Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print to aid in comprehension.

Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.

Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and phonemes.

Blend and segment syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment the onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final phonemes in three-phoneme words.

Blend and segment the individual phonemes of single-syllable spoken words (up to three phonemes).

Add and substitute individual phonemes in three-phoneme CVC words to make new words.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding and encoding words.

Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondences by producing the primary sound for each consonant.

Associate the long and short sounds with common spellings for the five major vowels.

Read common, high-frequency words by sight.

Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of the letters that differ.

Decode and encode CVC words.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding to support the development of fluency and comprehension.

With prompting and support, ask and answer explicit questions about key ideas and details and make logical inferences.

With prompting and support, retell familiar stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of the lesson.

With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story. Identify beginning/middle/end.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

With prompting and support, recognize the structures of common types of texts, including poems, stories, and dramas.

With prompting and support, identify the author and illustrator of a story and define the role of each.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the story in which they appear.

With prompting and support, compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.

With prompting and support, flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies to make sense of complex texts.

With prompting and support, ask and answer explicit questions about key concepts and details and make logical inferences.

With prompting and support, identify the main topic and retell key details from a text.

With prompting and support, describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

With prompting and support, identify the author and illustrator and define the role of each in presenting ideas.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between visuals and the text in which they appear.

With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on similar themes or topics.

With prompting and support, flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies for informational texts.

With scaffolded guidance and support, use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose opinion pieces.

With scaffolded guidance and support, use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative texts.

With scaffolded guidance and support, use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to narrate a single event.

With scaffolded guidance and support, respond to questions and suggestions from peers and add details to strengthen writing.

With scaffolded guidance and support, explore a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

With scaffolded guidance and support, gather information from experiences or from provided sources to answer a question.

With scaffolded guidance and support, participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Continue conversations through multiple exchanges.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally by asking and answering questions.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions as desired to provide additional detail.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Print all upper- and lowercase letters.

Use frequently occurring nouns and verbs.

Form regular plural nouns by orally adding /s/ or /es/.

Form interrogative sentences using who, what, where, when, why, and how.

Form sentences using common prepositions.

Produce and expand complete sentences in shared language activities.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.

Recognize and name end punctuation.

Write a letter or letters for most consonant and short-vowel sounds (phonemes).

Spell simple words phonetically, drawing on knowledge of sound-letter relationships.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Identify new meanings for familiar words and apply them accurately.

Use the most frequently occurring inflections and affixes as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word.

With guidance and support from adults, explore word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Sort common objects into categories to gain a sense of the concepts the categories represent.

Demonstrate understanding of frequently occurring verbs and adjectives by relating them to their synonyms and antonyms.

Identify real-life connections between words and their uses.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs describing the same general action by acting out the meanings.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Recognize the distinguishing features of a sentence.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and phonemes.

Distinguish long from short vowel sounds in spoken single-syllable words.

Orally produce single-syllable words by blending up to six phonemes, including consonant blends.

Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final phonemes in single-syllable spoken words.

Segment single-syllable spoken words into their complete sequence of individual phonemes (up to six phonemes).

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding and encoding words.

Know the spelling-sound correspondences for common consonant digraphs.

Decode and encode regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know final -e and common vowel team conventions for representing long vowel sounds.

Use knowledge that every syllable must have a vowel sound to determine the number of syllables in a printed word.

Decode and encode two-syllable words following basic patterns by breaking the words into syllables.

Read words with inflectional endings.

Recognize and read irregularly spelled words.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read text with purpose and understanding.

Read text orally with sufficient accuracy and rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Ask and answer explicit questions about key ideas and details and make and support logical inferences.

Ask and answer explicit questions about key concepts and details and make and support logical inferences.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of the author's central message.

Identify the main topic and retell key details of a text to demonstrate understanding of the central idea.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Describe the connection between individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information over the course of a text.

Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a grade-level text.

Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information.

Know and use various text features to locate key facts or information in a text.

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Distinguish between information provided by pictures or other illustrations and information provided by words.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events.

Use the visuals, illustrations, and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

(Not applicable to literature)

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two or more texts on the same topic.

With prompting and support, flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies to make sense of complex literary texts.

With prompting and support, flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies to read and understand informational texts.

Compose opinion pieces; state the topic and an opinion, and supply reasons for the opinion.

Introduce the topic.

Provide reasons with details to support the opinion.

Use grade-appropriate transitions to develop text structure across ideas.

Provide a conclusion.

Compose informative/explanatory texts to establish a topic, and supply some facts about the topic.

Introduce the topic.

Supply information with detail to develop the topic.

Use grade-appropriate conjunctions to develop text structure within sentences.

Use grade-appropriate transitions to develop text structure across ideas.

Provide a conclusion.

Compose narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or multiple events or ideas.

Recount a single event or multiple events, memories, or ideas.

Include details which describe actions, thoughts, and emotions.

Use temporal words and phrases to signal order.

Provide a conclusion.

(Begins in grade 3)

With guidance and support, focus on a topic, respond to questions and suggestions from peers, and add details to strengthen writing.

With scaffolded guidance and support, use digital tools and handwriting to produce and publish writing.

Participate in shared research and writing projects.

With scaffolded guidance and support, gather information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

(Begins in grade 4)

(Begins in grade 3)

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions.

Stay on topic and build on others' talk in conversations by responding to the comments of others.

Ask questions to clear up any confusion about the topics and texts under discussion.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information or clarify something.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

Add drawings or other visual displays to descriptions when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to the task and situation.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Print all upper- and lowercase letters.

Use common, proper, and possessive nouns.

Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in basic sentences.

Use personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns.

Use verbs to convey a sense of past, present, and future.

Use frequently occurring adjectives.

Use frequently occurring conjunctions.

Use determiners.

Use frequently occurring prepositions.

Produce and expand complete simple and compound declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize proper nouns, including but not limited to dates and names of people.

Demonstrate appropriate use of end punctuation.

Produce and write commas in dates and to separate single words in a series.

Use conventional spelling for words with common spelling patterns and for frequently occurring irregular words.

Spell untaught words phonetically, drawing on phonemic awareness and spelling conventions.

(Begins in grade 2)

Choose flexibly from an array of strategies to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Identify common affixes and how they change the meaning of a word.

Identify frequently occurring root words and their inflectional forms.

With scaffolded guidance and support, demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Sort words into categories to gain a sense of the concepts and the categories they represent.

Define words by category and by one or more key attributes.

Identify real-life connections between words and their use, relating them to their synonyms and antonyms.

Distinguish shades of meaning among verbs differing in manner and adjectives differing in intensity.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.

(Please see preceding grades for students needing additional supports for Print Concepts—RF.1.)

Demonstrate command of spoken words, syllables, and phonemes to support decoding and encoding of single- and multisyllabic words.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding and encoding words.

Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Know spelling-sound correspondences for additional common vowel teams.

Decode and encode regularly spelled two-syllable words with long vowels.

Identify, decode, and know the meaning of words with the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes.

Identify words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

Recognize and read irregularly spelled words.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read text with purpose and understanding.

Read text orally with sufficient accuracy and rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how, and make and support logical inferences to construct meaning from the text.

Identify implicit and explicit information from stories, including fables and folktales, to determine the author's central message, lesson, and/or moral.

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges, including identifying feelings, the plot or problem, and resolution.

Describe how words and phrases, including regular beats, alliteration, rhymes, and/or repeated lines, supply rhythm and shape meaning.

Describe the overall structure of a story, poem, or drama, including but not limited to linear, non-linear, and circular structures.

Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, using voice inflection when reading dialogue aloud, and how those shape content.

Use information gained from illustrations and words in a print, non-print, or digital text to demonstrate understanding of characters, setting, or plot.

(Not applicable to literature)

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from different cultures.

Flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze grade-level complex literary texts.

Ask and answer such questions as who, what, where, when, why, and how, and make and support logical inferences to construct meaning from the text.

Identify implicit and explicit information from a text to determine the text's central idea.

Describe the connection between individuals, a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases and how those words or phrases shape meaning in a text relevant to a grade 2 topic or subject area.

Identify and describe informational text structures and describe the logical connection between sentences and paragraphs.

Identify the main purpose of a text, including what the author wants to answer, explain, or describe, and how that purpose shapes the content.

Identify information gained from visuals, illustrations, and words in the text, and explain how that information contributes to understanding.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

Flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze grade-level complex informational texts.

Write opinion pieces in which they introduce the topic or book, state an opinion, supply reasons that support the opinion, and provide closure.

Write informative/explanatory texts in which they introduce a topic, use facts and definitions to develop points, and provide a concluding statement.

Write narratives in which they recount a well-elaborated event or sequence of events, include details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings.

With guidance and support from adults and peers, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editing.

With guidance and support from adults, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in collaboration with peers.

Participate in shared research and writing projects (e.g., read a number of books on a single topic to produce a report).

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 2 topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions (e.g., gaining the floor in respectful ways, listening to others with care).

Build on others' talk in conversations by linking personal comments to the remarks of others.

Ask for clarification and further explanation as needed about the topics and texts under discussion.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension, gather additional information, or deepen understanding.

Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking audibly in coherent sentences.

Create audio recordings of stories or poems; add drawings or other visual displays to stories or recounts of experiences to clarify ideas.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Use collective nouns (e.g., group).

Use frequently occurring irregular nouns (e.g., feet, children, teeth, mice, fish).

Use reflexive pronouns (e.g., myself, ourselves).

Use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs (e.g., sat, hid, told).

Use adjectives and adverbs in sentence formation.

Produce, expand, and rearrange complete simple and compound sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize proper nouns, including but not limited to holidays, product names, and geographic names.

Demonstrate appropriate use of commas in varied communication formats (e.g., greetings and closings of letters).

Use apostrophes to form contractions and possessives.

Generalize learned spelling patterns when writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, both print and digital, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Compare formal and informal uses of English.

Choose flexibly from an array of strategies to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known prefix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use knowledge of the meaning of individual words to predict the meaning of compound words.

