 reading and content.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words.

Use glossaries and beginning dictionaries to determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases.

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use.

Distinguish shades of meaning among closely related verbs and adjectives.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and responding to texts.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Retell stories, including fables, folktales, and myths from diverse cultures; determine the central message, lesson, or moral and explain how it is conveyed.

Describe characters in a story (e.g., traits, motivations, or feelings) and explain how their actions contribute to the sequence of events.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems when writing or speaking about a text, using terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the narrator or those of the characters.

Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story.

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 2–3 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Describe the relationship between a series of historical events, scientific ideas, or steps in technical procedures using language that pertains to time and sequence.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 3 topic or subject area.

Use text features and search tools (e.g., key words, sidebars, hyperlinks) to locate information relevant to a given topic efficiently.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the author of a text.

Use information gained from illustrations and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding (e.g., where, when, why, and how key events occur).

Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in a text (e.g., comparison, cause/effect, sequence).

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts at the high end of the grades 2–3 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Identify and know the meaning of the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes.

Decode words with common Latin suffixes.

Decode multisyllabic words.

Read grade-appropriate irregularly spelled words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons.

Introduce the topic or text, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure that lists reasons.

Provide reasons that support the opinion.

Use linking words and phrases (e.g., because, therefore, since) to connect opinion and reasons.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic and group related information together; include illustrations when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, and details.

Use linking words and phrases (e.g., also, another, and, more, but) to connect ideas.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and clear event sequences.

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences.

Use temporal words and phrases to signal event order.

Provide a sense of closure.

With guidance and support from adults, produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task and purpose.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 3 topics and texts.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others).

Ask questions to check understanding of information presented, stay on topic, and link comments to others.

Explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration and detail.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and descriptive details.

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems; add visual displays when appropriate to emphasize facts.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in general and in particular sentences.

Form and use regular and irregular plural nouns.

Use abstract nouns (e.g., childhood).

Form and use regular and irregular verbs.

Form and use the simple (e.g., I walked; I walk; I will walk) verb tenses.

Ensure subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs.

Use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Produce simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize appropriate words in titles.

Use commas in addresses.

Use commas and quotation marks in dialogue.

Form and use possessives.

Use conventional spelling for high-frequency and other studied words and for adding suffixes to base words.

Use spelling patterns and generalizations (e.g., word families, syllable patterns) in writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Recognize and observe differences between the conventions of spoken and written standard English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning word and phrases based on grade 3 reading.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known affix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use glossaries or beginning dictionaries to determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words.

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Distinguish the literal and nonliteral meanings of words and phrases in context (e.g., take steps).

Identify real-life connections between words and their use (e.g., describe people who are friendly).

Distinguish shades of meaning among related words that describe states of mind or degrees of certainty.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.

Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including those that allude to significant characters found in mythology.

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, and refer to the structural elements of poems and drama when writing or speaking about a text.

Explain the differences in the point(s) of view in a text and different perspectives of the characters.

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text.

Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics and patterns of events in stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature in the grades 4–5 text complexity band proficiently.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Determine the main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text, including what happened and why.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words or phrases in a text relevant to a grade 4 topic or subject area.

Describe the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text or part of a text.

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic; describe the differences in focus.

Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively and explain how the information contributes to an understanding of the text.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts in the grades 4–5 text complexity band proficiently.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to read accurately unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression on successive readings.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which related ideas are grouped.

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in addition, similarly, moreover).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections; include formatting and multimedia when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples related to the topic.

Link ideas within categories of information using words and phrases (e.g., another, for example, also, because).

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use dialogue and description to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations.

Use a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With some guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing and to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; take notes and provide a list of sources.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 4 Reading standards to informational texts.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation to explore ideas.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions to clarify or follow up on information, and make comments that link to the remarks of others.

Review the key ideas expressed and explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and descriptive details.

Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why).

Form and use the progressive (e.g., I was walking; I am walking; I will be walking) verb tenses.

Use modal auxiliaries (e.g., can, may, must) to convey various conditions.

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional patterns.

Form and use prepositional phrases.

Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate fragments and run-ons.

Correctly use frequently confused words (e.g., to, too, two; there, their, they're).

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use correct capitalization.

Use commas and quotation marks to mark direct speech and quotations from a text.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.

Choose punctuation for effect.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading and content.

Use context (e.g., definitions, examples, or restatements in text) as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words and phrases.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Explain the meaning of simple similes and metaphors in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their opposites (antonyms) and to words with similar meanings (synonyms).

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Use text evidence and direct quotes to demonstrate understanding of a literary text (story, drama, or poem).

Analyze literary text development: a. Determine a theme from details; b. Summarize the text.

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a literary text, drawing on specific details.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as metaphors and similes.

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a particular story, drama, or poem.

Describe how a narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described.

Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text.

Compare and contrast stories in the same genre on their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Read and comprehend grade-level literary texts, with scaffolding as needed.

Use text evidence and direct quotes to demonstrate understanding of an informational text.

Analyze informational text development: a. Determine two or more main ideas; b. Summarize the text.

Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a text.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 5 topic.

Compare and contrast the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in two or more texts.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in point of view.

Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer or solve a problem.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

Read and comprehend grade-level informational texts, with scaffolding as needed.

Decode multisyllabic words using phoneme-grapheme correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphological structures.

Read connected texts with sufficient fluency to support comprehension, including accuracy, automaticity, and expression.

Write opinion pieces that include an introduction, stated opinion, logically ordered reasons, and a concluding statement.

Write informative/explanatory texts that include an introduction, logically grouped information, facts, and a concluding statement.

Write narratives that include an introduction, an organized event sequence, narrative techniques, and a conclusion.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Plan, revise, and edit writing to improve clarity, organization, and conventions using feedback.

Use a variety of digital skills and tools to produce and publish writing.

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation.

Engage in independent research projects using multiple sources, recording observations, and composing short reports.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Write fluently and legibly in manuscript and/or cursive, using correctly formed letters and words.

Encode words, including multisyllabic words using knowledge of syllable types and morphological structures.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions, building on others' ideas and expressing own clearly.

Summarize a written text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Summarize the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence.

Report on a topic or text or present an opinion, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to enhance main ideas or themes.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, using formal language when appropriate.

Know and apply formal American English grammar, usage, and mechanics when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in general and in particular sentences.

Form and use the perfect verb tenses (e.g., I had walked; I have walked; I will have walked).

Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb tense.

Use correlative conjunctions (e.g., either/or, neither/nor).

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Use punctuation to separate items in a series.

Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence.

Use a comma to set off words yes and no, tag questions, and to indicate direct address.

Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Compare and contrast the varieties of English (e.g., dialects, registers) used in stories, dramas, or poems.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases choosing flexibly from strategies.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning of words.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figurative language, including similes and metaphors, in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonyms, antonyms, homographs) to better understand words.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text.

Describe how a particular story’s or drama’s plot unfolds in a series of episodes and how characters respond or change.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of word choice.

Analyze how a particular sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure and contributes to the development.

Explain how an author develops the point of view of the narrator or speaker in a text.

Compare and contrast reading a story, drama, or poem to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or live version.

Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Determine a central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text.

Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze how a particular sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section fits into the overall structure and contributes to the development.

Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.

Integrate information presented in different media or formats as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims supported by reasons from those not.

Compare and contrast one author’s presentation of events with that of another.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly.

Support claim(s) with clear reasons and relevant evidence, using credible sources.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships among claim(s) and reasons.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Introduce a topic; organize ideas using strategies such as definition, classification, comparison/contrast, and cause/effect.

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and well-structured sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to convey experiences and events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task and audience.

With some guidance, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources; assess credibility; quote or paraphrase while avoiding plagiarism.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 6 Reading standards to literary nonfiction.

Write routinely over extended and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others’ ideas.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, set specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail by making comments that contribute to the topic.

Review the key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection and paraphrasing.

Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats and explain how it contributes to a topic.

Delineate a speaker’s argument and specific claims, distinguishing claims supported by reasons from those not.

Present claims and findings, sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions, facts, and details.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify information.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Ensure that pronouns are in the proper case (subjective, objective, possessive).

Use intensive pronouns (e.g., myself, ourselves).

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in pronoun number and person.

Recognize and correct vague pronouns (i.e., ones with unclear or ambiguous antecedents).

Recognize variations from standard English and identify strategies to improve expression in conventional language.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (commas, parentheses, dashes) to set off nonrestrictive/parenthetical elements.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Vary sentence patterns for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Maintain consistency in style and tone.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 6 reading.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find the pronunciation of a word or determine its precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., personification) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze literary text development; determine a theme of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary.

Analyze how particular elements of a story or drama interact (e.g., how setting shapes the characters or plot).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as used in a text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the impact of rhymes and repetitions of sounds.

Analyze how a drama’s or poem’s form or structure (e.g., soliloquy, sonnet) contributes to its meaning.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a text.

Compare and contrast a written story, drama, or poem to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version, analyzing the effects of techniques unique to each medium.

