Practice appropriate book handling skills.

Identify basic features of print.

Differentiate between numbers and letters and letters and words.

Recognize and name some uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Recognize rhyming words and when two or more words begin with the same sound (alliteration).

Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce the initial sounds in words.

Develop beginning phonics and word skills.

Associate some letters with their names and sounds.

Identify familiar words and environmental print.

With prompting and support, retell key details of text that support a provided main idea.

Answer questions about a text.

With prompting and support, make connections between information in a text and personal experiences.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

With prompting and support, answer questions about unfamiliar words read aloud from a text.

With prompting and support, answer questions to connect illustrations to the written word.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities and differences between two texts read aloud on the same topic.

Use new vocabulary and phrases acquired in conversations and being read to.

With prompting and support, clarify unknown words or phrases read aloud.

With prompting and support, actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, retell a familiar story in a sequence with picture support.

Answer questions about a particular story (who, what, how, when, and where).

With prompting and support, answer questions to identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.

With prompting and support, name the author and illustrator of a story.

With prompting and support, recognize common types of text.

Answer questions about unfamiliar words read aloud from a story.

Describe pictures in books using detail.

Answer questions to compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities and differences between two texts read aloud on the same topic.

Use new vocabulary and phrases acquired in conversations and being read to.

With prompting and support, actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Draw/dictate to compose informative/explanatory texts examining a topic.

With prompting and support, draw/dictate about one specific topic.

With prompting and support, generate ideas to convey information.

With prompting and support, make logical connections between drawing and dictation.

Dictate narratives to describe real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish who and what the narrative will be about.

With prompting and support describe experiences and events.

Recount a single event and tell about the events in the order in which they occurred.

With guidance and support from adults and peers, respond to questions and suggestions, add details as needed.

Ask questions about topics of personal interest to gain information; with teacher guidance and support, locate information on the chosen topic.

With guidance and support, recall information from experiences or books.

Participate in collaborative conversations with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Respond to what a speaker says in order to follow directions, seek help, or gather information.

Use simple sentences; share stories, familiar experiences, and interests, speaking clearly enough to be understood by most audiences.

Use simple sentences; express thoughts, feelings, and ideas, speaking clearly enough to be understood by most audiences.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on pre-kindergarten level and content.

Utilize book handling skills.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Follow words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.

Recognize that spoken words are represented in written language by specific sequences of letters.

Understand that words are separated by spaces in print.

Recognize and name all upper- and lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Recognize and produce rhyming words.

Count, pronounce, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words.

Blend and segment onsets and rimes of single-syllable spoken words.

Isolate and pronounce the initial, medial vowel, and final sound (phonemes) in the three-phoneme (CVC) words.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Demonstrate basic knowledge of one-to-one letter-sound correspondence.

Associate the long and short sounds with common spellings for the five major vowels.

Read grade-level high-frequency sight words with automaticity.

Distinguish between similarly spelled words by identifying the sounds of the letters that differ.

Read emergent-reader text with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, identify the main idea and retell key details of text.

With prompting and support, answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, make a connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.

With prompting and support, ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

With prompting and support, describe the relationship between illustrations and the text in which they appear.

With prompting and support, identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

With prompting and support, identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown or multiple-meaning words and phrases based upon grade-level reading and content.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

With prompting and support, retell familiar stories including key details.

With prompting and support, answer questions about key details in a text.

With prompting and support, identify characters, settings, and major events in a story.

Name the author and illustrator of a story and define the role of each in telling the story.

Recognize common types of text.

Ask and answer questions about unknown words in a text.

Make connections between the illustrations and the text in a story (read or read aloud).

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown or multiple-meaning words and phrases based upon grade-level reading and content.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts.

Actively engage in group reading activities with purpose and understanding.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose informative/explanatory texts.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to focus on one specific topic.

With prompting and support, generate ideas and details to convey information that relates to the chosen topic.

Make logical connections between drawing and dictation/writing.

With prompting and support, illustrate using details and dictate/write using descriptive words.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Capitalize the first word in a sentence and the pronoun I.

Recognize and use end punctuation.

Spell simple words phonetically.

Form an opinion by choosing between two given topics.

Support the opinion with reasons.

Make logical connections between drawing and writing.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Use a combination of drawing, dictating, and writing to compose narratives that describe real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish who and what the narrative will be about.

Describe experiences and events.

Recount a single event or several loosely linked events, tell about the events in the order in which they occurred.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

With guidance and support from adults and peers, respond to questions and suggestions, add details as needed.

With guidance and support, explore a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in individual or shared research projects on a topic of interest.

With guidance and support, recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Write routinely over short time frames.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about kindergarten topics and texts.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text read aloud or information presented orally.

Ask and answer questions in order to seek help, get information, or clarify something that is not understood.

Describe familiar people, places, things, and events and, with prompting and support, provide additional detail.

Speak audibly and express thoughts, feelings, and ideas clearly.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking, based on kindergarten level and content.

Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print.

Demonstrate understanding of spoken words, syllables, and sounds (phonemes).

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Identify the main idea and retell key details of text.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Describe the connection between two individuals, events, ideas, or pieces of information in a text.

Use various text features and search tools to locate key facts or information in a text.

Ask and answer questions to help determine or clarify the meaning of words and phrases in a text.

Use the illustrations and details in a text to describe its key ideas.

Identify the reasons an author gives to support points in a text.

Identify basic similarities in and differences between two texts on the same topic.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literary non-fiction and informational text on grade level.

Retell stories, including key details, and demonstrate understanding of their central message or lesson.

Ask and answer questions about key details in a text.

Describe characters, settings, and major events in a story, using key details.

Identify who is telling the story at various points in a text.

Explain major differences between books that tell stories and books that give information.

Identify words and phrases in stories or poems that suggest feelings or appeal to the senses.

Use illustrations and details in a story to describe its characters, setting, or events.

Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in stories.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases.

Use words and phrases acquired through conversations, reading, and being read to, and responding to texts.

Read and comprehend literature on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information.

Identify and write about one specific topic.

Develop the topic with two or more facts.

Group information and provide a concluding statement.

Use words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English.

Write opinion pieces on familiar topics or texts.

Form an opinion by choosing among given topics.

Support the opinion with reasons.

Create an organizational structure and provide a concluding statement.

Use words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish who and what the narrative will be about.

Include thoughts and feelings to describe experiences and events.

Recount two or more appropriately sequenced events.

Use words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English.

With guidance and support, focus on a topic, respond to questions and suggestions from peers, and add details.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing.

Participate in individual or shared research and writing projects.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks.

Participate in collaborative conversations with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Confirm understanding of a text read aloud or information presented orally by asking and answering questions.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to gather additional information or clarify.

Describe people, places, things, and events with relevant details, expressing ideas and feelings clearly.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation.

Add drawings or other visual displays when sharing aloud to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on grade 1 level.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Distinguish long and short vowels when reading regularly spelled one-syllable words.

Decode two-syllable words with long vowels and words with common prefixes and suffixes.

Read grade-level high-frequency sight words and words with inconsistent but common spelling-sound correspondences.

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Identify the main idea of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.

Ask and answer questions such as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Describe the connection between a series of events, concepts, or steps in a text.

Use various text features and search tools to locate key facts or information in a text efficiently.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, including multiple-meaning words.

Explain how graphic representations contribute to and clarify a text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic.

Acquire and use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Recount stories and determine their central message, lesson, or moral.

Ask and answer questions such as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text.

Describe how characters in a story respond to major events and challenges.

Acknowledge differences in the points of view of characters, including by speaking in a different voice for each character when reading dialogue.

Describe the overall structure of a story, including describing how the beginning introduces the story and the ending concludes the action.

Describe how words and phrases supply rhythm and meaning in a story, poem, or song.

Use information from illustrations and words, in print or digital text, to demonstrate understanding of characters, setting, or plot.

Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story by different authors or from different cultures.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 2 reading and content.

Acquire and use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literature on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Identify and write about one specific topic.

Develop the topic with facts and/or definitions.

Group information and provide a concluding statement or section.

Use a variety of words and phrases.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write opinion pieces on familiar topics or texts.

Form an opinion by choosing among given topics.

Support the opinion with reasons that include 'because' and 'and.'

Create an organizational structure that includes reasons and provides a concluding statement or section.

Use a variety of words and phrases to appeal to the audience.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events.

Establish who and what the narrative will be about.

Include thoughts and feelings to describe experiences and events to show the response of characters to situations.

Recount a well-elaborated event or short sequence of events; include details to describe actions, thoughts, and feelings.

Use a variety of words and phrases.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

With guidance and support from adults and peers, focus on a topic and strengthen writing as needed by revising and editing.

With guidance and support, use a variety of digital tools to produce and publish writing, including in collaboration with peers.

