Listens attentively to questions and gives answers

Listens without interrupting, showing respect for the speaker and takes turns to speak

Sings songs and rhymes and performs actions

Tells stories and retells other children's stories in own words

Uses language to develop concepts such as quantity, size, time, shape, age, direction and colour

Matches things that go together and compares things that are different

Understands that pictures and photographs convey meaning and talks about these

Follows a two-step verbal instruction

Participates in discussions and asks questions

Answers open-ended questions and justifies answers

Tells a short story with a simple plot

Role plays different situations and different characters

Uses language imaginatively (e.g. tells jokes and riddles)

Holds the book the right way up and turns pages correctly

Interprets pictures to make up own story, that is, 'reads' the pictures

Collects and reads logos and other words from environmental print

Recognises own name and names of some peers

Reads labels and captions in the classroom

Sequences pictures and relates the story created

Distinguishes between the shape of different letters and words

Reads enlarged texts such as poems and big books as a whole class with the teacher

Discusses and describes characters in stories

Develops basic concepts of print including cover, front, back, and title

Understands directionality: reads from left to right and top to bottom

Recognises and names some letters of the alphabet

Identifies letter-sound relationships of some single letters

Distinguishes aurally between different sounds especially at the beginning of words

Identifies a sound that does not belong in a sequence

Identifies whether two given sounds are the same or different

Identifies that oral sentences are made up of individual words

Divides multisyllabic words into syllables using clapping or drum beats

Identifies rhyming words in well known rhymes and songs

Anticipates rhyming words in new songs and rhymes and completes the line

Blends sounds into words (e.g. c-a-t into cat)

Segments words into sounds (e.g. cat into c-a-t)

Develops fine-motor skills for strengthening hand muscles (e.g. rolls plasticine, models with play dough)

Experiments with drawing lines and circles

Forms letters and numerals in different ways (e.g. in sand, on carpet, with play dough)

Practises writing own name

Uses writing tools such as crayons, thick kokis, paper and card

Understands that print communicates meaning

Traces and copies letters

Draws a self-portrait and labels it with emergent writing

Participates in daily routines such as discussing the date, weather, and classroom rules.

Listens to and responds to stories, rhymes, and poems, identifying main characters and events.

Retells the main parts of a familiar story that is told or read.

Shares personal news and experiences with peers and the teacher in a clear voice.

Follows one- or two-step instructions in the classroom context.

Demonstrates phonological awareness by identifying syllables, rhyming words, and beginning sounds in words.

Identifies single letter-sound relationships for vowels and consonants.

Builds and decodes simple three-letter words (CVC) using sounds already learned.

Participates in shared reading of Big Books, following text from left to right and top to bottom.

Reads high-frequency sight words and environmental print in the classroom.

Reads aloud from own book or simple graded readers during group guided reading.

Develops fine motor skills through pre-writing activities such as tracing, zigzags, and finger rhymes.

Forms all upper- and lowercase letters correctly in print script.

Copies short words and simple sentences with correct spacing and punctuation.

Participates in shared writing to brainstorm vocabulary and construct sentences on a theme.

Writes simple sentences independently, using phonic knowledge to spell unfamiliar words.

Labels pictures and organizes information into simple graphic forms like charts.

Uses capital letters and full stops correctly in written sentences.

Forms plurals of familiar words by adding 's' or 'es'.

Begins to use present and past tense correctly in oral and written work.

Uses common prepositions and adjectives correctly in context.

Listens without interrupting, showing respect for the speaker and taking turns to speak.

Talks about personal experiences, such as telling personal news or describing events.

Uses correct words for the context, such as an invitation or a specific social situation.

Suggests solutions to a problem, especially during group activities or Mathematics.

Listens to a story with enjoyment and answers literal and inferential questions related to the story.

Repeats a sequence of events in a story correctly to demonstrate understanding.

Listens to instructions containing at least two parts and responds appropriately.

Tells a story that has a clear beginning, middle, and end.

Participates in discussions, asking and answering questions and suggesting ideas.

Tells jokes and riddles using appropriate volume and intonation.

Identifies letter-sound relationships of all single letters and common consonant digraphs (sh, ch, th, wh).

Revises word families with short vowel sounds and uses initial and final consonant blends to build words.

Recognises vowel digraphs such as 'oo' and 'ee' and identifies rhyming words.

Reads a book as a whole class (Shared Reading), identifying the sequence of events and setting.

Uses sight words, decoding skills, and contextual clues to make meaning during Group Guided Reading.

Demonstrates comprehension and fluency when reading independently at own level.

Answers higher-order questions based on the text, including cause-effect relations.