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period to understand how authors use history.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze informational text development; determine two or more central ideas in a text and analyze their development; provide an objective summary.

Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text (e.g., how ideas influence individuals or events).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze word choice impact.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to the development of ideas.

Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author distinguishes his or her position from that of others.

Compare and contrast a text to an audio, video, or multimedia version of the text, analyzing each medium’s portrayal of the subject.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient.

Analyze how two or more authors writing about the same topic shape their presentations by emphasizing different evidence or interpretations of facts.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge alternate or opposing claims, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through selection, organization, and analysis of content.

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information, using strategies such as definition and classification.

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences and events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, or rewriting.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and link to and cite sources as well as to interact and collaborate.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions for further research.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase data.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 7 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 7 Reading standards to literary nonfiction.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 7 topics, texts, and issues.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Pose questions that elicit elaboration and respond to others’ questions and comments with relevant observations and ideas.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, modify their own views.

Analyze the main ideas and supporting details presented in diverse media and formats and explain how the ideas clarify a topic, text, or issue.

Delineate a speaker’s argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with pertinent descriptions, facts, details, and examples.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of phrases and clauses in general and their function in specific sentences.

Choose among simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal differing relationships among ideas.

Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives (e.g., It was a fascinating, enjoyable movie but not He wore an old[,] blue shirt).

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose language that expresses ideas precisely and concisely, recognizing and eliminating wordiness and redundancy.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 7 reading and content.

Use context (e.g., the overall meaning of a sentence or paragraph; a word’s position or function in a sentence) as a clue to meaning.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word (e.g., belligerent, bellicose, rebel).

Consult general and specialized reference materials to find the pronunciation of a word or determine its precise meaning or part of speech.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase (e.g., by checking the inferred meaning in context or in a dictionary).

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., literary, biblical, and mythological allusions) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words (e.g., synonym/antonym, analogy) to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations (associations) of words with similar denotations (definitions) (e.g., refined, respectful, polite, diplomatic, condescending).

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze literary text development.

Analyze literary text development.

Explain a theme of a literary text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to characters, setting, and plot.

Provide an objective summary of the text, including theme and its relationship to other story elements.

Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision.

Explain how words and phrases shape meaning and tone in a literary text.

Determine word and phrase meanings, including figurative and/or connotative meanings.

Analyze the impact of specific word choices, including analogies or allusions to other texts, on meaning and tone.

Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes to its meaning and style.

Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader create such effects as suspense or humor.

Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script.

Analyze how a modern work of fiction alludes to themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious literary texts.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze informational text development.

Analyze informational text development.

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas.

Provide an objective summary of the text, including the central idea and its relationship to supporting ideas.

Analyze how a text makes connections among and distinctions between individuals, ideas, or events.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in developing and refining a key concept.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums to present a particular topic or idea.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient.

Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 6-8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Decode words by applying morphological analysis, word recognition, and etymology.

Decode words by applying morphological analysis, word recognition, and etymology including: Roots, Prefixes, Suffixes.

Read common high-frequency words with automaticity such as phonetically regular, partially regular, and irregular words.

Identify and know the meaning of common Latin and Greek roots, prefixes, and suffixes.

Read connected texts with sufficient fluency to support comprehension.

Orally read grade-level text with accuracy, automaticity, and appropriate expression, targeting 146 wcpm or greater.

Self-monitor word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Write fluently and legibly in manuscript and/or cursive, at a pace that supports sustained composition and notetaking.

Apply knowledge of grade-appropriate morphological awareness, multisyllabic word construction, and spelling rules to encode words accurately.

Encode grade-appropriate multi-syllabic words using knowledge of syllable types.

Apply knowledge of roots, prefixes, and suffixes to encode unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Encode grade-appropriate irregular words.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Establish a clear thesis statement to present an argument.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge alternate or opposing claims, and organize reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Establish a clear thesis statement to present information.

Introduce a topic clearly; organize ideas into categories; include formatting, graphics, and multimedia when useful.

Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information.

Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the information or explanation presented.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and descriptive details.

Establish a context and point of view and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize a natural event sequence.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts in time or setting.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture action and experiences.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, or rewriting.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present relationships between information and ideas.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional focused questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess credibility; and quote or paraphrase while avoiding plagiarism.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literature.

Apply grade 8 Reading standards to literary nonfiction.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues.

Come to discussions prepared; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence on the topic, text, or issue.

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward goals, and define individual roles.

Pose questions that connect the ideas of several speakers and respond to others' questions with relevant evidence.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views.

Analyze the purpose of information presented in diverse media and formats and evaluate the motives behind its presentation.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance of evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence and sound reasoning.

Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims, and add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences.

Form and use verbs in the active and passive voice.

Form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive mood.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break.

Use an ellipsis to indicate an omission.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Use verbs in the active and passive voice (e.g., emphasizing the actor or the action).

Use verbs in the conditional and subjunctive mood to achieve particular effects.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words or phrases based on grade 8 reading and content.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult general and specialized reference materials to find pronunciation or determine precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g., verbal irony, puns) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze literary text development: a. Determine a theme or central idea and analyze its development; b. Provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how complex characters develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it, and manipulate time create such effects as mystery or tension.

Analyze how a point of view, perspective, or cultural experience is reflected in a work of literature from outside the United States.

Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment.

(Not applicable to literature)

Analyze how an author alludes to and transforms source material in a specific work (e.g., how Shakespeare treats a theme from Ovid).

By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze informational text development: a. Determine a central idea and analyze its development; b. Provide an objective summary of the text.

Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made and developed.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone.

Analyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.

Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums, determining which details are emphasized in each account.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant.

Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance, including how they address related themes and concepts.

By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 9-10 text complexity band independently.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured sequences.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, share, and update individual or shared writing products.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics and texts.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated evidence.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts and to make effective choices for meaning or style.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 9-10 reading and content.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze literary text development: a. Determine two or more themes and analyze their development; b. Produce a thorough analysis of the text.

Analyze the impact of the author's choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story or drama.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases; analyze the impact of author's diction, including multiple-meaning words or evocative language.

Analyze how an author's choices concerning how to structure specific parts of a text contribute to its overall structure and meaning.

Analyze a case in which grasping point of view requires distinguishing what is directly stated from what is really meant (e.g., satire, irony).

Analyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem, evaluating how each version interprets the source text.

(Not applicable to literature)

Demonstrate knowledge of eighteenth-, nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century foundational works of American literature.

By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 11-CCR text complexity band independently.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text.

Analyze informational text development: a. Determine two or more central ideas and analyze their development; b. Provide an objective summary.

Analyze a complex set of ideas or sequence of events and explain how specific individuals, ideas, or events interact and develop.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases; analyze how an author uses and refines the meaning of a key term over the course of a text.

Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text in which the rhetoric is particularly effective.

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats to address a question or solve a problem.

Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts and the premises, purposes, and arguments in works of public advocacy.

Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. documents for their themes, purposes, and rhetorical features.

By the end of grade 12, read and comprehend literary nonfiction at the high end of the grades 11-CCR text complexity band independently.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured sequences.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, share, and update individual or shared writing products.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grades 11-12 topics and texts.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media in order to make informed decisions and solve problems.

Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links among ideas, and word choice.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Apply knowledge of language to understand how language functions in different contexts and to make effective choices for meaning or style.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grades 11-12 reading and content.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Count to 100 by ones and by tens.

Count forward within 100 beginning from any given number other than 1.

Write numerals from 0 to 20. Represent a number of objects with a written numeral 0-20 (with 0 representing a count of no objects).

Understand the relationship between numbers and quantities; connect counting to cardinality using a variety of objects including pennies.

When counting objects, establish a one-to-one relationship by saying the number names in the standard order, pairing each object with one and only one number name.

Understand that the last number name said tells the number of objects counted. The number of objects is the same regardless of their arrangement.

Understand that each successive number name refers to a quantity that is one larger.

Count to answer 'how many?' questions about as many as 20 things arranged in a line, array, or circle, or as many as 10 things in a scattered configuration.

Orally identify (without using inequality symbols) whether the number of objects in one group is greater/more than, less/fewer than, or the same as another group.

Compare (without using inequality symbols) two numbers between 0 and 10 when presented as written numerals.

Represent addition and subtraction with objects, fingers, mental images, drawings, sounds, acting out situations, verbal explanations, expressions, or equations.

Solve addition and subtraction problems (written or oral), and add and subtract within 10 by using objects or drawings to represent the problem.

Decompose numbers and record compositions for numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way by using objects and drawings or equations.

For any number from 1 to 9, find the number that makes 10 when added to the given number, e.g., by using objects or drawings.

Fluently add and subtract within 5.

Compose and decompose numbers from 11 to 19 into a group of ten ones and some further ones by using objects and drawings or equations.

Identify and describe measurable attributes (length, weight, and height) of a single object using vocabulary terms such as long/short, heavy/light, or tall/short.

Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common to see which object has 'more of' or 'less of' the attribute, and describe the difference.