Participate in individual or shared research and writing projects.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Participate in collaborative conversations with peers and adults in small and larger groups.

Recount or describe key ideas or details from a text read aloud or information presented orally or through other media.

Ask and answer questions about what a speaker says in order to clarify comprehension, gather additional information, or deepen understanding.

Tell a story or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details, speaking audibly in coherent sentences.

Add drawings or other visual displays to stories or recounts of experiences when appropriate to clarify ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Produce complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on Grade 2 level and content.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Determine the main idea of a text; recount the key details and explain how they support the main idea.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Explain how a series of historical events, scientific ideas or concepts, or steps in technical procedures are related in a text.

Explain the point of view of the author.

Use various text features and search tools to locate information relevant to a given topic efficiently.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Use information gained from illustrations and the words in a text to demonstrate understanding of the text.

Describe how reasons support specific points the author makes in a text.

Compare and contrast the most important points and key details presented in two texts on the same topic.

Acquire and use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 3 reading and content.

Read and comprehend literary non-fiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine the central message, lesson, or moral and explain how it is conveyed through key details in the text.

Ask and answer questions to demonstrate understanding of a text, referring explicitly to the text as the basis for the answers.

Describe characters in a story and explain how their actions contribute to the sequence of events.

Explain the point of view of the author.

Refer to parts of stories, dramas, and poems when writing or speaking about a text, using terms such as chapter, scene, and stanza.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language.

Explain how specific aspects of a text's illustrations contribute to what is conveyed by the words.

Compare and contrast the themes, settings, and plots of stories written by the same author about the same or similar characters.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 3 reading and content.

Acquire and use grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literature on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, and details.

Group related information together; include illustrations when useful to aiding comprehension.

Use linking words and phrases to connect ideas within categories of information.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons.

Introduce the topic or text for the intended audience, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure that lists reasons.

Provide reasons that support the opinion.

Use linking words and phrases to connect opinion and reasons.

Use a variety of words and sentence types to appeal to the audience.

Provide a concluding statement or section.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, descriptive details, and clear event sequences.

Establish a situation and introduce a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use dialogue and descriptions of actions, thoughts, and feelings to develop experiences and events or show the response of characters to situations.

Use temporal words and phrases to signal event order.

Choose words and phrases for effect.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With guidance and support from adults, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge about a topic.

Recall information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources; take brief notes on sources and sort evidence.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 3 topics and texts, building on others' ideas.

Determine the main ideas and supporting details of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Ask and answer questions about information from a speaker, offering appropriate elaboration and detail.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience with appropriate facts and relevant, descriptive details.

Create engaging audio recordings of stories or poems; add visual displays when appropriate to emphasize facts or details.

Speak in complete sentences when appropriate to task and situation in order to provide requested detail or clarification.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking, based on grade 3 level and content.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Determine the main idea of a text and explain how it is supported by key details; summarize the text.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences.

Explain events, procedures, ideas, or concepts in a text, including what happened and why, based on specific information.

Compare and contrast an event or topic told from two different points of view.

Describe the overall structure of events, ideas, concepts, or information in a text or part of a text.

Interpret information presented visually, orally, or quantitatively and explain how it contributes to the text.

Compare and contrast a firsthand and secondhand account of the same event or topic.

Explain how an author uses reasons and evidence to support particular points in a text.

Integrate information from two texts on the same topic in order to write or speak about the subject knowledgeably.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading.

Read and comprehend literary non-fiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine a theme of a story, drama, or poem from details in the text; summarize the text.

Refer to details and examples in a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences.

Describe in depth a character, setting, or event in a story or drama, drawing on specific details in the text.

Compare and contrast the point of view from which different stories are narrated.

Explain major differences between poems, drama, and prose, and refer to the structural elements of each.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, including those that allude to mythology.

Make connections between the text of a story or drama and a visual or oral presentation of the text.

Compare and contrast the treatment of similar themes and topics and patterns of events in stories and myths.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade 4 reading.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique and clear sequences.

Group related information in paragraphs and sections, linking ideas within categories of information.

With guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics.

Introduce the topic or text clearly, state an opinion, and create an organizational structure.

Provide reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the opinion presented.

Introduce a topic clearly and group related information in paragraphs and sections.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information.

Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use dialogue and description to develop experiences and events or show the responses of characters.

Use a variety of transitional words and phrases to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed.

With some guidance and support, use technology to produce and publish writing as well as to interact with others.

Conduct short research projects that build knowledge through investigation of different aspects of a topic.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather information from print and digital sources.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of tasks and purposes.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions on grade-level topics and texts.

Paraphrase portions of a text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Identify the reasons and evidence a speaker provides to support particular points.

Report on a topic or text, tell a story, or recount an experience in an organized manner.

Add audio recordings and visual displays to presentations when appropriate to enhance main ideas.

Differentiate between contexts that require formal English and situations where informal discourse is appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on Grade 4 level.

Know and apply grade-level phonics and word analysis skills in decoding words.

Read with accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Determine two or more main ideas in a text and explain how they are supported by key details; summarize the text.

Cite textual evidence by quoting accurately from the text to explain what the text says explicitly and make inferences.

Explain the relationships or interactions between two or more individuals, events, ideas, or concepts in a text.

Analyze multiple accounts of the same event or topic, noting important similarities and differences in the point of view.

Use text structure, in and among texts, to interpret information (e.g., sequence, comparison, cause/effect).

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, including figurative language.

Draw on information from multiple print or digital sources to locate an answer or solve a problem efficiently.

Determine how an author supports particular points in a text through reasons and evidence.

Integrate information from several texts on the same topic to demonstrate understanding of that topic.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Determine the meaning of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases in a text relevant to grade 5.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine a theme of a text from details, including how characters respond to challenges; summarize the text.

Cite textual evidence by quoting accurately from the text to explain what the text says explicitly and make inferences.

Compare and contrast two or more characters, settings, or events in a story or drama, drawing on specific details.

Describe how a narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described.

Explain how a series of chapters, scenes, or stanzas fits together to provide the overall structure of a text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level text, including figurative language.

Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text.

Compare and contrast stories in the same genre on their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases using a range of strategies.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate conversational, general academic, and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic clearly; provide a general observation and focus.

Develop the topic with facts, definitions, details, and quotations; include illustrations and multimedia when useful.

Group related information logically; use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to explain the topic.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics.

Write opinion pieces on topics or texts, supporting a point of view with reasons and information.

Introduce the topic and state an opinion on the topic.

Provide logically ordered reasons that are supported by facts and details.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to link opinion and reasons.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences using effective technique and clear event sequences.

Orient the reader by establishing a situation and introducing a narrator; organize an event sequence naturally.

Use narrative techniques such as dialogue, description, and pacing to develop experiences and events.

Use a variety of transitional words, phrases, and clauses to manage the sequence of events.

Use concrete words and phrases and sensory details to convey experiences and events precisely.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, and mechanics.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

With guidance and support, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, and editing.

With some guidance and support, use technology to produce and publish writing and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects that use several sources to build knowledge through investigation.

Recall relevant information from experiences or gather information from sources; summarize or paraphrase.

Write routinely over extended and shorter time frames for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions, building on others' ideas and expressing own clearly.

Summarize a written text read aloud or information presented in diverse media and formats.

Summarize the points a speaker makes and explain how each claim is supported by reasons and evidence.

Report on a topic or text, sequencing ideas logically and using appropriate facts and details; speak clearly.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, using formal English when appropriate.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to enhance main ideas or themes.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on grade 5 level and content.

Determine the central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences and/or generalizations drawn from the text.

Analyze in detail how a key individual, event, or idea is introduced, illustrated, and elaborated in a text.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how major sections contribute to the whole and to the development of the ideas.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level reading and content, including interpretation of figurative language in context.

Integrate information presented in different media or formats as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.

Evaluate an author's argument by examining claims and determining if they are supported by evidence.

Examine how two authors write about the same topic and shape their presentations by emphasizing different evidence or advancing different interpretations.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and how it is conveyed through particular details; provide a summary of the text distinct from personal opinions or judgments.

Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences and/or generalizations drawn from the text.

Describe how a particular story or drama's plot unfolds in a series of episodes, as well as how the characters respond or change as the plot moves toward a resolution.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and explain how it is conveyed in the text.

Analyze how the structure of a text contributes to the development of theme, setting, and plot.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level reading and content, including interpretation of figurative language in context.

Compare and contrast the experiences of reading a story, drama, or poem to listening to or viewing an audio, video, or live version of the text.

Compare and contrast texts in different forms or genres in terms of their approaches to similar themes and topics.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic for the intended audience.