Writes on 17mm ruled lines, forming letters correctly and using handwriting tools effectively.

Copies and writes one paragraph of between 3-4 lines from a printed text.

Writes different formats of writing, such as short invitations, messages, and lists.

Draws patterns in preparation for a joined script or cursive writing.

Writes an expressive text, such as a thank you card or letter, using a given format.

Writes own story of at least one paragraph (at least five sentences) using a writing frame.

Uses the writing process, including drafting, writing, and editing own work.

Uses capital letters and correct punctuation, including full stops, commas, question marks, and exclamation marks.

Builds own word bank and personal dictionary using the initial letter of words.

Uses present and past tenses correctly in both oral and written language.

Uses prepositions correctly to describe position and direction.

Forms the plurals of familiar words by adding 's' or 'es'.

Organises information into a simple graphic form, such as a chart or timeline.

Recognises and uses proper nouns and verbs in sentences.

Talks about personal experiences, such as news, expressing feelings and opinions.

Listens without interrupting, showing respect for the speaker and taking turns to speak.

Uses appropriate language when speaking to friends and adults, recognizing social context.

Listens to a complex sequence of instructions (at least 4) and responds appropriately.

Listens for the main idea and for detail in stories and answers higher-order questions.

Asks questions for clarification and comments on what was heard.

Expresses feelings about a text and gives reasons for those feelings.

Participates in discussions, asking questions and showing sensitivity to the feelings of others.

Revises single sounds and consonant and vowel digraphs taught in previous grades.

Discusses the role of letters in different words, noting different sounds for the same letters.

Reads enlarged texts, such as poems and big books, as a whole class (Shared Reading).

Reads with increasing fluency and expression in small groups (Group Guided Reading).

Reads aloud to a partner and reads own and others' writing (Paired Reading).

Reads independently for pleasure and information, including short fiction and poems.

Continues to build a sight vocabulary from various reading materials and word lists.

Answers literal, reorganisation, inferential, evaluation, and appreciation questions about a text.

Uses meta-cognitive skills to monitor reading (Does it sound right? Look right? Make sense?).

Participates in a discussion to choose a topic to write about.

Writes at least two paragraphs (ten or more sentences) on personal experiences.

Writes own story or a familiar story of at least ten sentences.

Keeps a diary for one week, noting the weather and other information.

Writes a simple book review expressing an opinion.

Writes and illustrates a story to contribute to a book for the class library.

Reads and edits own writing by correcting spelling and punctuation.

Builds own word bank and personal dictionary using initial letters.

Uses a dictionary to find new vocabulary and check spelling.

Maintains neatness and legibility while increasing writing speed.

Transitions to a form of joined script or cursive writing.

Uses punctuation correctly: capital letters, full stops, commas, question marks, and exclamation marks.

Identifies and uses nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs correctly in context.

Uses more complex tenses such as present and past progressive (e.g., 'is reading', 'were watching').

Uses conjunctions to form compound sentences.

Uses prepositions, pronouns, synonyms, and antonyms with increasing accuracy.

Uses phonics knowledge and spelling rules to write unfamiliar words.

Listening process: Pre-listening (activate prior knowledge, predict), During listening (identify main ideas, take notes), and Post-listening (review, summarize, respond).

Speaking process: Planning, researching and organising ideas; Practising and presenting using appropriate pace, volume, and body language.

Different forms of oral communication: Participate in conversations, give directions/instructions, storytelling, role-play, and group discussions.

Listen to and perform short poems, rhymes, and songs; play language games to develop vocabulary and phonological awareness.

Listen for information and enjoyment: Identify main messages and specific details in informational and literary oral texts.

Reading process: Pre-reading (skimming, scanning, predicting), During reading (inferring, visualizing), and Post-reading (summarizing, evaluating).

Reading methodologies: Participate in shared reading, guided group reading, paired reading, and independent reading of a variety of texts.

Interpretation of literary texts: Identify and discuss plot, character, and setting in folklore, short stories, novels, and drama.

Interpretation of non-literary and visual texts: Analyze posters, advertisements, and informational texts for purpose and audience.

Reading for enjoyment: Read a wide range of texts independently for pleasure and record progress in a reading log.

Writing process: Planning/pre-writing (brainstorming), Drafting, Revision, Editing, Proofreading, and Publishing/presenting final versions.

Creative writing: Write narrative and descriptive texts, including stories and poems, using appropriate structure and creative language.

Transactional writing: Produce functional texts such as instructions, simple letters, and advertisements using appropriate frames.

Paragraph writing: Develop coherent paragraphs with a clear topic sentence and supporting details.

Personal dictionary: Record new words and their meanings to build a personal vocabulary resource.