Classify objects into given categories; count the numbers of objects in each category and sort the categories by count. (Category counts <= 10; coins limited to pennies).

Describe objects in the environment using names of shapes, and describe relative positions using terms such as above, below, beside, in front of, behind, and next to.

Correctly name shapes regardless of their orientations or overall size.

Identify shapes as two-dimensional (lying in a plane, 'flat') or three-dimensional ('solid').

Describe and compare two- or three-dimensional shapes, in different sizes and orientations, using informal language to describe commonalities and differences.

Model shapes in the world by building shapes from components, e.g., sticks and clay balls, and drawing shapes.

Combine simple shapes to form larger shapes.

Use addition and subtraction within 20 to solve word problems involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions.

Solve word problems that call for addition of three whole numbers whose sum is less than or equal to 20, e.g., by using objects, drawings, and equations.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract. For example: Commutative property of addition and Associative property of addition.

Understand subtraction as an unknown-addend problem. For example, subtract 10 - 8 by finding the number that makes 10 when added to 8.

Relate counting to addition and subtraction, e.g., by counting on 2 to add 2.

Add and subtract within 20, demonstrating fluency with various strategies for addition and subtraction within 10.

Understand the meaning of the equal sign, and determine if equations involving addition and subtraction are true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation relating three whole numbers.

Count to 120, starting at any number less than 120. In this range, read and write numerals and represent a number of objects with a written numeral.

Understand that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones.

10 can be thought of as a bundle of ten ones — called a 'ten.'

The numbers from 11 to 19 are composed of a ten and one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine ones.

The numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 refer to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine tens (and 0 ones).

Compare two two-digit numbers based on meanings of the tens and ones digits, recording the results of comparisons with the symbols >, =, and <.

Add within 100, including adding a two-digit number and a one-digit number, and adding a two-digit number and a multiple of 10.

Given a two-digit number, mentally find 10 more or 10 less than the number, without having to count; explain the reasoning used.

Subtract multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 from multiples of 10 in the range 10-90, using concrete models or drawings.

Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object.

Express the length of an object as a whole number of length units, by laying multiple copies of a shorter object end to end.

Tell and write time in hours and half-hours using analog and digital clocks.

Organize, represent, and interpret data with up to three categories; ask and answer questions about the total number of data points.

Distinguish between defining attributes versus non-defining attributes; build and draw shapes to possess defining attributes.

Compose two-dimensional shapes or three-dimensional shapes to create a composite shape, and compose new shapes from the composite shape.

Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares, describe the shares using the words halves, fourths, and quarters.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two-step word problems involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions.

Fluently add and subtract within 20 using mental strategies. By end of Grade 2, know from memory all sums of two one-digit numbers.

Determine whether a group of objects (up to 20) has an odd or even number of members; write an equation to express an even number as a sum of two equal addends.

Use addition to find the total number of objects arranged in rectangular arrays with up to 5 rows and up to 5 columns; write an equation to express the total as a sum of equal addends.

Understand that the three digits of a three-digit number represent amounts of hundreds, tens, and ones; e.g., 706 equals 7 hundreds, 0 tens, and 6 ones.

100 can be thought of as a bundle of ten tens — called a "hundred."

The numbers 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 refer to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, or nine hundreds (and 0 tens and 0 ones).

Count within 1,000; skip-count by 5s, 10s, and 100s.

Read and write numbers to 1,000 using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compare two three-digit numbers based on meanings of the hundreds, tens, and ones digits, using >, =, and < symbols to record the results of comparisons.

Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Add and subtract within 1,000, using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Mentally add 10 or 100 to a given number 100–900, and mentally subtract 10 or 100 from a given number 100–900.

Explain why addition and subtraction strategies work, using place value and the properties of operations.

Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate tools such as rulers, yardsticks, meter sticks, and measuring tapes.

Measure the length of an object twice, using length units of different lengths for the two measurements; describe how the two measurements relate to the size of the unit chosen.

Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, centimeters, and meters.

Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another, expressing the length difference in terms of a standard length unit.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve word problems involving lengths that are given in the same units.

Represent whole numbers as lengths from 0 on a number line diagram with equally spaced points and represent whole-number sums and differences within 100 on a number line diagram.

Tell and write time from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, using a.m. and p.m.

Solve word problems involving dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies, using $ and ¢ symbols appropriately.

Generate measurement data by measuring lengths of several objects to the nearest whole unit. Show the measurements by making a line plot, where the horizontal scale is marked off in whole-number units.

Draw a picture graph and a bar graph (with single-unit scale) to represent a data set with up to four categories. Solve simple put-together, take-apart, and compare problems using information in a bar graph.

Recognize and identify triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons, and hexagons based on the number of sides or vertices. Identify cubes, and draw two-dimensional shapes.

Partition a rectangle into rows and columns of same-size squares and count to find the total number of them.

Partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal shares; describe the shares using the words halves, thirds, or fourths and quarters, and use the phrases half of, third of, or fourth of and quarter of.

Interpret products of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 5 x 7 as the total number of objects in 5 groups of 7 objects each.

Interpret whole-number quotients of whole numbers, e.g., interpret 56 / 8 as the number of objects in each share when 56 objects are partitioned equally.

Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve word problems in situations involving equal groups, arrays, and measurement quantities.

Determine the unknown whole number in a multiplication or division equation relating three whole numbers.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide. Examples: Commutative, Associative, and Distributive properties.

Understand division as an unknown-factor problem. For example, find 32 / 8 by finding the number that makes 32 when multiplied by 8.

Fluently multiply and divide within 100, using strategies such as the relationship between multiplication and division. Know from memory all products of two one-digit numbers.

Solve two-step word problems using the four operations. Represent these problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity.

Identify arithmetic patterns (including patterns in the addition table or multiplication table), and explain them using properties of operations.

Use place value understanding to round whole numbers to the nearest 10 or 100.

Fluently add and subtract within 1,000 using strategies and algorithms based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Multiply one-digit whole numbers by multiples of 10 in the range 10–90 (e.g., 9 x 80, 5 x 60) using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Understand a fraction 1/b as the quantity formed by 1 part when a whole is partitioned into b equal parts; understand a fraction a/b as the quantity formed by a parts.

Understand a fraction as a number on the number line; represent fractions on a number line diagram.

Represent a fraction 1/b on a number line diagram by defining the interval from 0 to 1 as the whole and partitioning it into b equal parts.

Represent a fraction a/b on a number line diagram by marking off a lengths 1/b from 0.

Explain equivalence of fractions in special cases, and compare fractions by reasoning about their size.

Understand two fractions as equivalent (equal) if they are the same size, or the same point on a number line.

Recognize and generate simple equivalent fractions, e.g., 1/2 = 2/4, 4/6 = 2/3. Explain why the fractions are equivalent.

Express whole numbers as fractions, and recognize fractions that are equivalent to whole numbers. Examples: Express 3 in the form 3 = 3/1.

Compare two fractions with the same numerator or the same denominator by reasoning about their size. Record results with symbols >, =, or <.

Work with time and money.

Tell and write time to the nearest minute. Measure time intervals in minutes (within 90 minutes). Solve real-world problems involving addition and subtraction of time intervals.

Solve real-world problems involving money.

Measure and estimate liquid volumes and masses of objects using standard units of grams (g), kilograms (kg), and liters (l).

Draw a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set with several categories. Solve one- and two-step 'how many more' and 'how many less' problems.

Generate measurement data by measuring lengths using rulers marked with halves and fourths of an inch. Show the data by making a line plot.

Recognize area as an attribute of plane figures and understand concepts of area measurement.

A square with side length 1 unit, called 'a unit square,' is said to have 'one square unit' of area, and can be used to measure area.

A plane figure which can be covered without gaps or overlaps by n unit squares is said to have an area of n square units.

Measure areas by counting unit squares (square cm, square m, square in, square ft, and improvised units).

Relate area to the operations of multiplication and addition.

Find the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths by tiling it, and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying the side lengths.

Multiply side lengths to find areas of rectangles with whole-number side lengths in the context of solving real-world and mathematical problems.

Use tiling to show in a concrete case that the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths a and b + c is the sum of a x b and a x c.

Recognize area as additive. Find areas of rectilinear figures by decomposing them into non-overlapping rectangles and adding the areas.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving perimeters of polygons, including finding the perimeter given the side lengths and finding an unknown side length.

Draw and describe triangles, quadrilaterals (rhombuses, rectangles, and squares), and polygons (up to 8 sides) based on sides and square corners.

Partition shapes into parts with equal areas. Express the area of each part as a unit fraction of the whole.

Interpret a multiplication equation as a comparison, e.g., interpret 35 = 5 × 7 as a statement that 35 is 5 times as many as 7 and 7 times as many as 5.

Multiply or divide to solve word problems involving multiplicative comparison, e.g., by using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem.

Solve multistep word problems with whole numbers using the four operations, including remainder interpretation. Represent problems with equations using a letter for the unknown. Assess answer reasonableness.