Develop and analyze the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Organize ideas, concepts, and information using strategies such as definition, classification, comparison/contrast, and cause/effect.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce and state an opinion on a topic.

Use clear reasons and relevant evidence to support claims, using credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic.

Organize the claim(s) with clear reasons and evidence clearly; clarify relationships among claim(s) and reasons.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence.

Use narrative techniques such as dialogue, description, and pacing, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Provide a conclusion that follows from the narrated experiences or events.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of writing.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

With guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and refocusing the inquiry when appropriate.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase data.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 6 topics, texts, and issues.

Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats and explain how it contributes to a topic, text, or issue under study.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not.

Present claims and findings, sequencing ideas logically and using pertinent descriptions, facts, and details to accentuate main ideas or themes.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify information.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on Grade 6 level and content.

Determine two or more central ideas in a text and analyze their development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences, conclusions, and/or generalizations drawn from the text.

Analyze the interactions between individuals, events, and ideas in a text (e.g., how ideas influence individuals or events, how individuals influence ideas or events).

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author distinguishes his or her position from that of others.

Analyze the structure of the text through evaluation of the author's use of graphics, charts, and the major sections of the text.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level reading and content, including interpretation of figurative, connotative, and technical meanings.

Compare and contrast a text to an audio, video, or multimedia version of the text, analyzing each medium's portrayal of the subject.

Evaluate an author's argument, reasoning, and specific claims for the soundness of the argument and the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Analyze how two or more authors writing about the same topic shape their presentations of key information by emphasizing different evidence or advancing different interpretations of facts.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Read and comprehend literary non-fiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text; provide an objective summary of the text.

Cite several pieces of textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences, conclusions, and/or generalizations drawn from the text.

Analyze how particular elements of a story or drama interact and how setting shapes the characters or plot.

Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a text.

Analyze how the structure or form of a text contributes to its meaning.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in grade-level reading and content, including interpretation of figurative, connotative meanings.

Compare and contrast a written story, drama, or poem to its audio, filmed, staged, or multimedia version, analyzing the effects of techniques unique to each medium.

Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period as a means of understanding how authors use or alter history.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information clearly.

Identify and introduce the topic clearly, including a preview of what is to follow.

Develop the topic with relevant facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Organize ideas, concepts, and information using strategies such as definition, classification, comparison/contrast, and cause/effect; use appropriate transitions to create cohesion.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce claim(s) and acknowledge alternate or opposing claims.

Support claim(s) with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources and demonstrating an understanding of the topic or text.

Use words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify the relationships among claim(s), reasons, and evidence.

Establish and maintain a formal style.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, and description, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Use a variety of transition words, phrases, and clauses to convey sequence and signal shifts from one time frame or setting to another.

Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language to capture the action and convey experiences and events.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research, applying grade-level reading standards for literature and literary non-fiction.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and link to and cite sources as well as to interact and collaborate with others.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions for further research and investigation.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions on grade-level topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Analyze the main ideas and supporting details presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and explain how the ideas clarify a topic.

Delineate a speaker’s argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with pertinent descriptions, facts, details, and examples; use appropriate eye contact.

Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on Grade 7 level and content.

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to supporting ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences, conclusions, and/or generalizations drawn from the text.

Analyze how a text makes connections among and distinctions between individuals, ideas, or events.

Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.

Analyze the structure of the text through evaluation of the author's use of specific sentences and paragraphs to develop and refine a concept.

Analyze the influence of the words and phrases in a text including figurative, connotative, and technical meanings, and how they shape meaning and tone.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using different mediums (e.g., print or digital text, video, multimedia) to present a particular topic or idea.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient.

Analyze a case in which two or more texts provide conflicting information on the same topic and identify where the texts disagree on matters of fact or interpretation.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including its relationship to the characters, setting, and plot; provide an objective summary.

Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences, conclusions, and/or generalizations drawn from the text.

Analyze how particular lines of dialogue or incidents in a story or drama propel the action, reveal aspects of a character, or provoke a decision.

Analyze how differences in the points of view of the characters and the audience or reader (e.g., created through the use of dramatic irony) create such effects as suspense or humor.

Compare and contrast the structure of two or more texts and analyze how the differing structure of each text contributes to its meaning and style.

Analyze the influence of the words and phrases in a text including figurative and connotative meanings, and how they shape meaning and tone.

Analyze the extent to which a filmed or live production of a story or drama stays faithful to or departs from the text or script, evaluating the choices made by the director or actors.

Analyze how a modern work of fiction draws on themes, patterns of events, or character types from myths, traditional stories, or religious works, including describing how the material is rendered new.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content.

Identify and introduce the topic clearly, including a preview of what is to follow; organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories; include formatting and multimedia when useful.

Develop and analyze the topic with relevant, well-chosen facts, definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples.

Organize ideas, concepts, and information into broader categories; use appropriate and varied transitions to create cohesion; provide a concluding statement or section.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary. Establish and maintain a formal style.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.

Introduce and state an opinion on a topic.

Acknowledge and distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims and support claim with logical reasoning and relevant evidence.

Organize the claim(s) with clear reasons and evidence clearly; clarify relationships among ideas by using words, phrases, and clauses; provide a concluding statement.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary. Establish and maintain a formal style.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, relevant descriptive details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by establishing a context and point of view and introducing a narrator and/or characters; organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally.

Use narrative techniques such as dialogue, pacing, description, and reflection, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Organize an event sequence that unfolds naturally and logically using a variety of transition words; provide a conclusion that follows from and reflects on the narrated experiences.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of writing. Use precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research, applying grade-level reading standards.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas efficiently.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase data while following a standard format for citation.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly.

Analyze the purpose of information presented in diverse media and formats and evaluate the motives (e.g., social, commercial, political) behind its presentation.

Delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims, evaluating the soundness of the reasoning and relevance and sufficiency of the evidence.

Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on grade 8 level and content.

Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences and conclusions based on an author’s explicit assumptions and beliefs about a subject.

Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the connections that are drawn between them.

Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose.

Analyze in detail how an author’s ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, paragraphs, or larger portions of a text.

Analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone, including words with multiple meanings or language that is particularly fresh, engaging, or beautiful.

Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums (e.g., a person’s life story in both print and multimedia), determining which details are emphasized in each account.

Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning.

Analyze seminal U.S. documents of historical and literary significance, including how they address related themes and concepts.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences and conclusions based on an author’s explicit assumptions and beliefs about a subject.

Analyze how complex characters develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme.

Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone.

Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it, and manipulate time create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise.

Analyze how words and phrases shape meaning and tone in texts.

Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment.

Analyze how an author draws on and transforms source material in a specific work.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression.

Read and comprehend literary fiction on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content.

Write with a sharp distinct focus identifying topic, task, and audience.

Develop and analyze the topic with relevant, well-chosen, and sufficient facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic.

Organize complex ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; use appropriate and varied transitions to link the major sections of the text.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence.

Write with a sharp distinct focus identifying topic, task, and audience. Introduce the precise claim and distinguish the claim from alternate or opposing claims.

Distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims; develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both.

Create an organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence; use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation, establishing one or multiple points of view, and introducing a narrator and/or characters.

Use narrative techniques, such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines, to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Create a smooth progression of experiences or events; use a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole; provide a conclusion.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of writing. Use precise words and phrases, telling details, and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of the experiences, events, setting, and/or characters.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research, applying grade-level reading standards for literature and literary nonfiction.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on how well purpose and audience have been addressed.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology’s capacity to link to other information.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source; integrate information into the text.

Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions on grade-level topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively.

Evaluate a speaker’s perspective, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted evidence.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning; ensure organization and style are appropriate.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on grade 9–10 level and content.

Determine and analyze the relationship between two or more central ideas of a text, including the development and interaction of the central ideas; provide an objective summary of the text.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences and conclusions based on an author’s implicit and explicit assumptions and beliefs.

Analyze the interaction and development of a complex set of ideas, sequence of events, or specific individuals over the course of the text.

Evaluate how an author’s point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text.

Analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the structure an author uses in his or her exposition or argument, including whether the structure makes points clear, convincing, and engaging.

Evaluate how words and phrases shape meaning and tone in texts.

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.

Analyze seminal texts based upon reasoning, premises, purposes, and arguments.

Analyze foundational U.S. and world documents of historical, political, and literary significance for their themes, purposes, and rhetorical features.

Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college- and career-readiness level.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Read and comprehend literary nonfiction and informational text on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Determine and analyze the relationship between two or more themes or central ideas of a text, including the development and interaction of the themes; provide an objective summary of the text.

Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly, as well as inferences and conclusions based on an author’s implicit and explicit assumptions.

Analyze the impact of the author’s choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of a story or drama.