Word level work: Use nouns (common, abstract), verbs (auxiliary, modal), adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions correctly.

Sentence level work: Construct simple and complex sentences; use correct tenses (past, present, future) and subject-verb concord.

Word meaning: Understand and apply synonyms, antonyms, similes, metaphors, and idioms in context.

Punctuation and spelling: Use full stops, commas, question marks, exclamation marks, and apostrophes; apply spelling rules and use a dictionary.

Critical language awareness: Recognize how language can be used to influence or manipulate the reader/listener.

Listens to and responds to various types of texts (stories, information texts, poems, folklore) for understanding and appreciation.

Identifies main ideas and specific details in oral texts.

Makes predictions based on introductory activities and relates text to own life experiences.

Asks critical questions and expresses and justifies own opinion with reasons.

Uses interaction strategies to communicate effectively in a group situation.

Performs a poem, plays a language game, or gives and follows complex instructions.

Uses pre-reading strategies such as predicting from title, headings, and pictures to prepare for reading.

Reads for meaning using various strategies including textual and contextual clues.

Identifies and explains central ideas, specific details, and cause-and-effect relationships in texts.

Comments on the social, moral, and cultural values expressed in literary and non-literary texts.

Identifies literary features such as rhyme, alliteration, sound effects, personification, and similes.

Uses a mind map or notes to summarize information from a text.

Reads independently for enjoyment and manages progress using a reading log or card.

Uses the writing process (planning, drafting, revising, editing, proofreading, and presenting) to produce texts.

Writes an information text of 3-4 paragraphs with relevant content and logical organization.

Writes social texts such as SMS or emails using the correct format and appropriate register.

Writes a poem or narrative using appropriate format, content, and creative language.

Writes topic sentences and develops coherent paragraphs using pronouns and connecting words.

Uses a variety of sentence types and applies appropriate grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

Identifies and uses word-level structures including finite and infinite verbs, and various tenses.

Uses conjunctions, prepositions, determiners, and articles correctly in context.

Identifies and uses sentence-level structures such as statements, questions, and correct word order.

Explains and uses word meanings including synonyms, antonyms, idioms, proverbs, and similes.

Applies punctuation rules for full stops, commas, question marks, and quotation marks.

Uses a dictionary for spelling, word division, and vocabulary development.

Listens for specific information, critical analysis, and evaluation of oral texts.

Participates in and sustains conversations, discussions, and negotiations of meaning.

Prepares and delivers oral presentations using appropriate structure and register.

Uses the speaking process: planning, researching, organising, practising, and presenting.

Recognises values and attitudes embedded in texts and challenges biased language.

Uses the reading process: pre-reading, reading, and post-reading strategies.

Reads and views a wide range of literary and non-literary texts for meaning.

Interprets visual texts such as maps, charts, posters, and advertisements.

Develops vocabulary through reading and uses a dictionary for word meanings.

Identifies and explains the features of literary genres: folklore, poetry, drama, and novels.

Uses the writing process: planning, drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading.

Writes a variety of creative texts including narrative and descriptive essays.

Writes transactional texts: letters, emails, diary entries, and newspaper articles.

Writes instructional and informational texts using appropriate frames and structures.

Produces neat, legible final versions of written and visual texts for presentation.

Uses word level work: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions.

Uses sentence level work: simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Applies tenses correctly: simple past, present, and future; continuous and perfect.

Uses punctuation correctly: capitals, commas, question marks, and quotation marks.

Develops word meaning through synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and idioms.

Applies spelling rules and uses a dictionary to check and correct spelling.

Listening process: Pre-listening, during listening, and post-listening strategies to understand and interpret oral texts.

Listening for comprehension: Identify main and supporting ideas, take notes, and answer questions on various oral texts.

Listening for specific information: Identify persuasive and manipulative techniques, bias, and stereotyping in oral communication.

Prepared speech: Plan, research, and deliver a speech using appropriate structure, tone, and body language.

Unprepared speech: Respond spontaneously to a topic or situation with clarity and logical organization.

Prepared reading aloud: Read a text with fluency, correct pronunciation, and appropriate expression to convey meaning.

Unprepared reading aloud: Read a short, unfamiliar text with accuracy and appropriate intonation.

Group discussions: Participate in debates, panel discussions, and forums, respecting different viewpoints and turn-taking.

Role-play and dialogue: Use language and gestures to perform characters and situations in dramatic contexts.

Reading process: Apply pre-reading, during reading, and post-reading strategies to comprehend literary and non-literary texts.

Comprehension strategies: Infer meaning of unfamiliar words, make predictions, and summarize texts.