Find factor pairs for numbers 1-100. Recognize a number is a multiple of its factors. Determine if a number is a multiple of a one-digit number. Identify prime and composite numbers.

Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule. Identify apparent features of the pattern that were not explicit in the rule itself.

Recognize that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents ten times what it represents in the place to its right.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form. Compare two multi-digit numbers using >, =, and < symbols based on place value meanings.

Use place value understanding to round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.

Fluently add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers using the standard algorithm.

Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit number, and two two-digit numbers. Use strategies based on place value and properties. Illustrate calculations using equations or models.

Find whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors. Use strategies based on place value and properties. Illustrate calculations using equations or models.

Explain fraction equivalence (a/b = na/nb) using visual models, noting how part number and size differ while total size remains the same. Recognize and generate equivalent fractions.

Compare two fractions with different numerators and denominators using common denominators, numerators, or benchmark fractions. Record results with >, =, or < and justify using models.

Understand a fraction a/b with a > 1 as a sum of fractions 1/b.

Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining and separating parts referring to the same whole.

Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way, recording each decomposition by an equation. Justify using visual models.

Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, e.g., by replacing each mixed number with an equivalent fraction, and/or by using properties of operations.

Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole and having like denominators, using visual models and equations.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Understand a fraction a/b as a multiple of 1/b. For example, use a visual fraction model to represent 5/4 as the product 5 × (1/4).

Understand a multiple of a/b as a multiple of 1/b, and use this understanding to multiply a fraction by a whole number. For example, 3 × (2/5) = 6 × (1/5) = 6/5.

Solve word problems involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number, e.g., by using visual fraction models and equations to represent the problem.

Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100, and use this technique to add two fractions with respective denominators 10 and 100.

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100. For example, rewrite 0.62 as 62/100; locate 0.62 on a number line diagram.

Compare two decimals to hundredths by reasoning about size. Ensure decimals refer to the same whole. Record results with >, =, or < and justify conclusions using visual models.

Know relative sizes of metric measurement units (km, m, cm, mm; kg, g; l, ml). Express larger units in terms of smaller units. Record conversions in a two-column table.

Solve real-world problems involving money, time, and metric measurement.

Using models, add and subtract money and express the answer in decimal notation.

Using number line diagrams, clocks, or other models, add and subtract intervals of time in hours and minutes.

Add, subtract, and multiply whole numbers to solve metric measurement problems involving distances, liquid volumes, and masses of objects.

Apply area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in real-world and mathematical problems. For example, find an unknown side length given the area and one side.

Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions using line plot data.

Recognize angles as geometric shapes formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, and understand concepts of angle measurement.

An angle is measured with reference to a circle with its center at the common endpoint of the rays. An angle turning through 1/360 of a circle is a “one-degree angle.”

An angle that turns through n one-degree angles is said to have an angle measure of n degrees.

Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor. Sketch angles of specified measure.

Recognize angle measure as additive. Solve addition and subtraction problems to find unknown angles on a diagram in real-world and mathematical problems.

Draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines. Identify these in two-dimensional figures.

Classify two-dimensional figures based on parallel or perpendicular lines, or angle size. Recognize right triangles as a category and identify them.

Recognize a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure. Identify line-symmetric figures and draw lines of symmetry.

Use parentheses in numerical expressions, and evaluate expressions with this symbol. Formal use of algebraic order of operations is not necessary.

Write simple expressions that record calculations with numbers, and interpret numerical expressions without evaluating them.

Generate two numerical patterns using two given rules. Identify apparent relationships between corresponding terms. Form ordered pairs and graph them on a coordinate plane.

Recognize that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 of what it represents to its left.

Explain patterns in the number of zeros of the product when multiplying by powers of 10, and patterns in the placement of the decimal point. Use whole number exponents.

Read, write, and compare decimals to thousandths.

Read and write decimals to thousandths using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compare two decimals to thousandths based on meanings of the digits in each place, using >, =, and < symbols to record the results of comparisons.

Use place value understanding to round decimals to any place, millions through hundredths.

Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers using a standard algorithm.

Find whole-number quotients of whole numbers with up to four-digit dividends and two-digit divisors, using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Solve real-world problems by adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing decimals using concrete models or drawings and strategies based on place value.

Add and subtract decimals, including decimals with whole numbers, (whole numbers through the hundreds place and decimals through the hundredths place).

Multiply whole numbers by decimals (whole numbers through the hundreds place and decimals through the hundredths place).

Divide whole numbers by decimals and decimals by whole numbers (whole numbers through the tens place and decimals less than one through the hundredths place).

Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators (including mixed numbers and fractions greater than 1) by replacing given fractions with equivalent fractions.

Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole, including cases of unlike denominators.

Interpret a fraction as division of the numerator by the denominator (a/b = a ÷ b). Solve word problems involving division of whole numbers.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.

Interpret the product (a/b) × q as a parts of a partition of q into b equal parts; equivalently, as the result of a sequence of operations a × q ÷ b.

Find the area of a rectangle with fractional side lengths by tiling it with unit squares and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying side lengths.

Interpret multiplication as scaling (resizing).

Comparing the size of a product to the size of one factor on the basis of the size of the other factor, without performing the indicated multiplication.

Explaining why multiplying a given number by a fraction greater than 1 results in a product greater than the given number.

Solve real-world problems involving multiplication of fractions and mixed numbers, e.g., by using visual fraction models or equations to represent the problem.

Apply and extend previous understandings of division to divide unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions.

Interpret division of a unit fraction by a non-zero whole number, and compute such quotients.

Interpret division of a whole number by a unit fraction, and compute such quotients.

Solve real-world problems involving division of unit fractions by non-zero whole numbers and division of whole numbers by unit fractions.

Know relative sizes of U.S. customary units. Convert among different-sized standard measurement units within a given system and solve multi-step problems.

Display and interpret data of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8) using a line plot.

Recognize volume as an attribute of solid figures and understand concepts of volume measurement.

A cube with side length 1 unit, called a 'unit cube,' is said to have 'one cubic unit' of volume, and can be used to measure volume.

A solid figure which can be packed without gaps or overlaps using n unit cubes is said to have a volume of n cubic units.

Measure volumes by counting unit cubes, using cubic cm, cubic in, cubic ft, and improvised units.

Relate volume to the operations of multiplication and addition and solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volume.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with whole-number side lengths by packing it with unit cubes and show it equals the product of edge lengths.

Apply the formulas V = l × w × h and V = B × h for rectangular prisms to find volumes of right rectangular prisms with whole-number edge lengths.

Recognize volume as additive. Find volumes of solid figures composed of two non-overlapping right rectangular prisms.

Use a pair of perpendicular number lines, called axes, to define a coordinate system. Understand coordinates (x, y) and the origin (0,0).

Represent real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane, and interpret coordinate values in context.

Identify and describe commonalities and differences between types of quadrilaterals based on their properties.

Classify two-dimensional figures in a hierarchy based on properties.

Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities.

Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b ≠ 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship.

Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems, e.g., by reasoning about tables of equivalent ratios, tape diagrams, double number line diagrams, or equations.

Make tables of equivalent ratios relating quantities with whole-number measurements; find missing values in the tables; and plot the pairs of values on the coordinate plane. Use tables to compare ratios.

Solve unit rate problems including those involving unit pricing and constant speed.

Find a percent of a quantity as a rate per 100; solve problems involving finding the whole, given a part and the percent.

Use ratio reasoning to convert measurement units; manipulate and transform units appropriately when multiplying or dividing quantities.

Interpret and compute quotients of fractions, and solve word problems involving division of fractions by fractions.

Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using a standard algorithm.

Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide multi-digit decimals using a standard algorithm for each operation.

Find the greatest common factor of two whole numbers less than or equal to 100 and the least common multiple of two whole numbers less than or equal to 12.

Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values; use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts.

Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes familiar from previous grades to represent points on the line and in the plane with negative number coordinates.

Recognize opposite signs of numbers as indicating locations on opposite sides of 0 on the number line; recognize that the opposite of the opposite of a number is the number itself.

Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the coordinate plane; recognize that when two ordered pairs differ only by signs, the locations are related by reflections.

Find and position integers and other rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram; find and position pairs of integers and other rational numbers on a coordinate plane.

Understand ordering and absolute value of rational numbers.

Interpret statements of inequality as statements about the relative position of two numbers on a number line diagram.

Write, interpret, and explain statements of order for rational numbers in real-world contexts.

Understand the absolute value of a rational number as its distance from 0 on the number line; interpret absolute value as magnitude for a positive or negative quantity in a real-world situation.

Distinguish comparisons of absolute value from statements about order.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems by graphing points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane. Include use of coordinates and absolute value to find distances between points.

Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number exponents.

Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers.

Write expressions that record operations with numbers and with letters standing for numbers.

Identify parts of an expression using mathematical terms (sum, term, product, factor, quotient, coefficient); view one or more parts of an expression as a single entity.

Evaluate expressions at specific values of their variables. Include expressions that arise from formulas used in real-world problems. Perform arithmetic operations in the conventional order.

Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Identify when two expressions are equivalent (i.e., when the two expressions name the same number regardless of which value is substituted into them).

Understand solving an equation or inequality as a process of answering a question: which values from a specified set, if any, make the equation or inequality true?

Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems by writing and solving equations of the form x + p = q and px = q for cases in which p, q and x are all nonnegative rational numbers.

Write an inequality of the form x > c or x < c to represent a constraint or condition in a real-world or mathematical problem. Recognize that inequalities have infinitely many solutions.

Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity in terms of the other quantity.

Find the area of right triangles, other triangles, special quadrilaterals, and polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles and other shapes.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with fractional edge lengths by packing it with unit cubes of the appropriate unit fraction edge lengths.

Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for the vertices; use coordinates to find the length of a side joining points with the same first coordinate or the same second coordinate.

Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles, and use the nets to find the surface area of these figures.

Recognize a statistical question as one that anticipates variability in the data related to the question and accounts for it in the answers.

Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape.

Recognize that a measure of center for a numerical data set summarizes all of its values with a single number, while a measure of variation describes how its values vary with a single number.

Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots.

Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context.

Reporting the number of observations.

Describing the nature of the attribute under investigation, including how it was measured and its units of measurement.

Giving quantitative measures of center (median and/or mean) and variability (interquartile range and/or mean absolute deviation), as well as describing any overall pattern.

Relating the choice of measures of center and variability to the shape of the data distribution and the context in which the data were gathered.

Compute unit rates associated with ratios of fractions, including ratios of lengths, areas, and other quantities measured in like or different units.

Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities.

Decide whether two quantities are in a proportional relationship, e.g., by testing for equivalent ratios in a table or graphing on a coordinate plane.

Identify the constant of proportionality (unit rate) in tables, graphs, equations, diagrams, and verbal descriptions of proportional relationships.

Represent proportional relationships by equations.

Explain what a point (x, y) on the graph of a proportional relationship means in terms of the situation, with special attention to (0, 0) and (1, r).

Use proportional relationships to solve multistep ratio and percent problems.

Apply and extend previous understandings of addition and subtraction to add and subtract rational numbers; represent on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram.

Describe situations in which opposite quantities combine to make 0.

Understand p + q as the number located a distance |q| from p, in the positive or negative direction depending on whether q is positive or negative.

Understand subtraction of rational numbers as adding the additive inverse, p - q = p + (-q). Show that the distance between two rational numbers is the absolute value of their difference.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract rational numbers.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Understand that multiplication is extended from fractions to rational numbers by requiring that operations continue to satisfy the properties of operations.

Understand that integers can be divided, provided that the divisor is not zero, and every quotient of integers is a rational number.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Convert a rational number to a decimal using long division; know that the decimal form of a rational number terminates in 0s or eventually repeats.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add, subtract, factor, and expand linear expressions with rational coefficients.

In a problem context, understand that rewriting an expression in an equivalent form can reveal and explain properties of the quantities and their relationships.

Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form, using tools strategically.

Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems.

Solve word problems leading to equations of the form px + q = r and p(x + q) = r, where p, q, and r are specific rational numbers.

Solve word problems leading to inequalities of the form px + q > r or px + q < r, where p, q, and r are specific rational numbers.

Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures, including computing actual lengths and areas from a scale drawing and reproducing a scale drawing at a different scale.

Draw (freehand, with ruler and protractor, and with technology) geometric shapes with given conditions. Focus on constructing triangles from three measures of angles or sides.

Describe the two-dimensional figures that result from slicing three-dimensional figures, as in plane sections of right rectangular prisms and right rectangular pyramids.

Work with circles.

Explore and understand the relationships among the circumference, diameter, area, and radius of a circle.

Know and use the formulas for the area and circumference of a circle and use them to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Use facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to write and solve simple equations for an unknown angle in a figure.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, volume, and surface area of two- and three-dimensional objects composed of triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, cubes, and right prisms.

Understand that statistics can be used to gain information about a population by examining a sample of the population; generalizations are valid only if the sample is representative.

Use data from a random sample to draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic of interest. Generate multiple samples to gauge variation in estimates.

Informally assess the degree of visual overlap of two numerical data distributions with similar variabilities, measuring the difference between the centers by expressing it as a multiple of a measure of variability.

Use measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to draw informal comparative inferences about two populations.

Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of the event occurring.

Approximate the probability of a chance event by collecting data on the chance process that produces it and observing its long-run relative frequency.

Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events. Compare probabilities from a model to observed frequencies.

Develop a uniform probability model by assigning equal probability to all outcomes, and use the model to determine probabilities of events.

Develop a probability model (which may not be uniform) by observing frequencies in data generated from a chance process.

Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists, tables, tree diagrams, and simulation.

Understand that the probability of a compound event is the fraction of outcomes in the sample space for which the compound event occurs.

Represent sample spaces for compound events using methods such as organized lists, tables, and tree diagrams.

Design and use a simulation to generate frequencies for compound events.

Know that real numbers are either rational or irrational. Understand informally that every number has a decimal expansion which is repeating, terminating, or is non-repeating and non-terminating.

Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare the size of irrational numbers, locate them approximately on a number line diagram, and estimate the value of expressions, e.g., π².

Understand, explain, and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions. For example, 3² × 3⁻⁵ = 3⁻³ = 1/3³ = 1/27.

Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x² = p and x³ = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots of small perfect cubes.

Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other.

Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation, including problems where both decimal and scientific notation are used. Use scientific notation and choose units of appropriate size for measurements.

Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph. Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways.

Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane; derive the equation y = mx and y = mx + b.

Solve linear equations in one variable.

Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of these is the case by transforming the given equation into simpler forms.

Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using the distributive property and collecting like terms.

Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations graphically.

Understand that the solution to a pair of linear equations in two variables corresponds to the point(s) of intersection of their graphs, because the point(s) of intersection satisfy both equations simultaneously.

Use graphs to find or estimate the solution to a pair of two simultaneous linear equations in two variables. Equations should include all three solution types: one solution, no solution, and infinitely many solutions.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to pairs of linear equations in two variables. (Limit solutions to those that can be addressed by graphing.)

Understand that a function is a rule that assigns to each input exactly one output. The graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs. Function notation is not required in Grade 8.

Compare properties of two functions each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).

Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear.

Construct a function to model a linear relationship between two quantities. Determine the rate of change and initial value of the function from a description, table, or graph.

Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph (e.g., where the function is increasing or decreasing, linear or nonlinear). Sketch a graph from a verbal description.

Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations (include examples both with and without coordinates).

Lines are taken to lines, and line segments are taken to line segments of the same length.

Angles are taken to angles of the same measure.

Parallel lines are taken to parallel lines.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, and translations.

Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations, and reflections on two-dimensional figures using coordinates.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if the second can be obtained from the first by a sequence of rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations.

Use informal arguments to establish facts about the angle sum and exterior angle of triangles, about the angles created when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and the angle-angle criterion.

Analyze and justify an informal proof of the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in real-world and mathematical problems in two and three dimensions.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving volumes of cones, cylinders, and spheres.

Construct and interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns of association. Describe patterns such as clustering, outliers, and association. (GAISE Model, steps 3 and 4).

Understand that straight lines are widely used to model relationships between two quantitative variables. Informally fit a straight line and assess model fit. (GAISE Model, steps 3 and 4).

Use the equation of a linear model to solve problems in the context of bivariate measurement data, interpreting the slope and intercept. (GAISE Model, steps 3 and 4).

Understand that patterns of association can also be seen in bivariate categorical data by displaying frequencies and relative frequencies in a two-way table.

Explain how the definition of the meaning of rational exponents follows from extending the properties of integer exponents to those values.

Rewrite expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.

Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational and irrational is irrational.

Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems; choose and interpret units consistently.

Define appropriate quantities for the purpose of descriptive modeling.

Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.

Know there is a complex number i such that i^2 = -1, and every complex number has the form a + bi with a and b real.

Use the relation i^2 = -1 and the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to add, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.

(+) Find the conjugate of a complex number; use conjugates to find moduli and quotients of complex numbers.

Solve quadratic equations with real coefficients that have complex solutions.

(+) Extend polynomial identities to the complex numbers.

(+) Know the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra; show that it is true for quadratic polynomials.

Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context.

Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it.

Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity represented by the expression.

Understand that polynomials form a system analogous to the integers, namely, they are closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication.

Know and apply the Remainder Theorem.

Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available, and use the zeros to construct a rough graph.

Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems.

Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.

Explain each step in solving a simple equation as following from the equality of numbers asserted at the previous step.

Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable, and give examples showing how extraneous solutions may arise.

Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.

Solve quadratic equations in one variable.

Understand that a function from one set to another set assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range.

Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains, and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of a context.

Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph, by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.

Know precise definitions of ray, angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line, and line segment, based on the undefined notions of point, line, and distance.

Prove theorems about lines and angles.

Verify experimentally the properties of dilations given by a center and a scale factor.

Understand that by similarity, side ratios in right triangles are properties of the angles in the triangle, leading to definitions of trigonometric ratios.

Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots) in the context of real-world applications using the GAISE model.

Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.

Describe events as subsets of a sample space using characteristics of the outcomes, or as unions, intersections, or complements of other events.

Weather changes are long-term and short-term.

The moon, sun and stars can be observed at different times of the day or night.

Objects and materials can be sorted and described by their properties.

Some objects and materials can be made to vibrate and produce sound.

Living things have specific characteristics and traits.

Living things have physical traits and behaviors, which influence their survival.

Scientific Inquiry, Practice and Applications: All students must use scientific processes with appropriate safety techniques to construct their knowledge and understanding.

Science is a Way of Knowing: Science assumes the universe is a vast single system in which basic laws are consistent.

Scientific Knowledge is Open to Revision in Light of New Evidence: Science is a continuous process and it is always changing.

Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena: Science uses models to explain how things work.

The sun is the principal source of energy. Sunlight warms Earth's land, air and water. The amount of exposure to sunlight affects the amount of warming or cooling of air, water and land.

Water on Earth is present in many forms. The physical properties of water can change. These changes occur due to changing energy. Water can change from a liquid to a solid and from a solid to a liquid.

Properties of objects and materials can change. Objects and materials change when exposed to various conditions, such as heating or cooling. Changes in temperature are a result of changes in energy.

Objects can be moved in a variety of ways, such as straight, zigzag, circular and back and forth. The position of an object can be described by locating it relative to another object or to the object's surroundings.

Living things have basic needs, which are met by obtaining materials from the physical environment. Living things require energy, water, and a particular range of temperatures in their environments.

Living things survive only in environments that meet their needs. Resources are necessary to meet the needs of an organism. When resources are no longer available, the organism may move, perish or die.

The atmosphere is primarily made up of air. Air has properties that can be observed and measured. The transfer of energy in the atmosphere causes air movement, which is felt as wind.

Water is present in the atmosphere. Water is present in the atmosphere as water vapor. When water vapor in the atmosphere cools, it forms clouds, fog, rain, ice, snow, sleet or hail.

Long- and short-term weather changes occur due to changes in energy. Changes in energy affect all aspects of weather, including temperature, precipitation, and wind.

Forces change the motion of an object. Motion can increase, change direction or stop depending on the force applied. The change in motion is related to the size of the force.

Living things cause changes on Earth. Living things function and interact with their physical environments. Living things cause changes in the environments where they live; the changes can be fast or slow.

All organisms alive today result from their ancestors, some of which may be extinct. Not all kinds of organisms that lived in the past are represented by living organisms today.

Earth’s nonliving resources have specific properties. Soil is composed of pieces of rock, organic material, water and air. Rocks have specific characteristics that allow them to be sorted and compared.

Earth’s resources can be used for energy. Renewable energy resources can be replenished within a short amount of time. Nonrenewable energy is a finite resource that cannot be replenished quickly.

Some of Earth’s resources are limited. Resources become limited due to overuse or contamination. Reducing use, decreasing waste, recycling and reusing can help conserve these resources.

All objects and substances in the natural world are composed of matter. Matter takes up space and has mass.

Matter exists in different states, each of which has different properties. The most recognizable states are solids, liquids and gases. Shape and compressibility distinguish between states.

Heat, electrical energy, light, sound and magnetic energy are forms of energy. Energy is the ability to cause motion or create change.

Offspring resemble their parents and each other. Individual organisms inherit many traits from their parents. Some behavioral traits are learned through interactions with the environment and are not inherited.

Individuals of the same kind of organism differ in their inherited traits. These differences give some individuals an advantage in surviving and/or reproducing.

Plants and animals have life cycles that are part of their adaptations for survival in their natural environments.

Earth’s surface has specific characteristics and landforms that can be identified.

The surface of Earth changes due to weathering.

The surface of Earth changes due to erosion and deposition.

When objects break into smaller pieces, dissolve, or change state, the total amount of matter is conserved.

Energy can be transferred from one location to another or can be transformed from one form to another.

Changes in an organism’s environment are sometimes beneficial to its survival and sometimes harmful.

Fossils can be compared to one another and to present-day organisms according to their similarities and differences.

Observe and ask questions about the world that can be answered through scientific investigations.

Design and conduct scientific investigations using appropriate safety techniques.

Use appropriate mathematics, tools and techniques to gather data and information.

Develop and communicate descriptions, models, explanations and predictions.

Think critically and ask questions about the observations and explanations of others.

Communicate scientific procedures and explanations.

Apply knowledge of science content to real-world challenges.

Science is both a body of knowledge and the processes used to refine, elaborate, revise and extend this knowledge.

Science is a method of explaining the natural world based on evidence.

Science is a human endeavor advanced by individuals of various backgrounds.

The solar system includes the sun and all celestial bodies that orbit the sun. Each planet in the solar system has unique characteristics.

The sun is one of many stars that exist in the universe.

Most of the cycles and patterns of motion between the Earth and sun are predictable.

The amount of change in movement of an object is based on the mass of the object and the amount of force exerted.

Light and sound are forms of energy that behave in predictable ways.

Organisms perform a variety of roles in an ecosystem.

All of the processes that take place within organisms require energy.

Minerals have specific, quantifiable properties.

Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic solids that have a defined chemical composition and properties that can be observed and measured.

Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks have unique characteristics that can be used for identification and/or classification.

Most rocks are composed of one or more minerals, but there are a few types of sedimentary rocks that contain organic material, such as coal.

Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks form differently.

Soil is unconsolidated material that contains nutrient matter and weathered rock.

Soil formation occurs at different rates based on environmental conditions and bedrock. Soil forms in layers known as horizons.

Rocks, minerals and soils have common and practical uses.

Matter is made up of small particles called atoms.

Matter has mass, volume and density and is made up of particles called atoms.

Elements are a class of substances composed of a single kind of atom.

Molecules are the combination of two or more atoms that are joined together chemically.

Changes of state are explained by a model of matter composed of particles that are in motion.

Temperature is a measure of the average motion of the particles in a substance.

Heat is a process of energy transfer rather than a type of energy. Energy transfer can result in a change in temperature or a phase change.

When substances undergo changes of state, atoms change their motion and position.

There are two categories of energy: kinetic and potential.

An object's motion can be described by its speed and the direction in which it is moving.

Cells are the fundamental unit of life.

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cells carry on specific functions that sustain life.

All cells have a cell membrane and other internal structures.

Cells are specialized to perform specific functions.

Within the cell are specialized parts for transport, energy capture, protein building, waste disposal, and information feedback.

Living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate the complementary nature of structure and function.

The level of organization within organisms includes cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and whole organisms.

Whether the organism is single-celled or multicellular, all of its parts function as a whole to perform tasks necessary for survival.

Organisms have diverse body plans, symmetry and internal structures that contribute to their being able to survive in their environments.

The hydrologic cycle illustrates the changing states of water as it moves through the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Thermal-energy transfers in the ocean and the atmosphere contribute to the formation of currents, which influence global climate patterns.

The atmosphere has different properties at different elevations and contains a mixture of gases that cycle through the lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

The relative patterns of motion and positions of the Earth, moon and sun cause solar and lunar eclipses, tides and phases of the moon.

The relative patterns of motion and positions of the Earth, moon and sun cause seasons.

The properties of matter are determined by the arrangement of atoms.

Matter can be separated or changed, but in a closed system, the number and types of atoms remains constant.

Energy can be transformed or transferred but is never lost.

Energy can be transferred through a variety of ways.

Energy flows and matter is transferred continuously from one organism to another and between organisms and their physical environments.

In any particular biome, the number, growth and survival of organisms and populations depend on biotic and abiotic factors.

The composition and properties of Earth’s interior are identified by the behavior of seismic waves.

Earth’s lithosphere consists of major and minor tectonic plates that move relative to each other.

A combination of constructive and destructive geologic processes formed Earth’s surface.

Evidence of the dynamic changes of Earth’s surface through time is found in the geologic record.

Diversity of species, a result of variation of traits, occurs through the process of evolution and extinction over many generations.

Every organism alive today comes from a prior organism and the process of reproduction.

The characteristics of an organism are a result of inherited traits via genes.

Objects can experience a force due to an external field.

Forces can cause changes in the speed or direction of motion.

Potential energy is the energy that an object has due to its position or its condition.

Scientific Inquiry, Practice and Applications: All students must use these scientific processes with appropriate laboratory safety techniques to construct their knowledge.

Science is a Way of Knowing: Science is a method for studying the natural world, assuming that the universe is a vast single system in which basic laws are consistent.

Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence: Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations.

Scientific Explanations are Based on Evidence from the Natural World: Scientific explanations are evaluated based on evidence and logic.

Scientific Knowledge is Open to Revision in Light of New Evidence: Science is not static; ideas are revised based on new, credible scientific evidence.

Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena: Theories and laws provide explanations in science.

Science is a Human Endeavor: Men and women from different social, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds work as scientists and engineers.

Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World: Scientific knowledge is limited to what can be explained by the natural world.

Classification of matter: Heterogeneous vs. homogeneous; Pure substances vs. mixtures.