Evaluate how an author’s point of view or purpose shapes the content and style of a text.

Evaluate the structure of texts including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the texts relate to each other and the whole.

Evaluate how words and phrases shape meaning and tone in texts.

Analyze multiple interpretations of a story, drama, or poem, evaluating how each version interprets the source text. (Include at least one play by Shakespeare and one American dramatist.)

Demonstrate knowledge of foundational works of literature that reflect a variety of genres in respective major periods, including how texts from the same period treat similar themes.

Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown and multiple-meaning words and phrases based on grade-level reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies.

Acquire and use accurately grade-appropriate general academic and domain-specific words and phrases; gather vocabulary knowledge when considering a word important to comprehension.

Read and comprehend complex literary texts on grade level, reading independently and proficiently.

Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately.

Write with a sharp, distinct focus identifying topic, task, and audience.

Develop and analyze the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information.

Organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a whole; use appropriate transitions and syntax.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition, using precise language and maintaining a formal style and objective tone.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics.

Write with a sharp distinct focus identifying topic, task, and audience; introduce the precise, knowledgeable claim.

Distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims; develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly and thoroughly, supplying the most relevant evidence.

Create organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence; use appropriate and varied transitions and syntax.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of composition, using precise language and maintaining a formal style and objective tone.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using effective technique, well-chosen details, and well-structured event sequences.

Engage and orient the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation and its significance, establishing one or multiple point(s) of view.

Use narrative techniques such as dialogue, pacing, description, reflection, and multiple plot lines to develop experiences, events, and/or characters.

Create a smooth progression of experiences or events; use a variety of techniques to sequence events so that they build on one another to create a coherent whole.

Write with an awareness of the stylistic aspects of writing, using precise words and phrases, relevant descriptive details, and sensory language.

Demonstrate a grade-appropriate command of the conventions of standard English grammar, usage, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.

Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research, applying grade-level reading standards.

Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information.

Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate.

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source.

Write routinely over extended time frames and shorter time frames for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences.

Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions with diverse partners on grades 11–12 topics, texts, and issues.

Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, assessing the stance, premises, links among ideas, word choice, points of emphasis, and tone.

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media in order to make informed decisions and solve problems.

Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective; ensure organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose.

Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.

Make strategic use of digital media in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest.

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English when speaking based on grade 11–12 level and content.

Know number names and the count sequence.

Count to tell the number of objects.

Compare numbers.

Understand addition as putting together and adding to, and understand subtraction as taking apart and taking from.

Identify and describe shapes.

Analyze, compare, create, and compose shapes.

Describe and compare measurable attributes of length and weight of everyday objects.

Classify objects and count the number of objects in each category.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Know number names and write and recite the count sequence.

Apply one-to-one correspondence to count the number of objects.

Apply the concept of magnitude to compare numbers and quantities.

Use place value to compose and decompose numbers within 19.

Extend the concepts of putting together and taking apart to add and subtract within 10.

Identify and describe two- and three-dimensional shapes.

Analyze, compare, create, and compose shapes.

Describe and compare attributes of length, area, weight, and capacity of everyday objects.

Classify objects and count the number of objects in each category.

Extend the counting sequence to read and write numerals to represent objects.

Use place-value concepts to represent amounts of tens and ones and to compare two digit numbers.

Use place-value concepts and properties of operations to add and subtract within 100.

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction within 20.

Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Compose and distinguish between two- and three-dimensional shapes based on their attributes.

Use the understanding of fractions to partition shapes into halves and quarters.

Order lengths and measure them both indirectly and by repeating length units.

Tell and write time to the nearest half hour using both analog and digital clocks.

Represent and interpret data using tables/charts.

Use place value concepts to represent amounts of tens and ones and to compare three digit numbers.

Use place value concepts to read, write and skip count to 1000.

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract within 1000.

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction within 100.

Use mental strategies to add and subtract within 20.

Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.

Analyze and draw two- and three-dimensional shapes having specified attributes.

Use the understanding of fractions to partition shapes into halves, quarters, and thirds.

Measure and estimate lengths in standard units using appropriate tools.

Tell and write time to the nearest five minutes using both analog and digital clocks.

Solve problems and make change using coins and paper currency with appropriate symbols.

Represent and interpret data using line plots, picture graphs, and bar graphs.

Extend the concepts of addition and subtraction to problems involving length.

Apply place-value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic.

Explore and develop an understanding of fractions as numbers.

Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division.

Understand properties of multiplication and the relationship between multiplication and division.

Demonstrate multiplication and division fluency.

Solve problems involving the four operations, and identify and explain patterns in arithmetic.

Identify, compare, and classify shapes and their attributes.

Use the understanding of fractions to partition shapes into parts with equal areas.

Solve problems involving measurement and estimation of temperature, liquid volume, mass or length.

Tell and write time to the nearest minute and solve problems by calculating time intervals.

Solve problems and make change involving money using a combination of coins and bills.

Represent and interpret data using tally charts, tables, pictographs, line plots, and bar graphs.

Determine the area of a rectangle and apply the concept to multiplication and to addition.

Solve problems involving perimeters of polygons and distinguish between linear and area measures.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Apply place-value concepts to show an understanding of multi-digit whole numbers.

Demonstrate that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents ten times what it represents in the place to its right.

Read and write multi-digit whole numbers using base-ten numerals, number names, and expanded form.

Compare two multi-digit numbers based on meanings of the digits in each place, using >, =, and < symbols.

Round multi-digit whole numbers to any place.

Use place-value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic.

Add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers (limit sums and subtrahends to 1,000,000).

Multiply a whole number of up to four digits by a one-digit whole number and multiply two two-digit numbers.

Divide up to four-digit dividends by one-digit divisors with answers written as whole-number quotients and remainders.

Estimate the answer to addition, subtraction, and multiplication problems using whole numbers through six digits.

Extend the understanding of fractions to show equivalence and ordering.

Recognize and generate equivalent fractions.

Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators (denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 100).

Build fractions from unit fractions by applying and extending previous understandings of operations on whole numbers.

Add and subtract fractions with a common denominator (denominators 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 100).

Decompose a fraction or a mixed number into a sum of fractions with the same denominator.

Add and subtract mixed numbers with a common denominator.

Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with common denominators.

Multiply a whole number by a unit fraction.

Multiply a whole number by a non-unit fraction.

Solve word problems involving multiplication of a whole number by a fraction.

Connect decimal notation to fractions, and compare decimal fractions (base 10 denominator, e.g., 19/100).

Add two fractions with respective denominators 10 and 100.

Use decimal notation for fractions with denominators 10 or 100.

Compare two decimals to hundredths by reasoning about their size.

Represent and solve problems involving the four operations.

Interpret a multiplication equation as a comparison.

Multiply or divide to solve word problems involving multiplicative comparison.

Solve multi-step word problems posed with whole numbers and having whole-number answers using the four operations.

Identify the missing symbol (+, -, ×, ÷, =, <, >) that makes a number sentence true.

Develop and/or apply number theory concepts to find factors and multiples.

Find all factor pairs for a whole number in the range 1-100; determine if a number is prime or composite.

Generate and analyze patterns using one rule.

Generate a number or shape pattern that follows a given rule.

Draw lines and angles and identify these in two-dimensional figures.

Draw points, lines, line segments, rays, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines.

Classify two-dimensional figures by properties of their lines and angles.

Classify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines or angles.

Recognize symmetric shapes and draw lines of symmetry.

Recognize a line of symmetry for a two-dimensional figure.

Solve problems involving measurement and conversions from a larger unit to a smaller unit.

Know relative sizes of measurement units within one system of units; express measurements in larger units as smaller units.

Use the four operations to solve word problems involving distances, time, liquid volumes, masses, and money.

Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in real-world and mathematical problems.

Translate information from one type of data display to another.

Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8).

Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions by using information presented in line plots.

Translate information from one type of display to another (table, chart, bar graph, or pictograph).

Represent and interpret data involving fractions using information provided in a line plot.

Measure angles and use properties of adjacent angles to solve problems.

Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor. Sketch angles of specified measure.

Solve addition and subtraction problems to find unknown angles on a diagram.

Apply place-value concepts to show an understanding of operations and rounding as they pertain to whole numbers and decimals.

Extend an understanding of operations with whole numbers to perform operations with multi-digit whole numbers and decimals.

Use the understanding of equivalency to add and subtract fractions.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to multiply and divide fractions.

Interpret and evaluate numerical expressions using order of operations.

Analyze patterns and relationships using two rules.

Graph points in the first quadrant on the coordinate plane and interpret these points when solving real world and mathematical problems.

Classify two-dimensional figures into categories based on their properties.

Solve problems using conversions within a given system of measurement.

Represent and interpret data using appropriate scale.