Literary texts (Novel/Short Story): Analyze plot, characterization, setting, theme, and narrator's point of view.

Literary texts (Poetry): Identify and interpret figurative language, imagery, rhyme, rhythm, and mood.

Literary texts (Drama): Understand dramatic structures, stage directions, and the role of dialogue in character development.

Non-literary texts: Analyze information texts, advertisements, and media reports for purpose, audience, and bias.

Visual literacy: Interpret and evaluate visual texts such as cartoons, posters, charts, and photographs.

Writing process: Use planning, drafting, revision, editing, proofreading, and presenting to produce polished written work.

Paragraphing: Construct coherent paragraphs with a topic sentence and supporting details using logical connectors.

Narrative essay: Write a story with a clear plot, character development, and descriptive language.

Descriptive essay: Use sensory details and figurative language to describe a person, place, or object.

Argumentative essay: Present a clear point of view with supporting arguments and a logical conclusion.

Transactional texts: Write formal and informal letters, reviews, diary entries, and invitations using correct formats.

Functional writing: Create notices, agendas, minutes, and reports with appropriate structure and language.

Word level work: Use nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs correctly in context.

Sentence level work: Apply rules of concord (subject-verb agreement) and use various tenses correctly.

Sentence structure: Construct simple, compound, and complex sentences using appropriate conjunctions.

Punctuation: Use capital letters, full stops, commas, colons, and other marks to clarify meaning.

Spelling: Apply spelling rules and patterns, and use dictionaries to check accuracy.

Word meaning: Identify and use synonyms, antonyms, homophones, idioms, and figurative language.

Critical language awareness: Recognize how language choices reflect power relations and social attitudes.

Listening and speaking strategies: Listen to and discuss a variety of oral texts including stories, speeches, and debates.

Participate in group and panel discussions: Use appropriate language, register, and conventions to interact in diverse contexts.

Oral presentations: Deliver prepared and unprepared speeches using appropriate tone, voice projection, and body language.

Listening comprehension: Listen for specific information, main ideas, and supporting details in complex oral texts.

Reading aloud: Read a variety of texts aloud with appropriate fluency, expression, and pronunciation.

Reading process: Apply pre-reading, during-reading, and post-reading strategies to enhance understanding of texts.

Reading strategies: Use skimming, scanning, and intensive reading to extract information and analyze text structure.

Literary study: Analyze key features of literature including characterization, plot, setting, theme, and figures of speech.

Visual literacy: Analyze and interpret visual and multimedia texts such as advertisements, brochures, and cartoons.

Summary writing: Produce concise summaries of literary and informational texts, identifying main and supporting ideas.

Process writing: Use planning, drafting, revision, editing, proofreading, and presenting to produce polished written work.

Essay writing: Write narrative, descriptive, and reflective essays with logical structure and coherent paragraphing.

Transactional texts: Write a variety of transactional texts including formal/informal letters, brochures, and reviews.

Functional writing: Produce texts such as diaries, dialogues, agendas, and minutes using appropriate conventions.

Word level work: Use nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and prepositions correctly in context.

Sentence level work: Construct simple, compound, and complex sentences; use active and passive voice correctly.

Punctuation and spelling: Apply rules of punctuation and spelling patterns to ensure clarity and accuracy in writing.

Critical language awareness: Identify and analyze bias, prejudice, and stereotyping in various texts.

Listen for information and comprehension, identifying main ideas and supporting details in various oral texts.

Listen for appreciation and critical analysis, recognizing values, attitudes, and bias in spoken language.

Participate in group discussions and debates, using appropriate conventions and respecting diverse viewpoints.

Deliver prepared and unprepared speeches for different purposes, using effective verbal and non-verbal techniques.

Perform prepared reading aloud from various genres, demonstrating appropriate intonation, pace, and expression.

Conduct and participate in interviews, using appropriate questioning techniques and register.

Apply reading strategies including skimming, scanning, and intensive reading to comprehend and interpret texts.

Follow the reading process (pre-reading, during reading, and post-reading) to analyze complex literary and non-literary texts.

Analyze literary texts (novel, short stories, drama, poetry), focusing on plot, characterization, theme, and setting.

Interpret visual and multi-modal texts, such as advertisements, cartoons, and graphs, using critical viewing skills.

Summarize texts by identifying main ideas and condensing information into a specified word count.

Evaluate the use of language for impact, including figurative language, rhetorical devices, and emotive words.

Use the writing process (planning, drafting, revision, editing, proofreading, and presenting) for all written tasks.

Write various essay types (narrative, descriptive, argumentative, discursive, reflective) with coherent structure and style.