Use glossaries, beginning dictionaries, and other reference materials, both print and digital, to determine or clarify word meaning.

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their synonyms and antonyms.

Distinguish the shades of meaning among closely related verbs and closely related adjectives.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading and being read to, and responding to texts.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding and encoding words.

Identify, decode, and know the meaning of the most common prefixes and derivational suffixes, including Latin suffixes.

Decode and encode multisyllabic words.

Read irregularly spelled words.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read grade-level text with purpose and understanding.

Read grade-level prose and poetry orally with sufficient accuracy and rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Recount and summarize stories, including fables, folktales, and myths; determine the author's central message, lesson, or moral.

Describe characters in a story, including their traits, motivations, actions, or feelings, and how they affect the plot.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems using terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza; describe how parts build on sections.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the narrator or those of the characters.

Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words in a story.

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature at the high end of the grades 2-3 text complexity band independently.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Describe the relationship between individuals, historical events, scientific ideas, or technical steps using time, sequence, and cause/effect.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to a grade 3 topic.

Use text features and search tools to locate information relevant to a given topic efficiently.

Distinguish their own point of view from that of the author of a text.

Use information gained from illustrations and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding.

Describe the logical connection between particular sentences and paragraphs in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two texts on the same topic.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend informational texts at the high end of the grades 2-3 text complexity band independently.

With scaffolded guidance and support, compose opinion pieces on topics or texts, with supporting reasons.

Introduce the topic, followed by opinion statement, and create an organizational structure.

Provide reasons with elaborate details to support the opinion.

Use grade-appropriate transitions to develop text structure across paragraphs.

Provide a conclusion.

With scaffolded guidance and support, compose informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas clearly.

Introduce a topic and group related information together; include illustrations when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, and details.

Use linking words and phrases to connect ideas within categories of information.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

With scaffolded guidance and support, compose narratives to develop real or imagined experiences using effective technique and descriptive details.

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences.

Use temporal words and phrases to signal event order.

Provide a sense of closure.

With guidance and support, produce writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task and purpose.

With guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With guidance and support, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes and sort evidence.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 3 topics and texts.

With guidance and support, come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussion.

Ask questions to check understanding of information presented, stay on topic, and link personal comments.

Explain personal ideas and understandings in light of the discussion.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the discussion.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration and detail.

With scaffolded guidance and support, report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts.

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems; add visual displays when appropriate to enhance facts or details.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in a grade-level text.

Form and use regular and irregular plural nouns.

Use abstract nouns.

Form and use regular and irregular verbs.

Use verb tenses.

Ensure subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement.

Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs.

Use coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.

Produce simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Capitalize appropriate words in titles.

Use commas in addresses.

Use commas and quotation marks in dialogue.

Form and use possessives.

Use conventional spelling for high-frequency and other studied words and for adding suffixes to base words.

Use spelling patterns and generalizations in writing words.

Consult reference materials, including beginning dictionaries, as needed to check and correct spellings.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Recognize and observe differences between the conventions of spoken and written standard English.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 3 reading.

Use sentence-level context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Determine the meaning of the new word formed when a known affix is added to a known word.

Use a known root word as a clue to the meaning of an unknown word with the same root.

Use glossaries or beginning dictionaries to determine or clarify the precise meaning of key words and phrases.

Demonstrate understanding of word relationships and nuances in word meanings.

Distinguish the denotation and connotation of words and phrases in context.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their synonyms and antonyms.

Distinguish shades of meaning among related words that describe degrees of certainty.

Acquire and accurately use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding and encoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to accurately read and pronounce unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read text with purpose and understanding.

Read text orally with sufficient accuracy and rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Cite evidence from the text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Analyze how the theme is reflected and cite relevant implicit and explicit evidence from the text, including but not limited to poems.

Describe in depth a character's thoughts, words, and/or actions, the setting or event(s) in a story or drama and draw on specific details to analyze their interaction.

Identify, read, pronounce, and determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language such as hyperbole and personification.

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, and refer to the structural elements of poems and drama when writing or speaking about a text.

Compare and contrast the point of view from which different stories are narrated, including the difference between first- and third-person narrations.

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text.

Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics and patterns of events in stories, myths, and traditional literature from different cultures.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature, including stories, dramas, and poetry, in the grades 4-5 text complexity band proficiently.

Cite evidence from the text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Analyze how the central ideas are reflected in a text and cite relevant implicit and explicit evidence from the text; summarize the text.

Explain the individuals, events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text, including what happened and why.

Identify, read, pronounce, and determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words or phrases in a text relevant to a grade 4 topic.

Describe the overall structure (e.g., chronology, comparison, cause/effect, problem/solution) of events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text.

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic; describe the differences in focus and the information provided.

Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively and explain how the information contributes to an understanding of the text.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

By the end of year, read and comprehend informational texts, including history/social studies, science, and technical texts, in the grades 4-5 text complexity band.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which related ideas are grouped.

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Link opinion and reasons using words and phrases (e.g., for instance, in addition, in order to).

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections; include formatting and multimedia when useful.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Link ideas within categories of information using words and phrases (e.g., another, for example, also, because).

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Compose narratives, to develop real or imagined experiences or multiple events or ideas, using effective technique and clear sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use dialogue and description to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters to situations.

Use a variety of conjunctions and transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With some guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; take notes and categorize information.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over both extended and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing personal ideas clearly.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation to explore ideas.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions to clarify or follow up on information, and make comments that contribute to the discussion.

Review the key ideas expressed and explain their own ideas and understanding in light of the discussion.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner, using appropriate facts and descriptive details.

Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas or themes.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Identify, explain, and use relative pronouns and relative adverbs.

Form and use the progressive verb tenses.

Use helping verbs to convey various conditions, such as can, may, and must.

Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional patterns.

Form and use prepositional phrases.

Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate fragments and run-ons.

Correctly use frequently confused words, such as to, too, two; there, their, they're.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Demonstrate appropriate use of capitalization rules.

Use commas and quotation marks to indicate direct speech and quotations from a text.

Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.

Spell grade-appropriate words correctly, consulting both print and digital references as needed.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose words and phrases to convey ideas precisely.

Choose punctuation for effect.

Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Choose flexibly from an array of strategies to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use concrete and common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult dictionaries, glossaries, and other resources to find the pronunciation and determine or clarify the precise meaning.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Explain the meaning of simple similes and metaphors in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their synonyms and antonyms.

Acquire and accurately use grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding and encoding words.

Use combined knowledge of all letter-sound correspondences, syllabication patterns, and morphology to accurately read and pronounce unfamiliar multisyllabic words.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read text with purpose and understanding.

Read text orally with sufficient accuracy and rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Analyze how the theme is reflected in the text, including but not limited to poems, stories, and dramas, and cite relevant evidence; summarize the text.

Compare/contrast characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, using specific details to analyze their interaction over the course of the text.

Identify, read, pronounce, and determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative language.

Analyze and explain the overall structure of poems, stories, and dramas, including but not limited to linear, nonlinear, and circular structures.

Describe how a narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described.

Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text.

Compare and contrast stories in the same genre on their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze complex literary texts.

Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text.

Analyze how the central ideas are reflected in a text and cite relevant implicit and explicit evidence to support thinking; summarize the text.

Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a historical, scientific, or technical text.

Identify, read, pronounce, and determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text.

Compare and contrast the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in two or more texts.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view they represent.

Analyze information from multiple print, digital, and non-print formats, demonstrating the ability to locate an answer or solve a problem.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text, identifying which reasons and evidence support which point(s).

Integrate information from several texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

Flexibly use a variety of decoding and comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze complex informational texts.

Compose opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting the writer's perspective with reasons and information.

Introduce a topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure in which ideas are logically grouped.

Provide logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Use grade-appropriate transitions to develop text structure across paragraphs.

Compose informative and/or explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Introduce a topic clearly, provide a general observation and focus, and group related information logically.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use grade-appropriate conjunctions to develop text structure within sentences.

Use grade-appropriate transitions to develop text structure across paragraphs.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Compose narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or multiple events or ideas, using effective technique and clear sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, description, and pacing, to develop experiences and events.

Use a variety of conjunctions and transitional words, phrases, and clauses to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development and organization are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, drafting, revising, editing, or rewriting.

With guidance and support, use digital tools and resources, including the Internet, as well as handwriting, to produce and publish writing.

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Summarize relevant information from experiences or gather relevant information from print and digital sources; provide a list of sources.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over both extended and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow agreed-upon rules for discussions and carry out assigned roles.

Pose and respond to specific questions by making comments that contribute to the discussion and elaborate on remarks.

Review the key ideas expressed and draw conclusions in light of information and knowledge gained from the discussions.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the discussion.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media by asking and answering questions.

Summarize the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence.

Report on a topic or text or present an opinion, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts and details.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations when appropriate to enhance the development of main ideas.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in general and their function in particular sentences.

Form and use the perfect verb tenses.

Use verb tense to convey various times, sequences, states, and conditions.

Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate shifts in verb tense.

Use correlative conjunctions.

Ensure that pronouns are in the proper case.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation to separate items in a series.

Use a comma to separate an introductory element from the rest of the sentence.

Use a comma to set off the words yes and no, to set off a tag question, and to indicate direct address.

Use underlining, quotation marks, or italics to indicate titles of works.

Use strategies and print and digital resources to identify and correct spelling errors.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Expand, combine, and reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

Compare and contrast the varieties of English (e.g., dialects, registers, slang) used in stories, dramas, or poems.

Choose flexibly from an array of strategies to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use concrete and common, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses, and other resources to find pronunciation and clarify precise meaning.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figurative language, including similes and metaphors, in context.

Demonstrate understanding of words by relating them to their synonyms and antonyms.

Acquire and accurately use grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read text with purpose and understanding.

Read text orally with sufficient accuracy, rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially; cite textual evidence to support the analysis.

Analyze how the theme is reflected in the text by citing particular details and/or providing an objective summary.