Solve problems involving computation of fractions using information provided in a line plot.

Apply concepts of volume to solve problems and relate volume to multiplication and to addition.

Understand ratio concepts and use ratio reasoning to solve problems.

Apply and extend previous understandings of multiplication and division to divide fractions by fractions.

Compute fluently with multi-digit numbers and find common factors and multiples.

Apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers.

Apply and extend previous understandings of arithmetic to algebraic expressions.

Understand the process of solving a one-variable equation or inequality and apply it to real-world and mathematical problems.

Represent and analyze quantitative relationships between dependent and independent variables.

Apply appropriate tools and formulas to solve real-world and mathematical problems involving area, surface area, and volume.

Demonstrate an understanding of statistical variability by displaying, analyzing, and summarizing distributions.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Analyze proportional relationships and use them to model and solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Apply and extend previous understandings of operations with fractions to operations with rational numbers.

Apply properties of operations to generate equivalent expressions.

Model and solve real-world and mathematical problems by using and connecting numerical, algebraic, and/or graphical representations.

Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving angle measure, area, surface area, circumference, and volume.

Visualize and represent geometric figures and describe the relationships between them.

Draw inferences about populations based on random sampling concepts.

Draw informal comparative inferences about two populations.

Investigate chance processes and develop, use, and evaluate probability models.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Distinguish between rational and irrational numbers using their properties.

Estimate irrational numbers by comparing them to rational numbers.

Apply concepts of radicals and integer exponents to generate equivalent expressions.

Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear equations.

Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.

Define, evaluate, and compare functions.

Use concepts of functions to model relationships between quantities.

Apply the concepts of volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres to solve real-world and mathematical problems.

Understand and apply congruence, similarity, and geometric transformations using various tools.

Understand and apply the Pythagorean Theorem to solve problems.

Analyze and/or interpret bivariate data displayed in multiple representations.

Understand that patterns of association can be seen in bivariate data utilizing frequencies.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics.

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Apply and extend the properties of exponents to solve problems with rational exponents.

Apply properties of rational and irrational numbers to solve real world or mathematical problems.

Apply quantitative reasoning to choose and interpret units and scales in formulas, graphs, and data displays.

Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.

Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.

Extend the knowledge of arithmetic operations and apply to complex numbers.

Apply concepts of complex numbers in polynomial identities and quadratic equations to solve problems.

Interpret the structure of expressions to represent a quantity in terms of its context.

Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.

Create and solve equations or inequalities that model real-world situations.

Understand the relationship between zeros and factors of polynomials.

Use polynomial identities to solve problems.

Extend the knowledge of rational expressions to rewrite in equivalent forms.

Create and graph equations or inequalities to describe numbers or relationships.

Solve systems of equations.

Use reasoning to solve equations and justify the solution method.

Represent, solve, and interpret equations/inequalities and systems of equations/inequalities algebraically and graphically.

Use the concept and notation of functions to interpret and apply them in terms of their context.

Graph and analyze functions and use their properties to make connections between the different representations.

Write functions or sequences that model relationships between two quantities.

Interpret the parameters in linear, quadratic, and exponential functions in terms of a context.

Construct and compare linear, quadratic, and exponential models to solve problems.

Interpret functions in terms of the situations they model.

Use geometric figures and their properties to represent transformations in the plane.

Apply rigid transformations to determine and explain congruence.

Use properties of congruence in terms of rigid motion to show that two triangles are congruent.

Apply the properties of similarity to solve problems.

Use properties of similarity in terms of dilations to show that two triangles are similar.

Verify and apply theorems about circles.

Apply trigonometric ratios to solve problems involving right triangles.

Apply geometric theorems to verify properties of circles.

Extend the concept of similarity to determine arc length and area of sectors of circles.

Translate between the geometric description and the equation for a conic section.

Apply coordinate geometry to prove geometric theorems algebraically.

Explain volume formulas and use them to solve problems.

Analyze relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects.

Apply geometric concepts to model and solve real-world problems.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables.

Analyze linear models to make interpretations based on the data.

Recognize and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments.

Make inferences and justify conclusions based on sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies.

Use the concepts of independence and conditional probability to interpret data.

Apply the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model.

Apply radian measure of an angle and the unit circle to analyze the trigonometric functions.

Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena and describe the properties of the graphs.

Prove the Pythagorean identity and use it to calculate trigonometric ratios.

Apply and extend the properties of exponents to solve problems with rational exponents.

Apply properties of rational and irrational numbers to explain when their sum or product is rational or irrational.

Apply quantitative reasoning to choose and interpret units and scales in formulas, graphs, and data displays.

Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems.

Choose a level of accuracy appropriate to limitations on measurement when reporting quantities.

Extend the knowledge of arithmetic operations and apply to complex numbers.

Apply polynomial identities to complex numbers.

Interpret the structure of expressions to represent a quantity in terms of its context.

Write expressions in equivalent forms to solve problems.

Create equations and inequalities in one variable that describe numbers or relationships and use them to solve problems.

Create and graph equations and inequalities to describe numbers or relationships.

Use polynomial identities to solve problems.

Extend the knowledge of rational functions to rewrite in equivalent forms.

Create and graph equations or inequalities to describe numbers or relationships.

Apply inverse operations to solve equations or formulas for a given variable.

Use reasoning to solve equations and justify the solution method.

Represent, solve, and interpret systems of linear equations and inequalities graphically and algebraically.

Use the concept and notation of functions to interpret and apply them in terms of their context.

Graph and analyze functions and use their properties to make connections between the different representations.

Write functions or sequences that model relationships between two quantities.

Interpret the effects transformations have on functions and find the inverse of functions.

Construct and compare linear, quadratic, and exponential models to solve problems.

Interpret functions in terms of the situations they model.

Apply transformer graphing to trigonometric functions.

Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena with specified amplitude, frequency, and midline.

Prove the Pythagorean identity and use it to calculate trigonometric ratios.

Use geometric figures and their properties to represent transformations in the plane.

Apply rigid transformations to determine and explain congruence.

Verify and apply geometric theorems as they relate to geometric figures.

Apply the concept of similarity to solve problems.

Prepare formal geometric proofs to verify properties of lines, angles, and triangles.

Verify and apply theorems involving similarity as they relate to parts of a circle.

Apply trigonometric ratios to solve problems involving right triangles.

Apply geometric theorems to verify properties of circles.

Extend the concept of similarity to determine arc length and areas of sectors of circles.

Translate between the geometric description and the equation for a conic section.

Apply coordinate geometry to derive density formulas and solve problems.

Explain volume formulas and use them to solve problems.

Analyze relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects.

Apply geometric concepts to model and solve real-world problems.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on a single count or measurement variable.

Summarize, represent, and interpret data on two categorical and quantitative variables.

Analyze linear models to make interpretations based on the data.

Recognize and evaluate random processes underlying statistical experiments.

Make inferences and justify conclusions based on sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies.

Use the concepts of independence and conditional probability to interpret data.

Apply the rules of probability to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model.

Use observations to identify and describe what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive.

Recognize the difference between living and non-living things.

Identify basic needs of plants (water and light) and animals (food, water, and light).

Recognize that plants and animals grow and change.

Name basic parts of living things.

Participate in simple investigations about living and/or non-living things to answer a question or test a prediction.

Recognize and compare physical characteristics of living things from the same species.

Participate in simple investigations of physical characteristics of living things to answer a question or test a prediction.

Describe changes that occur in animals.

Participate in simple investigations of changes in animals to answer a question or to test a prediction.

Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties.

Recognize the different types of matter (e.g., solid, liquid).

Investigate all different kinds of motion and transportation.

Participate in simple investigations of energy and motion to answer a question or to test a prediction.

Sort different types of earth materials.

Identify a variety of uses for water.

Identify seasons that correspond with observable conditions and identify how weather affects daily life.

Participate in simple investigations of earth structures, processes, and cycles to answer a question or test a prediction.

Identify objects that can be found in the day or night sky.

Participate in simple investigations of the objects found in the day or night sky to answer a question or test a prediction.

Identify natural resources available to people in their daily lives.

Engage in activities that reduce the impact of humans on the local environment.

Discuss the roles of scientists, engineers, technologists, and others who work with technology.

Develop a plan in order to complete a task.

Use observations to describe patterns of what plants and animals (including humans) need to survive.

Analyze data to determine if a design solution works as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a push or a pull.

Plan and conduct an investigation to compare the effects of different strengths or different directions of pushes and pulls on the motion of an object.

Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight on Earth's surface.

Use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area.

Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time.

Ask questions to obtain information about the purpose of weather forecasting to prepare for, and respond to, severe weather.

Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants or animals and the places they live.

Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and/or other living things in the local environment.