Produce transactional texts (letters, CVs, reviews, reports, minutes, agendas) using correct formats and registers.

Develop logical paragraphing and varied sentence structures to enhance the flow and impact of writing.

Apply appropriate register, tone, and voice to suit the specific audience and purpose of the text.

Identify and use parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) correctly in various contexts.

Apply knowledge of sentence structures, including simple, compound, and complex sentences.

Use tenses, active and passive voice, and direct and indirect speech accurately in communication.

Demonstrate proficiency in spelling, punctuation, and capitalization according to standard conventions.

Expand vocabulary through the study of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and word origins.

Analyze critical language awareness, including denotation, connotation, bias, and stereotypes in texts.

Listening process: Use pre-listening, during listening, and post-listening strategies to decode and understand speech and audio forms.

Listening for comprehension: Identify main and supporting ideas, speaker's purpose, tone, and bias in various oral texts.

Prepared speech: Plan, research, organize, and deliver a formal speech using appropriate rhetorical devices and non-verbal techniques.

Unprepared speech: Deliver a spontaneous response to a topic or text using logical organization and effective delivery.

Prepared reading aloud: Read a text with appropriate pace, pause, projection, and expression to convey meaning.

Informal discussion and conversation: Participate in group discussions, debates, and role-plays, respecting different perspectives.

Reading process: Apply pre-reading, during reading, and post-reading strategies to comprehend and appreciate literary and non-literary texts.

Intensive reading: Analyze short written and visual texts for comprehension, note-taking, summary, and critical language awareness.

Literature study (Poetry): Analyze poetic devices, imagery, theme, and tone in prescribed and unseen poems.

Literature study (Drama): Analyze plot, characterization, dialogue, and stage directions in prescribed dramatic works.

Literature study (Novel/Short Stories): Analyze narrative structure, setting, theme, and character development in prose fiction.

Visual literacy: Interpret and evaluate visual texts such as advertisements, cartoons, and photographs for meaning and impact.

Extended independent reading: Engage in regular reading of a variety of texts for pleasure and information.

Writing process: Use planning, drafting, revising, editing, proofreading, and presenting to produce coherent texts.

Essay writing: Write narrative, descriptive, argumentative, discursive, or reflective essays (150-200 words for Grade 10).

Longer transactional texts: Produce texts such as letters, articles, speeches, and reviews using appropriate format and register.

Shorter transactional texts: Create texts like advertisements, diary entries, and emails with focus on purpose and audience.

Text structure and features: Apply knowledge of paragraphing, sentence construction, and cohesive devices to ensure text flow.

Vocabulary development: Use various strategies to expand vocabulary and use words accurately in context.

Sentence level work: Use different sentence types, clauses, phrases, and active/passive voice to vary writing style.

Word level work: Apply knowledge of parts of speech, concord, tenses, and articles correctly.

Punctuation and spelling: Use punctuation marks and spelling rules accurately to enhance readability.

Critical language awareness: Identify and explain the impact of bias, stereotyping, and emotive language in texts.

Listening for comprehension: Informative, evaluative, appreciative and interactive listening strategies.

Prepared speech: Planning, researching, organising, practising and presenting a formal speech for a specific audience.

Unprepared speech: Responding spontaneously to a topic using appropriate features and conventions of public speaking.

Interviews: Participating in or conducting formal and informal interviews using appropriate register and questioning techniques.

Debates and forum discussions: Participating in formal arguments and group discussions using logical reasoning and evidence.

Reading aloud: Delivering a text orally with appropriate pace, expression, and pronunciation.

Reading for comprehension: Applying strategies (skimming, scanning, intensive reading) to understand and evaluate complex texts.

Interpretation of visual texts: Analysing and evaluating visual literacy in advertisements, cartoons, and multi-media texts.

Literature study (Poetry): Analysing 12 prescribed poems focusing on theme, imagery, and poetic devices.

Literature study (Novel): Analysing a prescribed novel focusing on plot, characterization, setting, and theme.

Literature study (Drama): Analysing a prescribed play focusing on dramatic structure, dialogue, and stagecraft.

Summary writing: Condensing a text into a specified word count (80-90 words) while maintaining core meaning.

Essay writing: Producing narrative, descriptive, argumentative, discursive, reflective, or expository essays (400-450 words).

Transactional texts: Writing formal and informal letters, CVs, reports, reviews, and articles (180-200 words).

Writing process: Applying planning, drafting, revising, editing, proofreading, and presenting to all written work.

Vocabulary development: Using a wide range of vocabulary, including synonyms, antonyms, and idiomatic expressions.

Sentence structures: Using simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences accurately in context.

Grammar and usage: Applying rules of concord, verb forms, tense, mood, and active/passive voice.