Explain how the plot develops through a sequence of events and how characters react or evolve toward a resolution.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze impact on meaning and tone.

Analyze how a sentence, chapter, scene, or stanza fits into the overall structure and contributes to theme, setting, or plot.

Explain how an author develops the point of view or perspective of the narrator or speaker in a text.

Compare and contrast reading a story, drama, or poem to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or live version.

Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literature in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently.

Analyze text explicitly and inferentially; cite evidence. Evaluate credibility and identify where text is well supported or unclear.

Analyze how central ideas are reflected by citing details and/or providing an objective summary distinct from prior knowledge.

Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze how a sentence, paragraph, chapter, or section shapes how ideas are organized and develops the ideas.

Determine an author's background, perspective, and/or purpose and explain the methods used to share it.

Integrate information presented in different media or formats to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing supported versus unsupported claims.

Compare and contrast one author's presentation of events with that of another.

By the end of the year, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 6–8 text complexity band proficiently.

Compose arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s) and organize the reasons and evidence clearly.

Support claim(s) with clear reasons and evidence, using credible sources and acknowledging opposing claims.

Use appropriate transitions to enhance clarity and flow among claim(s) and reasons.

Establish and maintain an appropriate style for content, purpose, and audience.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the argument presented.

Compose informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Introduce a topic; organize ideas using strategies like definition, classification, and comparison; include formatting and multimedia.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain an appropriate style for content, purpose, and audience.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Compose narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or multiple events, memories, or ideas.

Engage the reader by establishing context and introducing characters; organize a natural event sequence.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences and characters.

Use a variety of transition words and phrases to convey sequence and signal shifts in time or setting.

Use precise words, descriptive details, and sensory language to convey experiences and events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, drafting, revising, editing, or rewriting.

Use digital tools and resources, including the Internet, as well as handwriting, to produce and publish writing.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry when appropriate.

Gather information from multiple sources; assess credibility; quote or paraphrase while avoiding plagiarism and providing citations.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over both extended and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Express ideas clearly by engaging in collaborative discussions, building on internal reflections and others' ideas.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or studied required material; explicitly draw on that preparation.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, set specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles as needed.

Pose and respond to specific questions with elaboration and detail by making comments that contribute to the topic.

Review key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives through reflection and paraphrasing.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the discussion.

Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats and explain how it contributes to a topic, text, or issue.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, distinguishing supported versus unsupported claims.

Present claims and findings, sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions; use appropriate eye contact and volume.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify information.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of 6th grade level language conventions.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Recognize vague pronouns and correct pronoun errors, including subjective, objective, possessive, and intensive pronouns.

Recognize variations from standard English and implement strategies to improve expression in conventional language.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Demonstrate appropriate use of punctuation (commas, parentheses, dashes) to set off nonrestrictive/parenthetical elements.

Demonstrate appropriate use of strategies to identify and correct spelling errors.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Vary sentence patterns for meaning, reader/listener interest and style.

Maintain consistency in style and tone.

Choose flexibly from strategies to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use concrete but more abstract, grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to meaning.

Consult dictionaries, glossaries, and other resources to find pronunciation and determine precise meaning.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figurative language, including but not limited to personification and alliteration, in context.

Recognize and explain the meaning of common idioms, adages, and proverbs.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and accurately use grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read text with purpose and understanding.

Read text orally with sufficient accuracy, rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially; cite several pieces of textual evidence to support the analysis.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an evidence-based summary.

Analyze how particular elements of a literary text connect and influence each other to create meaning.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze sound impact.

Analyze how the form or structure of a drama, poem or prose text contributes to its meaning.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view or perspectives of different characters or narrators in a text.

Compare and contrast a written story, drama, or poem to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version, analyzing medium-unique techniques.

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period.

Flexibly use decoding and comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze complex literary texts.

Analyze what the text says explicitly and inferentially; cite evidence and evaluate credibility, identifying unclear or unexplored ideas.

Determine two or more central ideas in a text and analyze their development; provide an evidence-based summary.

Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze impact on tone.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how major sections contribute to the whole and guide understanding.

Determine an author's background, perspective, and/or purpose and analyze methods used to distinguish their position from others.

Compare and contrast a text to an audio, video, or multimedia version, analyzing each medium's portrayal of the subject.

Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing reasoning soundness and evidence relevance.

Analyze how two or more authors writing about the same topic shape presentations by emphasizing different evidence or interpretations.

Flexibly use decoding and comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze complex informational texts.

Compose arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge alternate or opposing claims and counter/refute them, and organize reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources.

Use appropriate transitions to enhance clarity, create cohesion, and clarify relationships among claim(s), reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain an appropriate style for content, purpose, and audience.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Compose informative and/or explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Introduce a topic, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas using strategies like definition, classification, and comparison.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Use appropriate transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain an appropriate style for content, purpose, and audience.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Compose narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and well-structured sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing context and point of view; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to convey experiences and events.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, drafting, revising, and editing.

Use digital tools and resources to produce and publish writing, interact and collaborate, and cite sources consistently.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional focused questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources; assess credibility; quote or paraphrase while avoiding plagiarism and citing correctly.

Draw and cite evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over both extended and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing personal ideas clearly.

Come to discussions prepared; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence to probe and reflect on ideas.

Follow rules for collegial discussions, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines, and define individual roles.

Pose questions that elicit elaboration and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant observations and ideas.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, modify personal views.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the discussion.

Analyze main ideas and supporting details in diverse media and formats; explain how ideas clarify a topic or issue.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating reasoning soundness and evidence relevance.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with pertinent descriptions and facts.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of 7th-grade-level language conventions.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Produce sentences using correctly placed clauses and phrases.

Demonstrate appropriate use of simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences to signal relationships.

Place phrases and clauses within a sentence, recognizing and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Choose language that expresses ideas precisely and concisely, recognizing and eliminating wordiness and redundancy.

Choose flexibly from strategies to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use grade-appropriate Greek and Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult reference materials to find pronunciation or determine precise meaning or part of speech.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figurative language, including but not limited to irony, in context.

Use the relationship between words to improve understanding.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and accurately use grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read grade-level text with fluency (accuracy, rate, prosody) to support comprehension.

Read text with purpose and understanding.

Read text orally with sufficient accuracy, rate, and appropriate expression.

Use context to confirm or self-correct word recognition and understanding, rereading as necessary.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially; cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports the analysis.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an evidence-based summary.

Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a literary text propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative and technical meanings.

Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes to its meaning and style.

Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader create such effects as suspense or humor.

Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script.

Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths or traditional stories.

Flexibly use a variety of comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze grade-level appropriate, complex literary texts.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially; cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports the analysis.

Determine central ideas of a text and analyze how they are developed through relationships between key details.

Analyze how an author uses comparisons, analogies, or categories to make connections among and distinctions between ideas.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Analyze in detail the structure of a specific paragraph in a text, including the role of particular sentences in developing a key concept.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums to present a particular topic or idea.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is sufficient.

Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree.

Flexibly use a variety of comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read and analyze complex informational texts.

Compose arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s), acknowledge and distinguish opposing claim(s), and counter/refute them, and organize the reasons and evidence logically.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources.

Use appropriate transitions to enhance clarity, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, and evidence.

Establish and maintain an appropriate style for content, purpose, and audience.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and supports the argument presented.

Compose informative and/or explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information.

Introduce a topic clearly, previewing what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories.

Develop the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information.

Use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among ideas and concepts.

Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic.

Establish and maintain an appropriate style for content, purpose, and audience.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the information or explanation presented.

Compose narratives and use narratives strategically in other modes of writing, utilizing effective technique and well-chosen details.

Engage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation, establishing a point of view.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action.

Provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences or events.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over extended and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing personal ideas clearly.

Come to discussions prepared, having read or researched material; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence.

Follow rules for collegial discussions and decision-making, track progress toward specific goals and deadlines.

Pose questions that connect the ideas of several speakers and respond to others' questions and comments with relevant evidence.

Acknowledge new information expressed by others and, when warranted, qualify or justify one's own views.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the discussion.

Analyze the purpose of information presented in diverse media and formats and evaluate the motives behind its presentation.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence and sound reasoning.

Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Explain the function of verbals (gerunds, participles, infinitives) in general and their function in particular sentences.

Form and use verbs in the active and passive voice.

Form and use verbs in the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive mood.

Recognize and correct inappropriate shifts in verb voice and mood.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use punctuation (comma, ellipsis, dash) to indicate a pause or break.

Use an ellipsis to indicate an omission.

Spell correctly.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Use verbs in the active and passive voice and in the conditional and subjunctive mood to achieve particular effects.

Choose flexibly from an array of strategies to determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use context as a clue to the meaning of a word or phrase.

Use common, grade-appropriate Greek or Latin affixes and roots as clues to the meaning of a word.

Consult general and specialized reference materials to find the pronunciation or determine the precise meaning of a word.

Verify the preliminary determination of the meaning of a word or phrase.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Interpret figures of speech (e.g. verbal irony, puns) in context.

Use the relationship between particular words to better understand each of the words.

Distinguish among the connotations of words with similar denotations.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially; cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support the analysis.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot.

Analyze the impact of the author's choices regarding the development of complex characters over the course of a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings; analyze word choice and impact.

Analyze the structural choices the author makes to advance the plot or theme, manipulate time, and situate events within social, cultural, or historical contexts.

Analyze a perspective, point of view, or cultural experience in works that draw on a wide range of world literature across time and location.

Compare and contrast the representation of a subject or a key scene in multiple artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each.

(Not applicable to literature)

Analyze how an author alludes to the themes or topics from another source.

Flexibly use a variety of comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read, comprehend, and analyze grade-level appropriate, complex literary texts.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially; cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support the analysis and evaluate credibility.

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text; provide an evidence-based summary.

Analyze how the author crafts an analysis or series of ideas or events in a text, including the order, development, and connections drawn.

Determine and analyze the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, evaluating how word choices shape meaning, tone, and credibility.