Categorize ways people harvest, re-distribute, and use natural resources.

Examine how people from different cultures and communities, including one's own, interact and express their beliefs about nature.

Explain ways that places differ in their physical characteristics, their meaning, and their value and/or importance.

Plan and carry out an investigation to address an issue in their local environment and community.

Identify and use everyday symbols.

Describe qualities of everyday products.

Explain ways that technology helps with everyday tasks.

Select ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle resources in daily life.

Illustrate helpful and harmful effects of technology.

Explain the tools and techniques that people use to help them do things.

Explain the needs and wants of individuals and societies.

Draw connections between technology and human experiences.

Apply design concepts, principles, and processes through play and exploration.

Demonstrate that designs have requirements.

Explain that design is a response to wants and needs.

Explain that materials are selected for use because they possess desirable properties and characteristics.

Apply concepts and skills from technology and engineering activities that reinforce concepts and skills across multiple areas.

Demonstrate that creating can be done by anyone.

Compare the natural world and human-made world.

Discuss the roles of scientists, engineers, technologists and others who work with technology.

Use materials to design a solution to a human problem by mimicking how plants and/or animals use their external parts to help them survive, grow, and meet their needs.

Read texts and use media to determine patterns in behavior of parents and offspring that help offspring survive.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that young plants and animals are like, but not exactly like, their parents.

Plan and conduct investigations to provide evidence that vibrating materials can make sound and that sound can make materials vibrate.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account that objects can be seen only when illuminated.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine the effect of placing objects made with different materials in the path of a beam of light.

Use tools and materials to design and build a device that uses light or sound to solve the problem of communicating over a distance.

Use observations of the sun, moon, and stars to describe patterns that can be predicted.

Make observations at different times of year to relate the amount of daylight to the time of year.

Investigate the use of technologies in the home and community.

Explore how technologies are developed to meet individual and societal needs and wants.

Design new technologies that could improve their daily lives.

Safely use tools to complete tasks.

Demonstrate essential skills of the engineering design process.

Analyze how things work.

Illustrate that there are different solutions to a design and that none are perfect.

Discuss that all designs have different characteristics that can be described.

Apply skills necessary for making in design.

Develop a plan in order to complete a task.

Discuss how the way people live and work has changed throughout history because of technology.

Illustrate how systems have parts or components that work together to accomplish a goal.

Collaborate effectively as a member of a team.

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine if plants need sunlight and water to grow.

Develop a simple model that mimics the function of an animal in dispersing seeds or pollinating plants.

Make observations of plants and animals to compare the diversity of life in different habitats.

Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by their observable properties.

Analyze data obtained from testing different materials to determine which materials have the properties best suited for an intended purpose.

Make observations to construct an evidence-based account of how an object made of a small set of pieces can be disassembled and made into a new object.

Construct an argument with evidence that some changes caused by heating or cooling can be reversed and some cannot.

Use information from several sources to provide evidence that Earth events can occur quickly or slowly.

Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land.

Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land and bodies of water in an area.

Obtain information to identify where water is found on Earth and that it can be solid or liquid.

Categorize ways people harvest, re-distribute, and use natural resources.

Examine how people from different cultures and communities, including one's own, interact and express their beliefs about nature.

Explain ways that places differ in their physical characteristics, their meaning, and their value and/or importance.

Plan and carry out an investigation to address an issue in their local environment and community.

Identify and use everyday symbols.

Describe qualities of everyday products.

Explain ways that technology helps with everyday tasks.

Select ways to reduce, reuse, and recycle resources in daily life.

Illustrate helpful and harmful effects of technology.

Investigate the use of technologies in the home and community.

Explain the tools and techniques that people use to help them do things.

Explain the needs and wants of individuals and societies.

Compare simple technologies to evaluate their impacts.

Design new technologies that could improve their daily lives.

Safely use tools to complete tasks.

Explore how technologies are developed to meet individual and societal needs and wants.

Demonstrate essential skills of the engineering design process.

Analyze how things work.

Illustrate that there are different solutions to a design and that none are perfect.

Discuss that all designs have different characteristics that can be described.

Apply skills necessary for making in design.

Draw connections between technology and human experiences.

Apply design concepts, principles, and processes through play and exploration.

Demonstrate that designs have requirements.

Explain that design is a response to wants and needs.

Explain that materials are selected for use because they possess desirable properties and characteristics.

Apply concepts and skills from technology and engineering activities that reinforce concepts and skills across multiple content areas.

Develop a plan in order to complete a task.

Discuss how the way people live and work has changed over time with the use of technology.

Illustrate how systems have parts or components that work together to accomplish a goal.

Demonstrate that creating can be done by anyone.

Compare the natural world and human-made world.

Discuss the roles of scientists, engineers, technologists and others who work with technology.

Collaborate effectively as a member of a team.

Develop models to describe that organisms have unique and diverse life cycles but all have in common birth, growth, reproduction, and death.

Construct an argument that some animals form groups that help members survive.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence that plants and animals have traits inherited from parents and that variation exists in a group.

Use evidence to support the explanation that traits can be influenced by the environment.

Analyze and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of the organisms and the environments in which they lived long ago.

Use evidence to construct an explanation for how variations in characteristics among individuals may provide advantages in surviving and reproducing.

Construct an argument with evidence that in a particular habitat some organisms can survive well, some survive less well, and some cannot survive.

Make a claim supported by evidence about the merit of a solution to a problem caused when the environment changes.

Make and communicate observations and/or measurements of an object's motion to provide evidence that a pattern can be used to predict future motion.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence of the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces on the motion of an object.

Ask questions to determine cause and effect relationships of electric or magnetic interactions between two objects not in contact.

Define a simple design problem that can be solved by applying scientific ideas about magnets.

Represent data in tables and graphical displays to describe typical weather conditions expected during a particular season.

Obtain and combine information to describe climates in different regions of the world.

Make a claim supported by evidence about the merit of a design solution that reduces the impacts of a weather-related hazard.

Analyze how living organisms, including humans, affect the environment in which they live, and how their environment affects them.

Make a claim about the environmental and social impacts of design solutions and civic actions, including their own actions.

Examine ways you influence your local environment and community by collecting and displaying data.

Develop a model to demonstrate how local environmental issues are connected to larger local environment and human systems.

Construct an argument to support whether action is needed on a selected environmental issue and propose possible solutions.

Critique ways that people depend on and change the environment.

Investigate how perspectives over the use of resources and the development of technology have changed over time and resulted in conflict.

Use appropriate symbols, numbers and words to communicate key ideas about technological products and systems.

Examine information to assess the trade-offs of using a product or system.

Follow directions to complete a technological task.

Predict how certain aspects of their daily lives would be different without given technologies.

Explain why responsible use of technology requires sustainable management of resources.

Classify resources used to create technologies as either renewable or nonrenewable.

Describe the helpful and harmful effects of technology.

Determine factors that influence changes in a society's technological systems or infrastructure.

Design solutions by safely using tools, materials, and skills.

Explain how technologies are developed or adapted when individual or societal needs and wants change.

Judge technologies to determine the best one for a task.

Demonstrate how tools and machines extend human capabilities, such as holding, lifting, carrying, fastening, separating, and computing.

Demonstrate essential skills of the engineering design process.

Identify why a product or system is not working properly.

Describe requirements of designing or making a product or system.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of existing design solutions, including their own solutions.

Practice successful design skills.

Apply tools, techniques, and materials in a safe manner as part of the design process.

Illustrate that there are multiple approaches to design.

Apply universal principles and elements of design.

Evaluate designs based on criteria, constraints, and standards.

Interpret how good design improves the human condition.

Describe the properties of different materials.

Explain how various relationships can exist between technology and engineering and other content areas.

Identify the resources needed to get a technical job done, such as people, materials, capital, tools, machines, knowledge, energy, and time.

Create a new product that improves someone's life.

Create representations of the tools people made, noting how they were produced and used.

Illustrate how, when parts of a system are missing, it may not work as planned.

Describe how a subsystem is a system that operates as a part of another larger system.

Demonstrate how simple technologies are often combined to form more complex systems.

Explain how solutions to problems are shaped by economic, political, and cultural forces.

Compare how things found in nature differ from things that are human-made, noting differences and similarities in how they are produced and used.

Describe the unique relationship between science and technology, and how the natural world can contribute to the human-made world to foster innovation.

Differentiate between the role of scientists, engineers, technologists, and others in creating and maintaining technological systems.

Construct an argument that plants and animals have internal and external structures that function to support survival, growth, behavior, and reproduction.

Use a model to describe that animals receive different types of information through their senses, process the information in their brain, and respond in different ways.

Use evidence to construct an explanation relating the speed of an object to the energy of that object.

Make and communicate observations to provide evidence that energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and electric currents.