Atoms: Atomic structure, isotopes, and ions.

Periodic Table: Trends in properties and electron configurations.

Bonding and compounds: Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.

Reactions of matter: Chemical equations and conservation of mass.

Conservation of energy: Energy transformations in systems.

Transfer and transformation of energy: Work and power.

Thermal energy: Specific heat and phase changes.

Electricity: Circuits, voltage, current, and resistance.

Wave properties: Mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

Light and sound: Reflection, refraction, and interference.

Motion: Displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Forces: Newton's Laws of Motion.

Dynamics: Friction and gravitational forces.

History of the universe: Big Bang Theory and evidence.

Galaxy formation: Types and structures of galaxies.

Stars: Life cycles and fusion processes.

Cell structure and function: Organelles and membrane transport.

Cellular processes: Photosynthesis, respiration, and protein synthesis.

Cellular genetics: Mitosis and meiosis.

Structure and function of DNA in cells.

Genetic mechanisms and inheritance: Mendelian and non-Mendelian.

Mutations: Types and effects on organisms.

Modern genetics: Biotechnology and ethical issues.

Mechanisms: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.

Diversity of life: Speciation and classification.

Ecosystems: Energy flow and nutrient cycling.

Biodiversity: Stability and human impact.

Atomic structure: Quantum mechanical model and orbitals.

Periodic Table: Periodic law and chemical periodicity.

Chemical bonding: VSEPR theory and molecular geometry.

Compounds: Intermolecular forces and properties.

Quantifying matter: The mole and molar mass.

Phases of matter: Kinetic molecular theory and phase diagrams.

Chemical reactions: Types and equilibrium.

Gas laws: Ideal gas law and partial pressures.

Stoichiometry: Limiting reactants and percent yield.

Nuclear reactions: Decay, fission, and fusion.

Biosphere: Population dynamics and community ecology.

Atmosphere: Climate change and air quality.

Lithosphere: Soil health and land use.

Hydrosphere: Water quality and management.

Energy resources: Renewable vs. non-renewable.

Air and air pollution: Sources and remediation.

Water and water pollution: Point and non-point sources.

Soil and land: Erosion and conservation.

Wildlife and wilderness: Biodiversity and management.

Global environmental problems: Sustainability and human footprint.

Motion: Kinematics in one and two dimensions.

Projectile motion: Independence of horizontal and vertical motion.

Newton's laws: Applications in complex systems.

Gravitational force and fields: Universal gravitation.

Elastic forces: Hooke's Law.

Friction force: Static and kinetic friction.

Air resistance and drag: Terminal velocity.

Forces in two dimensions: Inclined planes and pulleys.

Momentum and impulse: Collisions and conservation.

Gravitational potential energy: Field-based energy.

Nuclear energy: Mass-energy equivalence (E=mc^2).

Work and power: Mechanical energy transformations.

Conservation of energy: Mechanical and non-mechanical.

Wave properties: Speed, wavelength, and frequency.

Light phenomena: Wave-particle duality and optics.

Charging objects: Conduction, induction, and friction.

Coulomb's law: Electric force between charges.

Electric fields and forces: Field lines and potential.

DC circuits: Series, parallel, and complex circuits.

Magnetic fields and forces: Electromagnetism.

Electromagnetic interactions: Induction and motors.

Atoms and elements: Building blocks of minerals.

Chemical bonding: Ionic and covalent in crystals.

Crystallinity: Crystal systems and structures.

Characteristics of minerals: Inorganic, solid, natural.

Properties of minerals: Luster, streak, cleavage.

Magma and lava: Cooling and crystallization.

Igneous rocks: Classification and formation.

Weathering and erosion: Physical and chemical.

Sedimentary rocks: Clastic, chemical, and organic.

Metamorphism: Heat, pressure, and fluids.

Metamorphic rocks: Foliated vs. non-foliated.

Geologic rock record: Relative dating principles.

Absolute age: Radiometric dating.

Geologic time scale: Eons, eras, and periods.

Internal Earth: Layers and heat flow.

Structure of the Earth: Lithosphere and asthenosphere.

Plate motion: Divergent, convergent, and transform.

Energy resources: Fossil fuels and geothermal.

Air: Composition and geologic interactions.

Water: Groundwater and surface water systems.

Soil and sediment: Formation and classification.

Glaciers and glaciation: Erosion and deposition.

Anatomical terminology: Planes, regions, and directions.

Levels of organization: Chemical to organismal.

Homeostasis: Feedback loops and regulation.

Tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Integumentary system: Skin structure and function.

Skeletal system: Bone growth and joints.

Muscular system: Contraction and major muscles.

Nervous system: Neurons and brain regions.

Endocrine system: Hormones and glands.

Cardiovascular system: Heart and blood flow.

Lymphatic and immune systems: Defense mechanisms.

Respiratory system: Gas exchange and ventilation.

Digestive system: Absorption and metabolism.

Urinary system: Filtration and fluid balance.

Reproductive system: Gametogenesis and development.

Time can be measured.

Photographs, videos, artifacts, and books can be used to learn about the past.

Landmarks and directions can be used to talk about the relative location of familiar places.

Individuals work toward the achievement of common goals in schools and communities.

Ohio's communities reflect many traditions and customs. A community's culture is shown through the arts, celebrations, festivals, and language.

Ohio is a state in the United States. Both Ohio and the United States have symbols and practices that represent the state and country.

Humans use natural resources found in the physical environment for food, clothing, and shelter.

Individuals are unique but share common characteristics of multiple groups.

Individuals contribute to the community by following rules to keep everyone safe. Authority figures enforce rules to maintain order, security, and safety...

Individuals use goods and services throughout their daily lives.

Wants are unlimited and resources are limited. Individuals make choices because they cannot have everything.

People produce and consume goods and services in the community.

People trade to obtain goods and services they want.

Currency is used as a means of economic exchange.

Time can be shown graphically on calendars and timelines.

Change over time can be shown with artifacts, maps, and photographs.

Science and technology have changed daily life.

Biographies can show how peoples' actions have shaped the world in which we live.

Maps and their symbols, including cardinal directions, can be interpreted to answer questions about location of places.

The work that people do is impacted by the distinctive human and physical characteristics in the place where they live.

Human activities alter the physical environment, both positively and negatively.

Cultures develop in unique ways, in part through the influence of the physical environment.

Interactions among cultures lead to sharing ways of life.

Respect for the rights of self and others includes making responsible choices and being accountable for personal actions.

Groups are accountable for choices they make and actions they take.

There are different rules and laws that govern behavior in different settings.

Information displayed on bar graphs can be used to compare quantities.

Resources can be used in various ways.

Most people around the world work in jobs in which they produce specific goods and services.

People use money to buy and sell goods and services.

People earn income by working.

Events in local history can be shown on timelines organized by years, decades and centuries.

Primary and secondary sources can be used to show change over time.

Local communities change over time.

Physical and political maps have distinctive characteristics and purposes. Places can be located on a map by using the title, key, alphanumeric grid and cardinal directions.

The relative location of a place can be described using cardinal and intermediate directions and distance.

Evidence of human modification of the environment can be observed in the local community.

Systems of transportation and communication move people, products and ideas from place to place.

Communities may include diverse cultural groups.

Members of local communities have rights and responsibilities.

Individuals make the community a better place by taking action to solve problems in a way that promotes the common good.

Laws are rules which apply to all people in a community and describe ways people are expected to behave.

Governments have authority to make and enforce laws.

The structure of local governments may differ from one community to another.

Line graphs can be used to show changes in data over time.

Both positive and negative incentives affect individuals’ choices and behaviors.

Individuals must make decisions because of the scarcity of resources. Making a decision involves a trade-off.

A consumer is a person whose wants are satisfied by using goods and services. A producer makes goods and/or provides services.

A market is where buyers and sellers exchange goods and services.

Making decisions involves weighing costs and benefits.

A budget is a plan to help people make personal economic decisions for the present and future and to become more financially responsible.

Entrepreneurs in Ohio and the United States organize productive resources and take risks to make a profit and compete with other producers.

Saving a portion of income contributes to an individuals' financial well-being. Individuals can reduce spending to save more of their income.

Events can be arranged in order of occurrence using the conventions of B.C. and A.D. or B.C.E. and C.E.

Early Indian civilizations (Maya, Inca, Aztec, Mississippian) existed in the Western Hemisphere prior to the arrival of Europeans.

European exploration and colonization during the 1400s-1600s had lasting effects which can be used to understand the Western Hemisphere today.

Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments.

Latitude and longitude can be used to make observations about location and generalizations about climate.

Regions can be determined using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.

The variety of physical environments within the Western Hemisphere influences human activities. Likewise, human activities modify the physical environments.

American Indians developed unique cultures with many different ways of life. Tribes and nations can be classified into cultural groups based on similarities.

Political, environmental, social and economic factors cause people, products and ideas to move from place to place in the Western Hemisphere today.

The Western Hemisphere is culturally diverse (e.g., language, food, religion, art, music) due to the influences and interactions of a variety of world cultures.