Punctuation and spelling: Using punctuation marks and spelling rules correctly to enhance meaning.

Critical language awareness: Identifying bias, prejudice, and manipulative language in various texts.

Count with whole numbers: Count objects reliably to at least 10; rote count to 10; use number songs and rhymes.

Number recognition: Recognize numbers in familiar contexts; identify number symbols 1 to 10 and number names one to ten.

Number sense: Understand one-to-one correspondence; use ordinal numbers (1st to 6th) in daily routines.

Addition and Subtraction: Solve oral addition and subtraction problems with solutions up to 10 using concrete apparatus.

Money: Develop an awareness of South African coins (10c, 20c, 50c, R1, R2, R5) and bank notes.

Problem solving: Use concrete apparatus to solve problems and explain own thinking through words and drawings.

Geometric patterns: Identify, copy, extend and create own simple patterns using physical objects and drawings.

Position, orientation and views: Describe position of objects using vocabulary like on, under, in front of, behind, left, right.

3-D objects: Recognize, identify and name 3-D objects in the environment and classroom (balls and boxes).

2-D shapes: Recognize, identify and name 2-D shapes (circles, triangles, squares).

Symmetry: Recognize and identify a line of symmetry in own body and in familiar objects.

Time: Sequence events in own daily life; use vocabulary like morning, afternoon, night, yesterday, today, tomorrow.

Length: Compare and order objects by length/height using words like long/short, tall/short, longer/shorter, taller/shorter.

Mass: Compare and order objects by mass using vocabulary like heavy, light, heavier, lighter.

Capacity/Volume: Compare and order containers by capacity using vocabulary like full, empty, more than, less than.

Collect and sort objects: Collect and sort physical objects according to one attribute (e.g., color, shape, size).

Represent data: Represent a sorted collection of objects using a one-to-one correspondence (e.g., in a pictograph).

Discuss and report on data: Answer questions about and discuss a sorted collection of objects.

Solve problems involving repeated addition leading to multiplication with totals up to 20.

Solve and explain solutions to practical problems involving equal sharing and grouping with whole numbers up to 20.

Perform mental calculations involving addition and subtraction up to 10.

Recognize and identify South African coins and bank notes and solve money problems involving totals and change.

Use and name unitary fractions including halves in practical contexts.

Copy, extend and describe simple number sequences to at least 100, including counting in 1s, 2s, 5s and 10s.

Count forwards and backwards in 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 10s to 200 from any number.

Identify, recognize and read number symbols 0 to 200 and write number names 0 to 100.

Describe, compare and order whole numbers up to 99 using 'smaller than', 'greater than', 'more than', 'less than'.

Recognize the place value of numbers to 99 and decompose 2-digit numbers into multiples of tens and ones.

Recognize and use unit fractions including halves and quarters in diagrammatic form.

Use techniques like drawing, building up/breaking down, doubling/halving, and number lines to solve problems.

Solve word problems in context and explain solutions to problems involving addition and subtraction up to 99.

Solve word problems in context involving repeated addition leading to multiplication with answers up to 50.

Solve word problems in context involving grouping and sharing leading to division with answers up to 50.

Solve problems involving sharing that lead to solutions with fractions (halves and quarters).

Recognize South African coins and notes and solve money problems involving totals and change.

Perform mental calculations involving addition and subtraction facts to 20 and doubling/halving to 20.

Copy, extend and describe simple geometric patterns made with physical objects and drawings.

Copy, extend and describe number patterns to 200, including counting in 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, and 10s.

Describe the position of one object in relation to another using language like 'on top of', 'behind', 'left', 'right'.

Recognize and name 3-D objects: spheres, prisms, pyramids, cones, and cylinders in the environment and geometric settings.

Recognize and name 2-D shapes: circles, triangles, squares, and rectangles.

Recognize and draw lines of symmetry in 2-D geometrical and non-geometrical shapes.

Read analogue and digital time in hours and half-hours and use calendars to identify days and months.

Estimate, measure, compare and order lengths using informal units and introduction to standard units (metres).

Estimate, measure, compare and order mass using informal units and introduction to standard units (kilograms).

Estimate, measure, compare and order capacity using informal units and introduction to standard units (litres).

Collect and sort everyday physical objects according to one attribute chosen by the teacher.

Represent a sorted collection of objects by drawing a picture of the objects.

Discuss and report on a sorted collection of objects, giving reasons for how the collection was sorted.

Collect and organise data about the class or school to answer questions posed by the teacher.

Represent data in pictographs and bar graphs with a one-to-one correspondence.

Analyse and interpret data from pictographs and bar graphs to answer questions.