Analyze in detail how an author's ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text.

Determine an author's background, perspective, bias, and/or purpose and analyze how rhetoric and evidence are used to advance that perspective.

Analyze various accounts of a subject told in diverse formats and media, evaluating how each emphasizes different details or interpretations.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient.

Analyze documents of historical, cultural, and/or literary significance, including how they address related themes and concepts.

Flexibly use a variety of comprehension strategies to independently and proficiently read, comprehend, and analyze complex informational texts.

Compose arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Compose informative and/or explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately.

Use narratives strategically and in other modes of writing, utilizing effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured sequences.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are relevant to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, drafting, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use digital tools and resources to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products; cite sources using consistent formatting.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess usefulness and integrate information selectively.

Draw and cite relevant and credible evidence from literary and informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over both extended and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing personal ideas clearly.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Evaluate a speaker's perspective, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated evidence.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically; ensure organization and style are appropriate to purpose.

Make creative and strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Determine and/or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and accurately use general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially, including determining where the text leaves matters uncertain; cite strong textual evidence.

Determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development, including how they interact to produce a complex account.

Identify and analyze the impact of the author's choices on the development of a literary text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases, including figurative and technical meanings; analyze the impact of word choice on meaning and tone.

Analyze how an author's structural choices in specific sections of a text shape its overall structure, meaning, and aesthetic effect.

Analyze how point of view and perspective are used to influence the reader, including use of satire, sarcasm, irony, and understatement.

Analyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem, evaluating how each version interprets the source text.

(Not applicable to literature)

Demonstrate knowledge of a range of texts within the same time periods by authors from the Americas, treating similar themes from multiple perspectives.

Independently and proficiently read, comprehend, and analyze grade-level appropriate, complex literary texts.

Analyze what the text says explicitly as well as inferentially, determining where the text leaves matters uncertain; cite strong textual evidence.

Determine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development, including how they interact and build on one another.

Analyze a complex set of ideas or sequence of events, and explain how specific individuals, ideas, or events interact and develop.

Determine and analyze the meaning of words and phrases, evaluating how specific word choices shape meaning, tone, and credibility.

Analyze or evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in their exposition or argument, including the purpose of the structure.

Determine an author's background, perspective, bias, and/or purpose and analyze how rhetoric and evidence are used to advance that perspective.

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats to address a question or solve a problem.

Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning.

Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. documents of historical and literary significance for their themes and purposes.

Independently and proficiently read, comprehend, and analyze complex informational texts.

Compose arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Compose informative and/or explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately.

Use narratives strategically and in other modes of writing, utilizing effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured sequences.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, drafting, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use digital tools and resources to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products; cite sources using consistent formatting.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem.

Gather relevant information from multiple sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess usefulness and integrate information selectively.

Draw and cite relevant and credible evidence from literary and informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Write routinely over both extended and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners, building on others' ideas and expressing personal ideas clearly.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Evaluate a speaker's perspective, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated evidence.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically; ensure organization and style are appropriate to purpose.

Make creative and strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing.

Use knowledge of language and its conventions when writing, speaking, reading, or listening.

Determine and/or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings.

Acquire and accurately use general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge.

Represent addition as putting together and adding to and subtraction as taking apart and taking from using objects, drawings, physical expressions, numbers or equations.

Add and subtract within 10. Model authentic contexts and solve problems that use addition and subtraction within 10.

Using objects or drawings, and equations, decompose numbers less than or equal to 10 into pairs in more than one way.

By using objects, drawings, or equations, find the unknown number that makes 10 when added to a given number from 1 - 9.

Fluently add and subtract within 5 with accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies.

Orally count to 100 by ones and by tens in sequential order.

Count forward beginning from a given number within 100 of a known sequence.

Identify number names, write numbers, and the count sequence from 0-20. Represent a number of objects with a written number 0-20.

Understand the relationship between numbers and quantities; connect counting to cardinality.

Count to answer "how many?" questions using up to 20 objects arranged in a variety of configurations. Given a number from 1-20, count out that many objects.

Identify whether the number of objects in one group is greater than, less than, or equal to the number of objects in another group.

Compare two numbers between 1 and 10 presented as written numerals.

Compose and decompose from 11 to 19 into groups of ten ones and some further ones using objects, drawings, or equations.

Describe objects in the environment using names of shapes and describe the relative positions of these objects in their environment.

Correctly name common two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometric shapes regardless of their orientations or overall size.

Identify shapes as two-dimensional or three-dimensional.

Analyze and compare two and three-dimensional shapes, in different sizes and orientations, using informal language to describe their attributes.

Represent shapes in the world by building shapes from components and drawing shapes.

Compose common shapes to form larger shapes.

Describe several measurable attributes of a single object using measurable terms, such as length or weight.

Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has "more of"/"less of" the attribute.

Generate questions to investigate situations within the classroom. Collect or consider data that can naturally answer questions by sorting and counting.

Analyze data sets by counting the number of objects in each category and interpret results by classifying and sorting objects by count.

Use addition and subtraction within 20 to solve and represent problems in authentic contexts involving situations of adding to, taking from, putting together, taking apart, and comparing, with unknowns in all positions.

Solve problems that call for addition of three whole numbers whose sum is less than or equal to 20 using objects, drawings or equations.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to add and subtract.

Understand subtraction as an unknown-addend problem.

Relate counting to addition and subtraction.

Add and subtract within 20, demonstrating fluency for addition and subtraction within 10 with accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies.

Use the meaning of the equal sign to determine whether equations involving addition and subtraction are true or false.

Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation relating three whole numbers.

Count to 120, starting at any number less than 120. In this range, read and write numerals and represent a number of objects with a written numeral.

Understand 10 as a bundle of ten ones and that the two digits of a two-digit number represent amounts of tens and ones.

Compare two two-digit numbers based on meanings of the tens and ones digits, recording the results of comparisons with the symbols >, =, and <.

Add within 100 using concrete or visual representations and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Given a two-digit number, mentally find 10 more or 10 less than the number, without having to count; explain the reasoning used.

Subtract multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 from multiples of 10 in the range 10-90 using concrete or visual representations and strategies.

Distinguish between defining attributes versus non-defining attributes for a wide variety of shapes. Build and draw shapes to possess defining attributes.

Compose common two-dimensional shapes or three-dimensional shapes to create a composite shape, and create additional new shapes from composite shapes.

Partition circles and rectangles into two and four equal shares. Describe the equal shares and understand that partitioning into more equal shares creates smaller shares.

Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object.

Express the length of an object as a whole number of length units, by laying multiple copies of a shorter object (the length unit) end to end.

Tell and write time in hours and half-hours using analog and digital clocks.

Generate questions to investigate situations within the classroom. Collect or consider data that can naturally answer questions by representing data visually.

Analyze data with a picture graph or a bar graph to represent a data set with up to three categories.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve one- and two-step problems in authentic contexts by using drawings and equations with a symbol for the unknown.

Fluently add and subtract within 20 using accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies and algorithms based on place value and properties of operations.

Determine whether a group up to 20 objects has an odd or even number by pairing objects or counting them by 2s; record using drawings and equations.

Use addition to find the total number of objects arranged in rectangular arrays with up to 5 rows and up to 5 columns; write an equation.

Understand 100 as a bundle of ten tens and that the three digits of a three-digit number represent amounts of hundreds, tens, and ones.

Count within 1000; skip-count by 5's, 10's, and 100's.

Read and write numbers to 1000 using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compare two three-digit numbers based on meanings of the hundreds, tens, and ones digits, using >, =, and < symbols to record the results.

Fluently add and subtract within 100 using accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place value and properties of operations and describe how two different strategies result in the same sum.

Add and subtract within 1000 using concrete or visual representations and strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and/or the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Mentally add 10 or 100 to a given number 100–900, and mentally subtract 10 or 100 from a given number 100–900.

Explain why addition and subtraction strategies work, using place value and the properties of operations.

Recognize and draw shapes having specified attributes, such as a given number of angles or a given number of equal faces.

Partition a rectangle into rows and columns of same-size squares and count to find the total number of them.

Partition circles and rectangles into two, three, or four equal parts. Recognize that equal parts of identical wholes need not have the same shape.

Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate measurement tools.

Measure the length of an object using two different length units and describe how the measurements relate to the size of the unit chosen.

Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, yards, centimeters, and meters.

Measure two objects and determine the difference in their lengths in terms of a standard length unit.

Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve problems in authentic contexts involving lengths that are given in the same units.

Represent whole number lengths on a number line diagram; use number lines to find sums and differences within 100.

Tell and write time from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, using a.m. and p.m.

Solve problems in authentic contexts involving dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies, using $ and c symbols appropriately.

Generate questions to investigate situations within the classroom. Collect or consider data that can naturally answer questions by using measurements.

Analyze data with a single-unit scale and interpret information presented to answer investigative questions.

Represent and interpret multiplication of two factors as repeated addition of equal groups.

Represent and interpret whole-number quotients as dividing an amount into equal sized groups.

Use multiplication and division within 100 to solve problems in authentic contexts involving equal groups and arrays.

Determine the unknown number in a multiplication or division equation by applying the inverse relationship.

Apply properties of operations as strategies to multiply and divide.

Understand division as an unknown-factor in a multiplication problem.

Fluently multiply and divide within 100 using accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies.

Solve two-step problems in authentic contexts involving the four operations.

Identify and explain arithmetic patterns.

Use place value understanding to round whole numbers within 1000 to the nearest 10 or 100.

Fluently add and subtract within 1000 using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.

Find the product of one-digit whole numbers by multiples of 10 in the range 10-90.

Understand the concept of a unit fraction and explain how multiple copies form a non-unit fraction.

Understand a fraction as a number on the number line; Represent fractions on a number line diagram.

Explain equivalence of fractions in special cases, and compare fractions by reasoning about their size.

Understand that shapes in different categories may share attributes and define a larger category.

Partition shapes into parts with equal areas and express the area as a unit fraction of the whole.