Ask questions and predict outcomes about the changes in energy that occur when objects collide.

Apply scientific ideas to design, test, and refine a device that converts energy from one form to another.

Develop a model of waves to describe patterns in terms of amplitude and wavelength and that waves can cause objects to move.

Generate and compare multiple solutions that use patterns to transfer information.

Identify evidence from patterns in rock formations and fossils in rock layers to support an explanation for changes in a landscape over time.

Make observations and/or measurements to provide evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation.

Analyze and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth’s features.

Obtain and combine information to describe that energy and fuels are derived from natural resources and their uses affect the environment.

Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.

Support an argument that plants get the materials they need for growth chiefly from air and water.

Develop a model to describe the movement of matter among plants, animals, decomposers, and the environment.

Develop a model to describe that matter is made of particles too small to be seen.

Make and communicate observations and measurements to identify materials based on their properties.

Interpret and analyze data to make decisions about how to utilize materials based on their properties.

Conduct an investigation to determine whether the mixing of two or more substances results in new substances.

Support an argument that the gravitational force exerted by Earth on objects is directed down.

Support an argument that differences in the apparent brightness of the sun compared to other stars is due to their relative distances.

Represent data in graphical displays to reveal patterns of daily changes in shadows, day and night, and seasonal stars.

Develop a model using an example to describe ways the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and/or atmosphere interact.

Describe and graph the amounts and percentages of water and fresh water in various reservoirs on Earth.

Obtain and combine information about ways individual communities use science ideas to protect the Earth’s resources.

Generate and design possible solutions to a current environmental issue, threat, or concern.

Analyze how living organisms, including humans, affect the environment in which they live, and how their environment affects them.

Make a claim about the environmental and social impacts of design solutions and civic actions, including their own actions.

Examine ways you influence your local environment and community by collecting and displaying data.

Develop a model to demonstrate how local environmental issues are connected to larger local environment and human systems.

Construct an argument that includes the use of evidence to decide when an environmental issue requires an action.

Compare possible solutions to an environmental issue, threat, or concern.

Investigate how perspectives over the use of resources and technology have changed over time and resulted in conflict.

Use appropriate symbols, numbers and words to communicate key ideas about technological products and systems.

Examine information to assess the trade-offs to using a product or system.

Follow directions to complete a technological task.

Predict how certain aspects of their daily lives would be different without given technologies.

Explain why responsible use of technology requires sustainable management of resources.

Classify resources used to create technologies as either renewable or nonrenewable.

Describe the helpful and harmful effects of technology.

Determine factors that influence changes in a society's technological systems or infrastructure.

Apply concepts and skills from technology and engineering activities that reinforce concepts across multiple areas.

Explain how technologies are developed or adapted when individual or societal needs and wants change.

Judge technologies to determine the best one to use to complete a given task or meet a need.

Demonstrate how tools and machines extend human capabilities, such as holding, lifting, and computing.

Demonstrate essential skills of the engineering design process.

Identify why a product or system is not working properly.

Describe requirements of designing or making a product or system.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of existing design solutions, including their own solutions.

Practice successful design skills.

Apply tools, techniques, and materials in a safe manner as part of the design process.

Illustrate that there are multiple approaches to design.

Apply universal principles and elements of design.

Evaluate designs based on criteria, constraints, and standards.

Interpret how good design improves the human condition.

Describe the properties of different materials.

Explain how various relationships can exist between technology and engineering and other content areas.

Identify the resources needed to get a technical job done, such as people, materials, and energy.

Create a new product that improves someone's life.

Create representations of the tools people made and how they built shelters to protect themselves.

Illustrate how, when parts of a system are missing, it may not work as planned.

Describe how a subsystem is a system that operates as a part of another larger system.

Demonstrate how simple technologies are often combined to form more complex systems.

Explain how solutions to problems are shaped by economic, political, and cultural forces.

Compare how things found in nature differ from things that are human-made.

Describe the unique relationship between science and technology and how nature contributes to innovation.

Differentiate between the role of scientists, engineers, technologists, and others.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and the ways that parts of cells contribute to the function.

Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects.

Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth.

Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment.

Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

Gather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in the particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Gather and make sense of information to describe how synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Apply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motion within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.

Construct an explanation based on evidence of how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses result in changes in weather conditions.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes.

Develop a model to describe how agricultural and food systems function, including the sustainable use of natural resources and the production, processing, and management of food, fiber, and energy.

Analyze and interpret data about how different societies (economic and social systems) and cultures use and manage natural resources differently.

Develop a model to describe how watersheds and wetlands function as systems, including the roles and functions they serve.

Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple sources to investigate how Pennsylvania environmental issues affect Pennsylvania's human and natural systems.

Collect, analyze, and interpret environmental data to describe a local environment.

Critically read and evaluate environmental information from various sources to determine the validity of claims and the presence of bias.

Plan and carry out an investigation to address an environmental issue in which individuals and societies can engage as stewards of the environment.

Design a solution to an environmental issue in which individuals and societies can engage as stewards of the environment.

Construct an explanation that describes regional environmental conditions and their implications on environmental justice and social equity.

Research information from various sources to use and maintain technological products or systems.

Use instruments to gather data on the performance of everyday products.

Hypothesize what alternative outcomes (individual, cultural, and/or environmental) might have resulted had a different technological solution been selected.

Analyze how different technological systems often interact with economic, environmental, and social systems.

Explain how the development and use of technology and engineering has influenced history.

Analyze examples of technologies that have changed the way people live, work, and play.

Demonstrate how systems thinking involves considering relationships between every part, as well as how the systems interact with the environment.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution.

Examine the ways that technology can have both positive and negative effects at the same time.

Consider historical factors that have contributed to the development of technologies and human progress.

Analyze the ethical considerations of technological and engineering developments.

Evaluate the social and cultural impacts of technological and engineering developments.

Assess the environmental impacts of technological and engineering developments.

Apply a design process to solve a problem in a variety of contexts.

Develop, test, and evaluate solutions to a design problem.

Communicate the results of a design process using a variety of media.

Use and maintain technological systems to ensure their proper operation.

Assess the impact of technological products and systems on the environment.

Analyze the use of medical technologies to improve human health.

Analyze the use of agricultural and biotechnologies to produce food and fiber.

Analyze the use of energy and power technologies to provide power for technological systems.

Analyze the use of information and communication technologies to transmit and receive information.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process.

Compare, contrast, and identify overlap between the contributions of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in the development of technological systems.

Analyze the use of manufacturing technologies to produce products.

Analyze the use of construction technologies to build structures.

Analyze the use of transportation technologies to move people and goods.

Select and use tools and equipment to perform a task.

Follow safety procedures when using tools and equipment.

Troubleshoot a technological system that is not working properly.

Operate a technological system according to its design.

Maintain a technological system to ensure its proper operation.

Evaluate a product or system to determine if it meets the design requirements.

Analyze trade-offs in the design of a product or system.

Analyze the use of technologies to promote sustainability.

Analyze the human factors in the design of technological products and systems.

Analyze the global impacts of technological and engineering developments.

Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.

Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions.

Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks.

Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context.

Analyze the structure an author uses to organize a text, including how the major sections contribute to the whole and to an understanding of the topic.

Analyze the author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text.

Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually.

Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text.

Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic.

By the end of grade 8, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 6–8 text complexity band independently and proficiently.

Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content.

Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.

With some guidance and support from peers and adults, develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach.

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and present the relationships between information and ideas clearly and efficiently.

Conduct short research projects to answer a question, drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration.

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source.

Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research.

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function.

Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells.

Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms.

Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism.

Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories.

Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem.

Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Analyze and interpret data from patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth.

Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.

Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals' probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment.

Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time.

Gather and synthesize information about technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures.

Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in the particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.

Gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society.

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved.

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Apply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.

Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.

Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample.

Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave.

Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials.

Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals.

Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons.

Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system.

Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth's 4.6-billion-year-old history.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing human impact on the environment.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth's materials and the flow of energy that drives this process.

Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth's systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity.

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth's mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past geoscience processes.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth's surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment.

Construct an argument supported by evidence for how increases in human population and per-capita consumption of natural resources impact Earth's systems.

Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates.

Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century.

Develop a model to describe how agricultural and food systems function, including the sustainable use of natural resources and the production, processing, and management of food, fiber, and energy.

Analyze and interpret data about how different societies (economic and social systems) and cultures use and manage natural resources differently.

Develop a model to describe how watersheds and wetlands function as systems, including the roles and functions they serve.

Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple sources to investigate how Pennsylvania environmental issues affect Pennsylvania's human and natural systems.

Collect, analyze, and interpret environmental data to describe a local environment.

Obtain and communicate information on how integrated pest management could improve indoor and outdoor environments.