Multiplication and division: multiply 2-digit by 1-digit numbers; divide 2-digit by 1-digit numbers.

Use techniques like building up and breaking down, doubling and halving, and number lines for calculations.

Addition and subtraction of whole numbers up to 1000.

Investigate the distance around 2-D shapes (perimeter) using direct comparison or informal units.

Investigate the area of 2-D shapes using tiling.

Whole numbers: Counting, ordering, comparing, representing and place value of digits (up to 4-digit numbers).

Number sentences: Write and solve number sentences to describe and solve problems.

Whole numbers: Addition and subtraction of whole numbers with at least 4 digits.

Common fractions: Describe, compare and order common fractions including halves, quarters, eighths, thirds, sixths, fifths.

Whole numbers: Multiplication of at least 2-digit by 2-digit numbers.

Whole numbers: Division of at least 3-digit by 1-digit numbers.

Numeric patterns: Investigate and extend numeric patterns looking for relationships or rules.

Geometric patterns: Investigate and extend geometric patterns looking for relationships or rules.

Number sentences: Use number sentences to describe and solve problems and check solutions.

2-D shapes: Describe, sort and compare 2-D shapes including circles, triangles, squares and rectangles.

3-D objects: Describe, sort and compare 3-D objects including spheres, prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones.

Symmetry: Recognize, draw and describe lines of symmetry in 2-D shapes.

Viewing objects: Identify and describe different views of the same object.

Position and movement: Describe the position of one object in relation to another and follow directions.

Length: Measure, estimate, compare, order and record lengths using millimeters, centimeters, meters and kilometers.

Mass: Measure, estimate, compare, order and record mass using grams and kilograms.

Capacity/Volume: Measure, estimate, compare, order and record capacity/volume using milliliters and liters.

Time: Read, tell and write time in 12-hour and 24-hour formats on both analogue and digital instruments.

Perimeter, Area and Volume: Measure perimeter and area using square grids.

Collect, organize, represent, summarize and interpret data using tally charts, tables, pictograms and bar graphs.

Measure perimeter of 2-D shapes; find area of regular and irregular shapes by counting squares on a grid.

Represent data in pictographs and bar graphs; interpret pie charts.

Interpret, analyze and report data from graphs and tables; identify trends and make predictions.

Whole numbers: Counting, ordering, comparing, representing and place value (up to 9-digit numbers).

Whole numbers: Recognize and represent prime numbers to at least 100.

Whole numbers: Addition and subtraction of whole numbers with at least 6-digit numbers.

Whole numbers: Multiplication of at least 4-digit by 3-digit numbers.

Whole numbers: Division of at least 4-digit by 2-digit numbers.

Whole numbers: Calculation techniques including estimation, rounding, and using calculators to check.

Whole numbers: Properties of whole numbers (commutative, associative, distributive).

Whole numbers: Solving problems in financial and measurement contexts, including ratio and rate.

Common fractions: Describing, comparing and ordering fractions (including mixed numbers).

Common fractions: Addition and subtraction of common fractions and mixed numbers.

Common fractions: Finding fractions of whole numbers and solving related problems.

Decimal fractions: Place value, ordering and comparing decimals to at least two decimal places.

Decimal fractions: Addition and subtraction of decimals to at least two decimal places.

Decimal fractions: Multiplication of decimals by 10 and 100.

Percentages: Find percentages of whole numbers and solve problems involving percentages.

Numeric patterns: Investigate and extend numeric patterns looking for relationships or rules.

Geometric patterns: Investigate and extend geometric patterns looking for relationships or rules.

Number sentences: Write and solve number sentences using letters as placeholders.

Properties of 2-D shapes: Describe, sort and compare 2-D shapes (circles, polygons, angles).

Properties of 3-D objects: Describe, sort and compare 3-D objects (prisms, pyramids, spheres).

Symmetry: Recognize, draw and describe line(s) of symmetry in 2-D shapes.

Transformations: Use transformations (reflection, rotation, translation) to create and describe patterns.

Transformations: Enlargement and reduction of 2-D shapes.

Viewing objects: Recognize and represent different views of 3-D objects.

Position and movement: Locate position on a coded grid and describe movement.

Measurement of Time: Read, tell and write time in 12-hour and 24-hour formats; time zones.

Measurement of Length: Measure and calculate length using standard units (mm, cm, m, km).

Measurement of Mass: Measure and calculate mass using standard units (g, kg).

Measurement of Capacity/Volume: Measure and calculate capacity using standard units (ml, l, kl).

Measurement of Temperature: Read and write temperature in degrees Celsius.