Tell, write, and measure time to the nearest minute and solve problems involving time intervals.

Measure, estimate and solve problems in authentic contexts involving liquid volumes and masses.

Recognize area as an attribute of plane figures and understand concepts of area measurement.

Measure areas by counting standard and non-standard unit squares.

Relate area to multiplication and addition. Use relevant representations to solve problems.

Solve problems involving authentic contexts for perimeters of polygons.

Generate questions to investigate situations. Collect or consider data using scaled picture and bar graphs.

Analyze measurement data with scaled graphs. Solve one- and two-step problems using graph information.

Interpret a multiplication equation as comparing quantities. Represent verbal statements of multiplicative comparisons as equations.

Multiply or divide to solve problems in authentic contexts involving multiplicative comparison, distinguishing multiplicative comparison from additive comparison.

Solve multistep problems in authentic contexts using whole numbers and having whole-number answers using the four operations, including problems in which remainders must be interpreted.

Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1-100. Determine whether a given whole number is a multiple of a given one-digit number, and whether it is prime or composite.

Analyze a number, visual, or contextual pattern that follows a given rule.

Recognize that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents ten times what it represents in the place to its right.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form. Use understandings of place value to compare two multi-digit numbers.

Use place value understanding to round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.

Fluently add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers using accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies and algorithms based on place value and properties of operations.

Use representations and strategies to multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number, and multiply two two-digit numbers.

Use representations and strategies to find whole-number quotients and remainders with up to four-digit dividends and one-digit divisors.

Use visual fraction representations to recognize, generate, and explain relationships between equivalent fractions.

Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators. Recognize that comparisons are valid only when the two fractions refer to the same whole.

Understand a fraction a/b with a > 1 as a sum of fractions 1/b.

Understand addition and subtraction of fractions as joining and separating parts referring to the same whole.

Decompose a fraction into a sum of fractions with the same denominator in more than one way.

Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators.

Solve problems in authentic contexts involving addition and subtraction of fractions referring to the same whole and having like denominators.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Understand a fraction a/b as a multiple of 1/b.

Understand a multiple of a/b as a multiple of 1/b, and use this understanding to multiply a fraction by a whole number.

Solve problems in authentic contexts involving multiplication of a fraction by a whole number.

Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100, and use this technique to add two fractions with respective denominators 10 and 100.

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100.

Compare two decimals to hundredths by reasoning about their size. Recognize that comparisons are valid only when the two decimals refer to the same whole.

Explore, investigate, and draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles, and perpendicular and parallel lines. Identify these in two-dimensional figures.

Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines, or the presence or absence of angles of a specified size.

Recognize and draw a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure.

Know relative sizes of measurement units and express measurements in a larger unit in terms of a smaller unit.

Apply knowledge of the four operations and relative size of measurement units to solve problems in authentic contexts that include familiar fractions or decimals.

Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in authentic contexts and mathematical problems.

Recognize angles as geometric shapes that are formed wherever two rays share a common endpoint. Understand and apply concepts of angle measurement.

Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor. Sketch angles of specified measure.

Recognize angle measure as additive. When an angle is decomposed into non-overlapping parts, the angle measure of the whole is the sum of the parts.

Generate questions to investigate situations. Determine strategies for collecting data involving addition and subtraction of fractions using information in line plots.

Analyze line plots to display a distribution of numerical measurement data, which include displays of data sets of fractional measurements with the same denominator.

Write and evaluate numerical expressions that include parentheses.

Write expressions that record calculations with numbers, and interpret numerical expressions without evaluating them.

Generate two numerical patterns using two given rules. Identify and analyze relationships between corresponding terms. Form ordered pairs and graph them.

Recognize that in a multi-digit number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right and 1/10 to its left.

Use whole number exponents to denote powers of 10 and explain the patterns in placement of digits when multiplying/dividing by powers of 10.

Read, write, and compare decimals to thousandths.

Use place value understanding to round decimals to any place.

Fluently multiply multi-digit whole numbers using accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies and algorithms based on place value.

Use a variety of representations and strategies to find whole-number quotients of whole numbers with up to four-digit dividends and two-digit divisors.

Use a variety of representations and strategies to add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimals to hundredths.

Add and subtract fractions with unlike denominators, including common fractions larger than one and mixed numbers.

Solve problems in authentic contexts involving addition and subtraction of fractions with unlike denominators.

Interpret a fraction as division of the numerator by the denominator. Solve problems involving division of whole numbers resulting in fractions.

Apply and extend previous understanding and strategies of multiplication to multiply a fraction or whole number by a fraction.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to represent and calculate multiplication and division of fractions.

Solve problems in authentic contexts involving multiplication of common fractions and mixed numbers.

Apply and extend previous understandings of division to divide unit fractions by whole numbers and whole numbers by unit fractions.

Graph and name coordinate points in the first quadrant using the standard (x, y) notation.

Represent authentic contexts and mathematical problems by graphing points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane.

Classify two-dimensional figures within a hierarchy based on their geometrical properties.

Convert between different-sized standard measurement units within a given measurement system.

Recognize that volume is a measurable attribute of solid figures.

Measure the volume of a rectangular prism by counting unit cubes using standard and nonstandard units.

Relate volume of rectangular prisms to the operations of multiplication and addition. Solve problems involving volume.

Generate questions to investigate situations. Determine strategies for collecting data involving operations with fractions using line plots.

Analyze graphical representations and describe the distribution of numerical data through line plots or categorical data through bar graphs.

Write and evaluate numerical expressions involving whole-number bases and exponents.

Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. Apply knowledge of common mathematical terms to move between verbal and mathematical forms.

Apply the properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions and to determine when two expressions are equivalent.

Understand solving an equation or inequality as a process of answering which values from a specified set make it true. Use substitution to determine solutions.

Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving problems in authentic contexts.

Write and solve equations of the form x + p = q and px = q in authentic contexts for cases in which p, q and x are all nonnegative rational numbers.

Write inequalities of the form x > c and x < c to represent constraints in authentic contexts. Describe and graph solutions on a number line.

Use variables to represent and analyze two quantities in authentic contexts; write an equation to express one quantity in terms of the other quantity.

Understand the concept of a ratio in authentic contexts, and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities.

Understand the concept of a unit rate in authentic contexts and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship.

Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve problems in authentic contexts that use equivalent ratios, unit rates, percents, and/or measurement units.

Represent, interpret, and compute quotients of fractions to solve problems in authentic contexts involving division of fractions by fractions.

Fluently divide multi-digit numbers using accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies and algorithms based on place value and properties of operations.

Fluently add, subtract, multiply, and divide positive rational numbers using accurate, efficient, and flexible strategies and algorithms.

Determine greatest common factors and least common multiples using a variety of strategies.

Understand that positive and negative numbers are used to describe quantities with opposite values. Use them to represent quantities in authentic contexts.

Represent a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend diagrams and coordinate axes to represent points with negative coordinates.

Interpret inequalities as relative positions on a number line. Write and explain statements of order for rational numbers and absolute value.

Graph points in all four quadrants of the coordinate plane to solve problems. Use coordinates and absolute value to find distances between points.

Find the area of triangles, quadrilaterals, and other polygons by composing into rectangles or decomposing into triangles and other shapes.

Find the volume of a right rectangular prism with fractional edge lengths by filling it with unit cubes. Apply formulas V = lwh and V = Bh.

Draw polygons in the four quadrant coordinate plane given coordinates for the vertices and find the length of a side.

Represent three-dimensional figures using nets made up of rectangles and triangles, and use the nets to find the surface area of these figures.

Formulate and recognize statistical investigative questions as those that anticipate changes in descriptive data and account for it in the answers.

Collect and record data with technology to identify and describe characteristics of numerical data sets using measures of center and variability.

Analyze data representations and describe measures of center and variability of quantitative data using appropriate displays.

Interpret quantitative measures of center to describe differences between groups from data collected to answer investigative questions.

Identify and write equivalent expressions with rational numbers by applying associative, commutative, and distributive properties.

Understand that rewriting an expression in different forms in a contextual problem can show how quantities are related.

Write and solve problems in authentic contexts using expressions and equations with positive and negative rational numbers in any form.

Use variables to represent quantities and construct one- and two-step linear inequalities with positive rational numbers to solve authentic problems.

Solve problems in authentic contexts involving unit rates associated with ratios of fractions.

Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities in tables, graphs, equations, diagrams, and verbal descriptions.

Use proportional relationships to solve ratio and percent problems in authentic contexts.

Understand that the probability of a chance event is a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the likelihood of the event occurring.

Use experimental data and theoretical probability to make predictions. Understand the probability predictions may not be exact.

Develop a probability model and use it to find probabilities of events. Compare theoretical and experimental probabilities.

Find probabilities of compound events using organized lists, tables, tree diagrams, and simulation.

Apply and extend previous understandings of addition, subtraction and absolute value to add and subtract rational numbers in authentic contexts.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers.

Understand that equivalent rational numbers can be written as fractions, decimals and percents.

Solve problems involving scale drawings of geometric figures. Reproduce a scale drawing at a different scale.

Draw triangles from three measures of angles or sides. Understand the conditions that determine a unique triangle.

Understand the relationship between area and circumference of circles. Choose and use the appropriate formula to solve problems.

Apply facts about supplementary, complementary, vertical, and adjacent angles in a multi-step problem to determine an unknown angle.

Solve problems in authentic contexts involving two- and three-dimensional figures. Given formulas, calculate area, volume and surface area.

Formulate summary, comparative investigative questions to gain information about a population and identify representative samples.

Collect or consider data from a random sample to compare and draw inferences about a population with an unknown characteristic.

Analyze two data distributions visually to compare multiple measures of center and variability.

Interpret measures of center and measures of variability for numerical data from random samples to compare between two populations.

Apply the properties of integer exponents using powers of 10 to generate equivalent numerical expressions.

Represent solutions to equations using square root and cube root symbols.

Estimate very large or very small quantities using scientific notation with a single digit times an integer power of ten.