Obtain and communicate information to describe how best resource management practices and environmental laws are designed to achieve environmental sustainability.

Design a solution to an environmental issue in which individuals and societies can engage as stewards of the environment.

Construct an explanation that describes regional environmental conditions and their implications on environmental justice and social equity.

Research information from various sources to use and maintain technological products or systems.

Use instruments to gather data on the performance of everyday products.

Hypothesize what alternative outcomes might have resulted had a different technological solution been selected.

Analyze how the creation and use of technologies consumes renewable, non-renewable, and inexhaustible resources; creates waste; and may contribute to environmental challenges.

Consider the impacts of a proposed or existing technology and devise strategies for reducing, reusing, and recycling waste caused by its creation.

Analyze examples of technologies that have changed the way people think, interact, live, and communicate.

Analyze how an invention or innovation was influenced by the context and circumstances in which it is developed.

Evaluate trade-offs based on various perspectives as part of a decision process that recognizes the need for careful compromises among competing factors.

Examine the ways that technology can have both positive and negative effects at the same time.

Use tools, materials, and machines to safely diagnose, adjust, and repair systems.

Use devices to control technological systems.

Design methods to gather data about technological systems.

Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.

Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each.

Interpret the accuracy of information collected.

Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.

Apply a technology and engineering design thinking process.

Develop innovative products and systems that solve problems and extend capabilities based on individual or collective needs and wants.

Illustrate the benefits and opportunities of new and emerging technologies.

Explain how different technologies can be used together to create a system.

Evaluate and assess the strengths and weaknesses of various design solutions given established principles and elements of design.

Refine design solutions to address criteria and constraints.

Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution.

Defend decisions related to a design problem.

Explain how the properties of materials determine their use in technological products.

Analyze how the use of technology can have unintended consequences.

Explain how the development of technology is influenced by societal needs and wants.

Demonstrate how knowledge gained from other content areas can be applied to solve technological problems.

Consider historical factors that have contributed to the development of technologies and human progress.

Explain how the use of technology can affect the environment.

Analyze how the development of technology can lead to new career opportunities.

Explain how the use of technology can affect the economy.

Analyze how the use of technology can affect the culture of a society.

Explain how the use of technology can affect the health and safety of individuals.

Analyze how the use of technology can affect the privacy and security of individuals.

Apply informed problem-solving strategies to the improvement of existing devices or processes or the development of new approaches.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.

Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem.

Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.

Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species' chances to survive and reproduce.

Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from: (1) new genetic combinations through meiosis, (2) viable errors occurring during replication, and/or (3) mutations caused by environmental factors.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in: (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and (3) the extinction of other species.

Create or revise a simulation to test a solution to mitigate adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs.

Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and that a changing magnetic field can produce an electric current.

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

Develop and use a model to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects).

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction.

Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling in various media.

Evaluate questions about the advantages of using digital transmission and storage of information.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model, and that for some phenomena, one model is more useful than the other.

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

Communicate technical information about how some technological devices use the principles of wave behavior and wave interactions with matter to transmit and capture information and energy.

Develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun’s core to release energy in the form of radiation.

Construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, the motion of distant galaxies, and the composition of matter in the universe.

Communicate scientific ideas about the way stars, over their life cycle, produce elements.

Use mathematical or computational representations to predict the motion of orbiting objects in the solar system.

Evaluate evidence of the past and current movements of continental and oceanic crust and the theory of plate tectonics to explain the ages of crustal rocks.

Apply scientific reasoning and evidence from ancient Earth materials, meteorites, and other planetary surfaces to construct an account of Earth’s formation and early history.

Develop a model based on evidence of Earth’s interior to describe the cycling of matter by thermal convection.

Develop a model to illustrate how Earth’s internal and surface processes operate at different spatial and temporal scales to form continental and ocean-floor features.

Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems.

Develop a model to describe the cycling of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.

Plan and conduct an investigation of the properties of water and its effects on Earth materials and surface processes.

Develop a quantitative model to describe the cycling of carbon among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere.

Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on Earth.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activity.

Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impact of human activities on natural systems.

Create a computational simulation to illustrate the relationships among management of natural resources, the sustainability of human populations, and biodiversity.

Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impact of human activities on natural systems.

Use a computational representation to illustrate the relationships among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified due to human activity.

Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impact of human activities on natural systems.

Analyze and interpret how issues, trends, technologies, and policies impact agricultural, food, and environmental systems and resources.

Apply research and analytical skills to evaluate the conditions and motivations that lead to conflict, cooperation, and change among individuals, groups, and nations.

Analyze and interpret how issues, trends, technologies, and policies impact watersheds and water resources.

Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple sources to investigate how Pennsylvania environmental issues affect Pennsylvania's human and natural systems.

Plan and conduct an investigation utilizing environmental data about a local environmental issue.

Evaluate and communicate the effect of integrated pest management practices on indoor and outdoor environments.

Analyze and evaluate how best resource management practices and environmental laws achieve sustainability of natural resources.

Design and evaluate solutions in which individuals and societies can promote stewardship in environmental quality and community well-being.

Use various approaches to communicate processes and procedures for using, maintaining, and assessing technological products and systems.

Critically assess and evaluate a technology that minimizes resource use and resulting waste to achieve a goal.

Develop a solution to a technological problem that has the least negative environmental and social impact.

Critique whether existing or proposed technologies use resources sustainably.

Evaluate how technology and engineering advancements alter human health and capabilities.

Evaluate a technological innovation that arose from a specific society's unique need or want.

Evaluate a technological innovation that was met with societal resistance impacting its development.

Evaluate ways that technology and engineering can impact individuals, society, and the environment.

Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints.

Synthesize data and analyze trends to make decisions about technological products, systems, or processes.

Use a computer simulation to model the impact of proposed solutions to a complex real-world problem with numerous criteria and constraints.

Interpret laws, regulations, policies, and other factors that impact the development and use of technology.

Analyze how technology transfer occurs when a user applies an existing innovation developed for one function for a different purpose.

Analyze and use relevant and appropriate design thinking processes to solve technological and engineering problems.

Apply appropriate design thinking processes to diagnose, adjust, and repair systems to ensure precise, safe, and proper functionality.

Apply a broad range of design skills to a design thinking process.

Implement and critique principles, elements, and factors of design.

Use a design thinking process to design an appropriate technology for use in a different culture.

Conduct research to inform intentional inventions and innovations that address specific needs and wants.

Design and conduct a test to evaluate the performance of a technological product or system.

Analyze the stability of a technological system and how it is influenced by all of the components in the system.

Troubleshoot and improve a flawed system embedded within a larger technological, social, or environmental system.

Use project management tools, strategies, and processes in planning, organizing, and controlling work.

Implement the best possible solution to a design using an explicit process.

Implement quality control as a planned process to ensure that a product, service, or system meets established criteria.

Develop a plan that incorporates knowledge from science, mathematics, and other disciplines to design or improve a technological product or system.

Connect technological and engineering progress to the advancement of other areas of knowledge and vice versa.

Evaluate how technology enhances opportunities for new products and services through globalization.

Relate how technological and engineering developments have been evolutionary, often the result of a series of refinements.

Analyze the rate of technological and engineering development and predict future diffusion and adoption of new innovations.

Demonstrate the use of conceptual, graphical, virtual, mathematical, and physical modeling to identify conflicting considerations.

Develop a device or system for the marketplace.

Evaluate how technology and engineering have been powerful forces in reshaping the social, cultural, political, and economic landscapes throughout history.

Analyze and interpret data on a regional environmental condition and its implications on environmental justice and social equity.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life.

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis) and differentiation in producing and maintaining complex organisms.

Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids.

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken.

Use mathematical representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem.

Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.

Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for the cycling of matter and flow of energy in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

Use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems.

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms.

Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.

Ask questions to clarify relationships about the role of DNA and chromosomes in coding the instructions for characteristic traits passed from parents to offspring.

Make and defend a claim based on evidence that inheritable genetic variations may result from meiosis, replication errors, and/or environmental mutations.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to explain the variation and distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Communicate scientific information that common ancestry and biological evolution are supported by multiple lines of empirical evidence.

Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: potential for population increase, genetic variation, competition, and survival.

Apply concepts of statistics and probability to support explanations that organisms with an advantageous heritable trait tend to increase in proportion to organisms lacking this trait.

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how natural selection leads to adaptation of populations.

Evaluate the evidence supporting claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in increases in individuals, emergence of new species, or extinction.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms.

Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles.

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms and periodic trends.

Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.

Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration on the rate of reaction.

Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass, are conserved during a chemical reaction.

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus and the energy released during fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among net force, mass, and acceleration.

Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system.

Apply scientific and engineering ideas to design, evaluate, and refine a device that minimizes the force on a macroscopic object during a collision.

Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict gravitational and electrostatic forces.