Individuals can better understand public issues by gathering, interpreting and checking information for accuracy from multiple sources.

Democracies, dictatorships and monarchies are categories for understanding the relationship between those in power or authority and citizens.

Information displayed in circle graphs can be used to show relative proportions of segments of data to an entire body of data.

The choices made by individuals and governments have both present and future consequences.

The availability of productive resources (entrepreneurship, human resources, capital goods and natural resources) promotes specialization that could lead to trade.

The availability of productive resources and the division of labor can have a positive or negative impact on productive capacity.

Regions and countries become interdependent when they specialize in what they produce best and then trade with other regions.

Workers can improve their ability to earn income by gaining new knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Multiple tier timelines can be used to show relationships among events and places.

Early civilizations (India, Egypt, China and Mesopotamia) had unique governments, economic systems, social structures, religions, technologies and agricultural practices and products.

Geographic tools can be used to gather, process and report information about people, places and environments. Cartographers decide which information to include and how it is displayed.

Latitude and longitude can be used to identify absolute location.

Regions can be determined, classified and compared using data related to various criteria including landform, climate, population, and cultural and economic characteristics.

The variety of physical environments within the Eastern Hemisphere influences human activities. Likewise, human activities modify the physical environment.

Political, environmental, social and economic factors cause people, products and ideas to move from place to place in the Eastern Hemisphere in the past and today.

Diffusion of agricultural practices and products, technology, cultural practices and major world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism) impacted the Eastern Hemisphere.

Different perspectives on a topic can be obtained from a variety of historic and contemporary sources and used to effectively communicate and defend a claim based on evidence.

Governments can be categorized as monarchies, theocracies, dictatorships or democracies, but they also can be composite or mixed and change over time.

The role of citizens in the Eastern Hemisphere varies and is helpfully understood by examining the degree of civic participation, the rights of the people and the type of government.

The comparison of 100 percent graphs and pie charts can be used to show the relative size of different parts of data.

The availability of resources and the choices made by individuals, and governments, impact the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

The use of a budget can help in making personal economic decisions and planning for the future.

The Eastern Hemisphere is comprised of countries with various economic systems (traditional, command, market and mixed).

Trade and economic growth are influenced by physical and human capital, specialization and entrepreneurship.

Global issues, such as environmental sustainability and resource distribution, are influenced by economic decisions.

Historians and archaeologists describe historical events and issues from the perspectives of people living at the time to avoid evaluating the past in terms of today's norms and values.

The civilizations that developed in Greece and Rome had an enduring impact on later civilizations. This legacy includes governance, law, engineering, technology, art, architecture, literature and history.

The Roman Empire collapsed due to various internal and external factors which led to the development of feudalism and the manorial system in the region.

The Mongols conquered much of Asia which led to unified states in China and Korea. Mongol failure to conquer Japan allowed a feudal system to persist.

Achievements in medicine, science, mathematics and geography by the Islamic civilization dominated the Mediterranean after the decline of the Roman Empire and influenced the European Renaissance.

The Renaissance in Europe introduced revolutionary ideas, leading to cultural, scientific and intellectual changes.

The Protestant Reformation, a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, resulted in the creation of new Protestant denominations and a religious divide in Europe.

Empires in West Africa and Asia grew as commercial and cultural centers along trade routes.

The advent of the trans-Saharan slave trade had profound effects on both West and Central Africa and the receiving societies.

European exploration and imperialism had profound effects on the Americas, Africa and Asia, including the spread of Christianity, establishment of colonies and growth of global trade.

The Columbian Exchange had a significant impact on the global economy and population through the interchange of plants, animals, diseases and technologies.

Maps and other geographic representations can be used to trace the development of human settlement over time.

Geographic factors (e.g., climate, landforms, bodies of water, location, and natural resources) promote or impede the movement of people, products and ideas.

Human systems (e.g., migration, settlement, and trade) have influenced the development of civilizations and the spread of ideas.

Human-environment interaction (e.g., agriculture, irrigation, and resource use) has shaped the development of civilizations.

Analyzing individual and group perspectives is essential to understanding historic and contemporary issues. Opportunities for civic engagement exist for students to connect real-world issues to classroom learning.

Greek democracy and the Roman Republic were a radical departure from monarchy and theocracy, influencing the structure and function of modern democratic governments.

Economic decision-making involves weighing costs and benefits.

The interaction of supply and demand, competition and the role of markets influence the price and availability of goods and services.

Global trade and the development of a global economy have been influenced by improvements in transportation and communication.

Financial literacy involves understanding the role of saving, investing, and credit in personal financial management.

The U.S. Constitution established a federal republic, providing a framework for a national government with elected representatives, separation of powers, and checks and balances.

The U.S. Constitution protects citizens' rights by limiting the powers of government.

Choices made by individuals, businesses and governments have both present and future consequences.

The Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed the means of production as a result of improvements in technology, use of new power resources, and the advent of interchangeable parts.

Governments can impact markets by means of spending, regulations, taxes and trade barriers.

Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action.

The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source.

Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions.

Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events.

The rise of corporations, heavy industry, and technological innovations transformed the American economy.

The Progressive era was an effort to address the ills of American society and the economy.

The United States followed a policy of imperialism, which was a departure from its traditional foreign policy.

The United States entered World War I as a result of several factors.

The United States played a significant role in the outcome of World War I.

The 1920s were a period of economic prosperity and social change.

The Great Depression was caused by several factors.

The New Deal was a series of programs and policies designed to address the Great Depression.

The United States entered World War II as a result of several factors.

The United States played a significant role in the outcome of World War II.

The Cold War was a period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The United States followed a policy of containment during the Cold War.

The Cold War had a significant impact on American society.

The Civil Rights Movement was an effort to end racial discrimination and segregation.

The 1960s were a period of social change and political activism.

The United States faced several challenges in the post-Cold War world.

Opportunities for civic engagement within the structures of government are made possible through political processes.

Political parties, interest groups and the media provide opportunities for civic involvement.

Issues can be analyzed through the critical use of credible sources.

The processes of persuasion, compromise, consensus building and negotiation contribute to the democratic process.

The U.S. Constitution incorporates basic principles that help define the government as a federal republic.

The Federalist Papers and the Anti-Federalist Papers framed the national debate over the U.S. Constitution.

The Bill of Rights was drafted to address concerns that the Constitution did not protect individual rights.

The U.S. Constitution is a dynamic document that can be changed through the amendment process.

The three branches of the federal government have separate powers and exercise checks and balances.

The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws.

The government of the United States protects the freedoms of its people.

In the United States, people have rights which protect them from undue governmental interference.

The Ohio Constitution was drafted to address the needs of the state and its citizens.

The structure and functions of Ohio’s state and local governments are similar to the federal government.

Federal, state and local governments address problems and issues by making decisions and creating laws.

Individuals and organizations play a role in helping to determine public policy.

The federal government uses fiscal and monetary policy to influence the economy.

The federal government regulates the economy to protect consumers and promote competition.

Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of action.

The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source.

Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions.

Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events.

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that challenged traditional authority.

The ideas of the Enlightenment influenced the American and French Revolutions.

The Industrial Revolution transformed the global economy and society.

The rise of nationalism led to the unification of Germany and Italy.

The Age of Imperialism was a period of global expansion by European powers.

Imperialism had a significant impact on the people and cultures of Africa and Asia.

World War I was a global conflict that had a significant impact on the world.

The Russian Revolution led to the rise of the Soviet Union.

The Great Depression was a global economic crisis.

The rise of totalitarianism led to World War II.

World War II was a global conflict that had a significant impact on the world.

The Cold War was a period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.

The Cold War led to several regional conflicts and proxy wars.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the end of the Cold War.

Globalization is a process of increasing interconnectedness among nations.

Globalization has had a significant impact on the global economy and environment.

Economic decision making involves weighing costs and benefits.

Scarcity is the fundamental economic problem.

Choices made by individuals and businesses have both present and future consequences.

Different economic systems address the fundamental economic questions in different ways.

Markets are where buyers and sellers exchange goods and services.

Competition among sellers results in lower prices and higher quality goods.

The health of the economy is measured by several indicators.

The federal government uses fiscal and monetary policy to influence the economy.

International trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage.

Financial responsibility involves making informed decisions about money.

Planning and money management are essential for financial well-being.

Informed consumers evaluate the quality and cost of goods and services.

Investing involves taking risks to earn a return.

Credit and debt have both benefits and costs.

Risk management and insurance protect against potential loss.

Global connections have political, economic, social, and environmental components.

Individuals can impact global issues through service learning and senior projects.

Civil and human rights are protected by international agreements and organizations.

The global economy is characterized by increasing interdependence among nations.

Foreign policy is the set of goals and strategies a nation uses to interact with other nations.

Sustainability involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future.

Spatial thinking involves the use of maps and other geographic tools.

Humans depend on and impact the physical environment.

The movement of people, products, and ideas has a significant impact on the world.

Regions are areas that share common characteristics.

Human settlement patterns are influenced by physical and cultural factors.

Globalization is a process of increasing interconnectedness among nations.