Perform operations with numbers expressed in scientific notation.

Graph proportional relationships in authentic contexts. Interpret the unit rate as the slope of the graph.

Write the equation for a line in slope intercept form y = mx + b, where m and b are rational numbers.

Solve linear equations with one variable including equations with rational number coefficients.

Find, analyze, and interpret solutions to pairs of simultaneous linear equations using graphs or tables.

Understand in authentic contexts, that the graph of a function is the set of ordered pairs.

Compare the properties of two functions represented algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or verbally.

Understand and identify linear functions, whose graph is a straight line, and identify non-linear examples.

Construct a function to model a linear relationship in authentic contexts between two quantities.

Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities in authentic contexts by analyzing a graph.

Know that real numbers that are not rational are called irrational.

Use rational approximations of irrational numbers to compare size and locate on a number line.

Verify experimentally the properties of rotations, reflections, and translations.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is congruent to another if obtained by a sequence of transformations.

Describe the effect of dilations, translations, rotations and reflections on figures using coordinates.

Understand that a two-dimensional figure is similar to another if obtained by a sequence of transformations.

Use informal arguments to establish facts about interior and exterior angles of triangles and parallel lines.

Distinguish between applications of the Pythagorean Theorem and its Converse in authentic contexts.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem in authentic contexts to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points in a coordinate system.

Choose and use the appropriate formula for the volume of cones, cylinders, and spheres.

Formulate statistical investigative questions to articulate research topics and uncover patterns in bivariate data.

Collect or consider data using surveys and measurements to capture patterns of association.

Analyze patterns of association between two quantitative or categorical variables.

Interpret scatter plots for bivariate quantitative data to investigate patterns of association.

Interpret an expression which models a quantity by viewing one or more of its parts as a single entity. Reason about how changes in parts of the expression impact the whole, and vice versa.

Create and recognize an equivalent form of an expression to understand the quantity represented in an authentic context.

Rearrange formulas and equations to highlight a specific quantity.

Define variables and create equations with two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities in order to solve problems in authentic contexts.

Define variables and create inequalities with one or more variables and use them to solve problems in authentic contexts.

Solve systems of linear equations and systems of linear inequalities in authentic contexts through reasoning, algebraic means, or strategically using technology.

Represent constraints by equations or inequalities, and by systems of equations and/or inequalities; interpret solutions as viable or nonviable options in authentic contexts.

Construct a viable argument to justify a method for solving equations or inequalities.

Understand that the solution to an equation in two variables is a set of points in the coordinate plane that form a curve, which could be a line.

Recognize and explain why the point(s) of intersection of the graphs of f(x) and g(x) are solutions to the equation f(x)=g(x). Interpret the meaning of the coordinates in authentic contexts.

Graph and explain why the points in a half plane are solutions to a linear inequality and the solutions to a system of inequalities are the points in the intersection of corresponding half planes.

Understand a function as a rule that assigns a unique output for every input and that functions model situations where one quantity determines another.

Use function notation and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of the context and the relationship it describes.

Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function over a specified interval.

Compare properties of two functions using multiple representations. Distinguish functions as members of the same family using common attributes.

Relate the domain of a function to its graph and to its context.

Interpret key features of functions, from multiple representations, and conversely predict features of functions from knowledge of context.

Graph functions using technology to show key features.

Model situations involving arithmetic patterns. Use a variety of representations such as pictures, graphs, or an explicit formula to describe the pattern.

Identify and interpret the effect on the graph of a function when the equation has been transformed.

Explain why a situation can be modeled with a linear function, an exponential function, or neither. In a given model, explain the meaning of coefficients and features of functions used.

Use reasoning to establish properties of positive integer exponents. Extend the definition of exponentiation to include negative and rational exponents. Utilize exponentiation to model authentic contexts.

Compare real numbers presented through different representations, including both rational and irrational numbers. Apply comparisons in authentic contexts.

Use reasoning to choose and interpret measurement units consistently in formulas, graphs, and data displays, as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.

Define, manipulate, and interpret appropriate quantities using rational and irrational numbers to authentically model situations and use reasoning to justify these choices.

Use reasoning to choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities in modeling situations.

Apply definitions of rotations, reflections, and translations to transform a figure and map between two congruent figures in authentic contexts.

Verify experimentally the properties of a dilation given a center and a scale factor. Solve problems in authentic contexts involving similar triangles or dilations.

Use the slopes of segments and the coordinates of the vertices of triangles, quadrilaterals, and other polygons to verify geometric properties.

Use definitions of transformations and symmetry relationships to justify the solutions of problems in authentic contexts.

Apply and justify triangle congruence and similarity theorems in authentic contexts.

Justify theorems of line relationships, angles, triangles, and parallelograms; and use them to solve problems in authentic contexts.

Perform geometric constructions with a variety of tools and methods.

Solve authentic modeling problems using area formulas for triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, regular polygons, and circles.

Use volume and surface area formulas for prisms, cylinders, pyramids, cones, and spheres to solve problems and apply to authentic contexts.

Use geometric shapes, their measures, and their properties to describe real world objects, and solve related authentic modeling and design problems.

Apply concepts of density based on area and volume in authentic modeling situations.

Apply sine, cosine, and tangent ratios, and the Pythagorean Theorem, to solve problems in authentic contexts.

Apply the Pythagorean Theorem in authentic contexts, and develop the standard form for the equation of a circle.

Use the coordinate plane to determine parallel and perpendicular relationships, and the distance between points.

Formulate multivariable statistical investigative questions and determine how data from samples can be collected and analyzed to provide an answer.

Formulate summative, comparative, and associative statistical investigative questions for surveys, observational studies, and experiments using primary or secondary data.

Formulate inferential statistical investigative questions regarding causality and prediction from correlation.

Use mathematical and statistical reasoning to formulate questions about data to evaluate conclusions and assess risks.

Articulate what constitutes good practice in designing a sample survey, an experiment, and an observational study. Understand issues of bias and confounding variables.

Distinguish and choose between surveys, observational studies, and experiments to design an appropriate data collection that answers an investigative question of interest.

Apply an appropriate data collection plan when collecting primary data or selecting secondary data for the statistical investigative question of interest.

Identify appropriate ways to summarize and then represent the distribution of univariate and bivariate data multiple ways with graphs and/or tables.

Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare the center and spread of two or more different data sets.

Use data to compare two groups, describe sample variability, and decide if differences between parameters are significant based on the statistics.

Use statistical evidence from analyses to answer statistical investigative questions, and communicate the findings in a variety of formats (verbal, written, visual).

Articulate what it means for an outcome or an estimate of a population characteristic to be plausible or not plausible compared to chance variation.

Use multivariate thinking to articulate how variables impact one another, and measure the strength of association using correlation coefficients for regression curves.

Describe the possible outcomes for a situation as subsets of a sample space.

Recognize and explain the concepts of conditional probability and independence in everyday language and everyday situations.

Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on the motion of an object.

Analyze data to determine if a design solution works as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a push or a pull.

Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight on Earth’s surface.

Use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area.

Use observations to describe patterns of what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive.

Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants and animals (including humans) can change the environment to meet their needs.

Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants or animals (including humans) and the places they live.

Ask questions to obtain information about the purpose of weather forecasting to prepare for, and respond to, severe weather.

Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environment.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem that can be solved.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed to solve a given problem.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials vibrate.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that objects can be seen only when illuminated.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine the effect of placing objects made with different materials in the path of a beam of light.

Use tools and materials to design and build a device that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.

Use materials to design a solution to a human problem by mimicking how plants and/or animals use their external parts to help them survive and grow.

Read texts and use media to determine patterns in behavior of parents and offspring that help offspring survive.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their parents.

Use observations of the sun, moon, and stars to describe patterns that can be predicted.

Make observations at different times of year to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed to solve a given problem.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties.

Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties that are best suited for an intended purpose.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account of how an object made of a small set of pieces can be disassembled and made into a new object.

Construct an argument with evidence that some changes caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine if plants need sunlight and water to grow.

Develop a simple model that mimics the function of an animal in dispersing seeds or pollinating plants.

Make observations of plants and animals to compare the diversity of life in different habitats.

Use observations from several sources to provide evidence that Earth events can occur quickly or slowly.

Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land.

Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an area.

Obtain information to identify where water is found on Earth and that it can be solid or liquid.

Ask questions, make observations, and gather information about a situation people want to change to define a simple problem.

Develop a simple sketch, drawing, or physical model to illustrate how the shape of an object helps it function as needed.

Analyze data from tests of two objects designed to solve the same problem to compare the strengths and weaknesses of how each performs.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.

Make observations and/or measurements of an object’s motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict future motion.

Ask questions to determine cause and effect relationships of electric or magnetic interactions between two objects not in contact with each other.

Define a simple design problem that can be solved by applying scientific ideas about magnets.

Develop models to describe that organisms have unique and diverse life cycles but all have in common birth, growth, reproduction, and death.

Construct an argument that some animals form groups that help members survive.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence that plants and animals have traits inherited from parents and that variation exists in a group.

Use evidence to support the explanation that traits can be influenced by the environment.

Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.

Use evidence to construct an explanation for how variations among individuals of the same species may provide advantages in surviving and reproducing.

Construct an argument with evidence that in a particular habitat some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot survive.

Make a claim about the merit of a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes and the types of organisms there change.

Represent data in tables and graphical displays to describe typical weather conditions expected during a particular season.

Obtain and combine information to describe climates in different regions of the world.

Make a claim about the merit of a design solution that reduces the impacts of a weather-related hazard.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects that can be improved.

Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the speed of an object to the energy of that object.

Make observations to provide evidence that energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and electric currents.

Ask questions and predict outcomes about the changes in energy that occur when objects collide.

Apply scientific ideas to design, test, and refine a device that converts energy from one form to another.*

Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude and wavelength and that waves can cause objects to move.

Develop a model to describe that light reflecting from objects and entering the eye allows objects to be seen.

Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information.*

Construct an argument that plants and animals have internal and external structures that function to support survival, growth, behavior, and reproduction.

Use a model to describe that animals receive different types of information through their senses, process the information in their brain, and respond in different ways.

Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time.

Make observations and/or measurements to provide evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.

Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth’s features.

Obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resources and their uses affect the environment.

Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.*

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects of a model or prototype that can be improved.

Develop a model to describe that matter is made of particles too small to be seen.

Measure and graph quantities to provide evidence that regardless of the type of change that occurs, the total weight of matter is conserved.

Make observations and measurements to identify materials based on their properties.

Conduct an investigation to determine whether the mixing of two or more substances results in new substances.

Support an argument that the gravitational force exerted by Earth on objects is directed down.

Use models to describe that energy in animals’ food (used for body repair, growth, motion, and warmth) was once energy from the sun.

Support an argument that plants get the materials they need for growth chiefly from air and water.

Develop a model to describe the movement of matter among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment.

Support an argument that the apparent brightness of the sun and stars is due to their relative distances from Earth.

Represent data in graphical displays to reveal patterns of daily changes in shadows, day and night, and seasonal appearance of stars.

Develop a model using an example to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.

Describe and graph the amounts and percentages of water and fresh water in various reservoirs to provide evidence about water distribution.

Obtain and combine information about ways individual communities use science ideas to protect the Earth's resources and environment.

Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.

Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints.

Plan and carry out fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identify aspects that can be improved.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.

Construct an explanation supported by evidence for how the body is composed of interacting systems consisting of cells, tissues, and organs working together to maintain homeostasis.

Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

Develop and use models to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses result in changes in weather conditions.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in average kinetic energy of the particles.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.

Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

Apply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects.

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in genetic variation.

Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout history.

Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals’ probability of surviving and reproducing.

Gather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources result from geoscience processes.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms and periodic trends.

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing temperature or concentration on the rate of a reaction.

Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Develop models to illustrate changes in the composition of the nucleus and the energy released during fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes the relationship among net force, mass, and acceleration.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict gravitational and electrostatic forces.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and vice versa.

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when energy flows are known.

Develop and use a model to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale is a combination of particle motion and relative position.

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that thermal energy transfer results in a more uniform energy distribution (second law of thermodynamics).

Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate forces and changes in energy.

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

Evaluate questions about the advantages of using a digital transmission and storage of information.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described by a wave model or a particle model.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

Communicate technical information about how technological devices use wave behavior and interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out essential functions of life.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

Construct and revise an explanation for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form large carbon-based molecules.

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food and oxygen molecules are broken and new compounds formed.

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.

Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among Earth's systems.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions.

Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.

Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species’ chances to survive and reproduce.

Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from meiosis, replication errors, and/or mutations.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors including potential for increase and heritable variation.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in increases in individuals, new species, or extinction.

Create or revise a simulation to test a solution to mitigate adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity.

Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun’s core to release energy.

Construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter.

Communicate scientific ideas about the way stars, over their life cycle, produce elements.

Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system.

Evaluate evidence of the past and current movements of continental and oceanic crust and the theory of plate tectonics to explain rock ages.

Apply scientific reasoning and evidence from ancient Earth materials and meteorites to construct an account of Earth’s formation and early history.

Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different scales to form continental and ocean-floor features.

Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems.

Develop a model based on evidence of Earth’s interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.

Use a model to describe how variations in the flow of energy into and out of Earth’s systems result in changes in climate.

Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes.

Develop a quantitative model to describe the cycling of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.

Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on Earth.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, hazards, and climate changes have influenced human activity.

Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios.

Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, sustainability, and biodiversity.

Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems.

Analyze geoscience data and results from global climate models to make an evidence-based forecast of the rate of climate change and future impacts.

Use a computational representation to illustrate the relationships among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified by human activity.

Analyze a major global challenge to specify qualitative and quantitative criteria and constraints for solutions that account for societal needs and wants.

Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints.

Explain the goals and purpose of public school.

Recognize and develop an understanding of the components of a person's identity including race, gender, family, ethnicity, culture, religion, and ability.

Identify the social skills necessary for healthy and respectful dialogue and relationships.

Explain how words and actions affect others and explore what causes people to act in caring or hurtful ways.

Recognize holidays as special days that may celebrate democratic values, have religious significance, and recognize noteworthy events or people in history.

Explain and demonstrate how rules can reduce conflict, address unfairness, and promote fairness in different settings and cultures.

Identify denominations of US money and explain uses for money.

Give examples of different jobs and volunteer positions in communities.

Provide examples of goods and services people purchase with the money they earn.

Identify, compare, and contrast pictures, maps, and globes.

Create a representation of where you live, work, and play.

Use terms related to location, direction, and distance.

Identify the migration stories of people to and within the local community/neighborhood.

Use maps to locate, identify, and describe places of importance to self, family, school, and culture.

Compare and contrast the diverse aspects of culture represented in the community, such as individuals, events, songs, symbols, and community celebrations.

Identify and begin to understand ways humans interact with their environment.

Explain the influence of seasonal change on human activities.

Recognize that events happen in sequential order.

Identify examples in stories, biographies, or other sources of unfairness or injustice, and the changemakers working for a better world.

Explain the cause and effect of an event in a community.

Compare traditions and celebrations of people with different cultural backgrounds within a community.

Explain the purpose of rules and laws and the consequences of not having them.

Compare and contrast the roles and responsibilities of people in authority.

Describe the responsibilities of people in their community.

Identify and explain the importance of symbols, songs, and monuments.

Describe the purpose of government.

Explain how people can work together to improve their communities.

Identify and describe the roles of people in the community.

Identify and describe the diverse cultural heritage, songs, symbols, and celebrations of the community.

Identify and describe the diverse social and ethnic groups in Oregon and the United States.

Distinguish between personal wants and needs.

Identify forms of US money and explain how money is used.

Give examples of different jobs performed in communities.

Identify examples of ownership of different items.

Explain how people earn income.

Identify ways to save money.

Use and create maps, globes, and other geographic tools.

Locate and identify the continents and oceans.

Describe the physical and human characteristics of the local community.

Identify and describe the diverse cultural heritage of the community.

Identify and describe the diverse social and ethnic groups in Oregon and the United States.

Identify and describe the diverse cultural heritage of the community.

Identify and describe the diverse social and ethnic groups in Oregon and the United States.

Identify and describe the roles of people in the community.

Identify and describe the diverse cultural heritage, songs, symbols, and celebrations of the community.

Identify and explain the importance of symbols, songs, and monuments.

Identify and describe the diverse cultural heritage, songs, symbols, and celebrations of the community.

Identify and describe the diverse social and ethnic groups in Oregon and the United States.

Identify local education and civic leaders and describe their role and responsibilities.

Explain the selection of political leaders through voting and democratic elections.

Describe and analyze the many ways students can affect their local community.

Explain that all people born in the US are citizens, many become citizens after moving, and all residents have rights and responsibilities.

Define, explain, and analyze different approaches to conflict resolution among individuals, groups, and communities.

Compare the personal point of view with others' perspectives when participating in rule setting and addressing disagreements.

Use information on maps and other geographic tools to locate, identify, and describe physical and human features of the community.

Utilize maps and globes to investigate and identify the world's physical geography.

Utilize maps and globes to investigate and identify the world's political geography.

Investigate the causes of regional and global migration.

Explain how factors such as race, culture, religion, gender, indigeneity, and socioeconomic status contribute to identity.

Examine the group identities in a community and describe how a diversity of cultural elements can enrich it.

Compare and contrast the diverse aspects of culture represented in a community, such as individuals, events, songs, symbols, and celebrations.

Explain how humans adapt to or change the environment to meet needs and why they settle near certain landforms or water bodies.

Explain why people save money and various saving methods to help reach short and long-term financial goals.

Explain why employers pay people for their work.

Describe how examples of capital, human, and natural resources are related to goods and services.

Provide examples of exchanges between buyers (consumers) and sellers (producers) in the community.

Give examples of choices people make about buying goods and services.

Explain why people specialize in producing goods and services.

Identify resources as renewable and non-renewable.

Use chronological time to distinguish between events that happened in the recent and distant past.

Develop and analyze a timeline of events in the history of the local community.

Describe how individuals and groups in the local community have functioned as changemakers for equity, equality, and freedom.

Use primary and secondary sources to document family origins and migration to Oregon, inclusive of all family forms.

Identify the history and contributions of traditionally underrepresented individuals and groups relevant to the local community.

Identify and describe community celebrations, landmarks, and symbols from a variety of traditions and explain their significance.

Examine how different levels of city and county government provide services to members of a community.

Describe the responsibilities of people in their community and state.

Explain how a community relies on active civic participation and identify opportunities for student participation.

Describe how individual and community economic decisions are made and how they affect the community.

Explain how the availability of resources and choices affect the production and distribution of goods and services.

Identify the costs and benefits of various ways to save and spend.

Analyze the impact of personal financial decisions on personal, community, regional, and world resources.

Use geographical tools to identify multiple ways to divide Oregon into areas (e.g., tribal, river systems, county).

Describe and compare physical and human characteristics of regions in Oregon.

Identify and analyze Oregon's natural resources and describe how people use them.

Describe how the inclusion or exclusion of diverse social and ethnic groups has shaped the local community.

Describe how the identity of the local community shaped its history and compare to other communities.

Apply research skills and technologies to gather information about the past in a region.

Explain why individuals and groups in the same historical period differed in their views of events.

Explain how sources serve different purposes for answering historical questions.

Generate questions using multiple historical sources and examine their validity.

Use a variety of historical sources including artifacts, pictures, and documents to identify factual evidence.

Identify how systems of power affect the perspectives of individuals and groups when examining an event.

Analyze different ways that people, other living things, and the environment might be affected by an event.

Investigate how the establishment, organization, and function of the Oregon government, its Constitution and its laws enforced and/or violated democratic conceptions of equity and justice for individuals and groups.

Explain how Oregon achieved statehood and identify the stakeholders involved.

Examine the Government and Constitutions of the nine federally recognized Oregon tribes.

Examine the consequences of power and privilege on issues associated with poverty, income, and the accumulation of wealth.

Analyze different buying choices and opportunity costs.

Demonstrate understanding of needs and wants using a budget.

Determine the consequences of sharing personal information with others.

Explain the interactions between the Pacific Northwest physical systems and human systems, with a focus on Native Americans in that region.

Compare and contrast varying patterns of settlements in Oregon, considering past, present, and future trends.

Identify political, economic, cultural and physical conflicts, including genocide, involving the use of land, natural resources, and competition for scarce resources within Oregon's geographical areas and people groups.

Understand the impact and legacy of colonialism on marginalized communities and describe the decisions made to shape the human and physical geography and its effect on Oregon's environmental sustainability.

Analyze the distinct way of knowing and living amongst the different American Indian tribes in Oregon prior to colonization and the ongoing perseverance and exercise of tribal sovereignty.

Identify and explain how discrimination based on race, gender, economic, and social group identity created and continues to affect the history, growth, and current experience of residents of Oregon.

Give examples of how early non-American Indian explorers and settlers in Oregon changed Oregon's agriculture, settlement patterns, industrial, political, and business development over time.

Give examples of how changes in Oregon's agricultural, industrial, political, and business development over time impacts people of the state including traditionally underrepresented groups.

Distinguish between fact and fiction in historical accounts by comparing documentary sources on historical figures and events with fictional characters and events in stories.

Create and evaluate timelines exploring the relationships among the people, events, and movements of resistance and justice in Oregon.

Use primary and secondary sources to explain events in Oregon history.

Infer the purpose of a primary source and from that the intended audience.

Compare eyewitness and secondhand accounts of an event.

Use evidence to develop an interpretation of an event, issue, or problem.

Identify and explain a range of issues and problems and some ways that people are addressing them.

Identify ways that students can take informed action to help address issues and problems at school and/or in the community.

Analyze how cooperation and conflict among people contribute to political, economic, religious, and current social events and situations in the United States.

Examine and critique how colonial and new states' governments established, limited or denied rights and responsibilities of specific groups and individuals.

Compare and contrast the British monarchy, American colonial governments, and Tribal governments through their various interactions.

Identify the mechanisms of power and the principles of democracy found in the ideas and laws of the founding documents of the U.S. Government.

Describe how the national government affects local, state, and Oregon tribal governments.

Examine the significance of the slave trade in among and between the N. American colonies, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Explain the purpose of taxes and give examples of their use from current and U.S. history.

Analyze career choices through the return on investment (qualifications, education, and income potential).

Use geographical tools to investigate and compare how areas in the United States can be divided in multiple ways.

Identify and analyze the implications and cultural ramifications for Native American Tribes of the movement of people, goods, and ideas to the United States.

Describe how physical, human, and political features influence events, movements, and adaptation to the environment.

Describe how technological developments, societal decisions, and personal practices affect sustainability in the United States.

Describe how natural and human-made events in one place affect people in other places.

Analyze the distinct way of knowing and living amongst the different American Indian tribes of North America prior to contact.

Locate and examine accounts of early Spanish, French and British explorations of North America noting major routes and impacts.

Explain the religious, political, and economic reasons for the movement of people from Europe to the Americas.

Locate and examine the 13 British colonies and identify the early founders and describe daily life.

Explain multiple perspectives and probable causes and effects of events leading to colonial independence from British Rule.

Identify and examine the roles and impact of diverse groups of people within the 13 British colonies.

Identify and examine the roles that American Indians had in the development of the United States.

Identify the scope and explain the significance of the enslavement of Indigenous Peoples and Africans in the establishment of North American colonies.

Examine how the decisions of those in power affected those with less power in movements for equality, freedom, and justice.

Summarize how different kinds of historical sources are used to explain events in the past.

Use primary and secondary sources to formulate historical questions and to examine multiple accounts or perspectives.

Develop an understanding of why individuals and groups from various ethnic and religious groups differed in their perspectives of events.

Gather, assess, and use information from multiple primary and secondary sources to examine an event, issue, or problem.

Identify characteristics of an event, issue, or problem, suggesting possible causes and results.

Propose a response or solution to an issue or problem, utilizing research, to support the position.

Use a range of collaborative procedures to make decisions about and act on civic issues or problems.

Compare and contrast early forms of governance including the treatment of historically marginalized groups via the study of early major western and non-western civilizations.

Describe current forms of government in countries in the Western Hemisphere and the specific roles played by citizens in countries of the Western Hemisphere.

Examine the origins, purposes, and impact of constitutions, laws, treaties, and international agreements.

Identify and analyze historical and contemporary means that societies have undertaken for the expansion of justice, equality, and the common good.

Investigate current issues and how they relate to other countries.

Analyze the roles of competition, supply, and demand in determining prices and wages.

Explain the function of imports, exports, and trade in the economy.

Evaluate alternative approaches or solutions to economic issues in terms of benefits and costs for historically marginalized groups in early civilizations.

Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of checks, stored value cards, debit cards, gift cards and online and mobile payments.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of borrowing money to buy something.

Identify and explain ways to manage risk and how insurance plays a role in mitigating loss.

Define and explain the following: Spending, Savings, Credit, and Debt.

Construct and analyze maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases to make inferences and predictions regarding geographic distributions.

Identify and describe how the physical and human characteristics of places and regions are connected to human identities and cultures.

Explain and demonstrate how changes in transportation and communication technology impact spatial connections and the diffusion of ideas.

Explain how technological developments, societal decisions, and personal practices influence sustainability.

Identify and examine the roles and impact of diverse groups of people (social roles, political and economic structures) across indigenous civilizations.

Evaluate the impact of systems of colonial cultures on the indigenous peoples, such as termination, sovereignty, and treaties.

Examine the historic and current contributions and relevance of indigenous cultures.

Identify and analyze the causes and effects of oppression and resistance in the living histories of historically marginalized groups in the Western Hemisphere.

Identify the motivations, tools, and implications of power, authority, and governance as it relates to systems of oppression and its impact on marginalized groups.

Compare alternative ways that historical periods and eras are designated and time is marked in the Western Hemisphere.

Explain and analyze the historical context of key people, cultures, products, events, and ideas over time including perspectives from indigenous and marginalized groups.

Gather, interpret, document, and use information from multiple sources, distinguish facts from opinions while recognizing points of view.

Critique information by determining its sufficiency to answer questions and if the source is credible.

Analyze how a specific problem can manifest itself at local, regional, and global levels. Identify challenges and opportunities faced by those addressing it.

Compare and contrast early forms of governance in early civilizations and empires from the Paleolithic to 900 CE.

Compare and contrast early forms of governance in civilizations and empires after 600 CE, including the treatment of historically underrepresented groups.

Compare and contrast historical and modern forms of governance over time and on multiple continents.

Analyze the origins, purpose, and influence of diverse religions, philosophies, and legal systems on the development of modern governments and human rights.

Examine the origins, purposes, and effects of constitutions, laws, treaties, and international agreements.

Describe the rights and roles of citizens in civilizations and empires to 900 CE, with attention to historically underrepresented groups.

Describe the rights and roles of citizens in civilizations and empires after 600 CE, with attention to historically underrepresented groups.

Evaluate the effectiveness of different methods of resistance available in pluralistic democracies to combat misinformation and discrimination.

Research and assess individual and collective attempts towards the repair of civic society with reconciliation and restorative justice in response to injustices.

Construct and use maps and other representations to compare how physical and human characteristics influenced the movement of people and ideas.

Using physical and political maps, identify and distinguish countries, capitals, and bodies of water to describe physical and human characteristics.

Identify and describe how physical geography and human characteristics influence cultural attributes such as politics, religion, and architecture.

Analyze how the construction of race, ethnicity, and gender is influenced by the physical and human characteristics of places.

Identify and explain the consequences of cultural conflict, interaction, exchange, and/or fusion.

Identify how physical environments influence changes in population, technical advancements, and sustainability from the Paleolithic to 900 CE.

Identify and describe examples of how conquest and colonialism affected traditionally underrepresented identities, cultures, and communities.

Compare the education and training requirements for at least two student selected career choices.

Create and discuss budgeting that includes realistic and locally relevant living expenses and savings for various income levels.

Identify tools to help budget and save money to make a large purchase in one year, 5-years, and 10-years.

Explain how supply and demand affect wages and prices of resources.

Analyze the role of consumers and producers in product markets.

Identify how the four factors of production combine to make goods and deliver services in capitalist economies.

Compare how different economic systems choose to allocate the production, distribution, and consumption of resources.

Explain how government interventions, such as incentives, taxes, or tribute, affect individual participation in the economy.

Evaluate alternative approaches to economic issues in terms of benefits and costs for traditionally underrepresented groups.

Compare specialization and trade in two or more civilizations or empires.

Construct and interpret a timeline using words and abbreviations for identifying key periods in the development of human societies.

Analyze the causes and effects of major events and developments in world history.

Describe the key features and developments of independently formed civilizations and cultures between the Neolithic and 900 CE.

Compare and contrast the key features of civilizations and empires after 600 CE.

Compare the origins and development of early world religions from the Neolithic to 1500 CE.

Identify the motivations and methods governments and other institutions use to create, reinforce, or address injustice and divisions in society.

Identify and describe examples of how conquest and colonialism affected historically underrepresented identities, cultures, and communities.

Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation to the U.S. Constitution.

Identify and understand how to apply the rights and responsibilities of individuals under the Constitution.

Compare and contrast how European governments and the United States government interacted with Indigenous peoples.

Examine the evolution of political parties and interest groups and their effect on events, issues, and ideas.

Examine and analyze significant documents establishing civil rights in the United States and Oregon.

Examine and evaluate legal structures and Supreme Court decisions up to 1900 and their lasting impact.

Analyze the methods of individuals and movements responsible for the expanding eligibility of citizenship.

Analyze important political and ethical values such as freedom, democracy, equality, equity, and justice.

Compare historical and contemporary means of changing societies and identify individuals promoting the common good.

Explain the specific roles and responsibilities of citizens in a participatory democracy.