Perimeter, Area and Volume: Calculate perimeter of 2-D shapes and area of rectangles.

Perimeter, Area and Volume: Calculate volume of cubes and rectangular prisms.

Collect, organize and summarize data: Use tally marks and frequency tables.

Represent data: Draw bar graphs, double bar graphs and pie charts.

Analyze, interpret and report data: Determine mode, median and mean.

Probability: Predict the likelihood of events in real-life contexts.

Mental calculations involving squares of at least 12x12, cubes of at least 5x5, and square and cube roots.

List prime factors of numbers to at least 3-digit whole numbers; find LCM and HCF by inspection or factorisation.

Recognize and use commutative, associative, and distributive properties with whole numbers and 0 and 1.

Use calculation techniques including long division and estimation to perform operations with whole numbers.

Solve problems involving ratio, rate, and financial contexts including profit, loss, discount, and simple interest.

Compare and represent whole numbers in exponential form, including squares and cubes.

Perform calculations involving all four operations with numbers in exponential form and solve related problems.

Count, order, and compare integers; recognize and use the properties of integers.

Add and subtract integers; multiply and divide integers with a focus on the sign of the product/quotient.

Order, compare, and simplify common fractions including mixed numbers and fractions to thousandths.

Add, subtract, and multiply common fractions and mixed numbers; calculate percentages of a whole.

Solve problems in contexts involving common fractions, mixed numbers, and percentage increase or decrease.

Order and compare decimal fractions to at least three decimal places.

Perform addition, subtraction, and multiplication of decimals; divide decimals by whole numbers.

Solve problems in contexts involving decimal fractions and equivalent forms between fractions, decimals, and percentages.

Investigate and extend numeric and geometric patterns looking for relationships between terms and their position.

Determine input and output values for functions using flow diagrams, tables, and formulae.

Represent and use equivalent forms for functions including verbal descriptions, flow diagrams, tables, and formulae.

Recognize and interpret algebraic expressions; identify variables, constants, coefficients, and terms.

Solve and complete number sentences by inspection, trial and improvement, and substitution.

Interpret and draw graphs from descriptions of situations, focusing on trends and features.

Classify 2D shapes including triangles and quadrilaterals based on sides and angles.

Recognize and describe congruency and similarity in 2D shapes.

Define and identify parallel, perpendicular, and intersecting lines.

Perform and describe transformations including translations, reflections, and rotations on a grid.

Classify 3D objects including prisms, pyramids, and cylinders; describe their faces, edges, and vertices.

Calculate perimeter and area of squares, rectangles, and triangles using appropriate formulae.

Calculate surface area and volume of cubes and rectangular prisms; convert between SI units.

Collect data by posing questions and selecting appropriate sources; organize data using tallies and tables.

Represent data using bar graphs, double bar graphs, and pie charts.

Interpret and analyze data to identify trends and calculate measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode, range).

Perform simple probability experiments and list possible outcomes for events.

Whole numbers: Revise properties, calculations, multiples and factors, ratio and rate, and financial mathematics including profit, loss, discount, VAT, budgets, accounts, loans, simple interest, and exchange rates.

Integers: Revise ordering and comparing integers; perform calculations with all four operations; and recognize and use additive and multiplicative inverses.

Exponents: Compare and represent numbers in exponential form; use laws of exponents; and perform calculations involving square roots and cube roots.

Common fractions: Revise calculations with all four operations; solve problems in context; and find percentages of whole numbers.

Decimal fractions: Revise calculations with all four operations; solve problems in context; and round off decimal fractions to at least two decimal places.

Numeric and geometric patterns: Investigate and extend patterns looking for relationships; and describe and justify general rules for observed relationships in own words or algebraic language.

Functions and relationships: Determine input/output values or rules using flow diagrams, tables, formulae, and equations; and interpret equivalence of different descriptions.

Algebraic expressions: Recognize terms, coefficients, variables, and constants; and simplify expressions by adding/subtracting like terms and multiplying/dividing polynomials by monomials.

Algebraic equations: Solve equations using additive and multiplicative inverses and substitution; and write number sentences to describe problem situations.

Graphs: Interpret and draw global graphs of linear and non-linear relationships; and identify features such as increasing/decreasing, maximum/minimum, and discrete/continuous.

Geometry of 2D shapes: Classify triangles and quadrilaterals; and identify and describe congruency and similarity in 2D shapes.

Geometry of straight lines: Recognize and describe pairs of angles including adjacent, vertically opposite, complementary, supplementary, and angles formed by parallel lines.

Geometry of 3D objects: Recognize, visualize, and name 3D objects including prisms, pyramids, and cylinders; and describe their faces, edges, and vertices.

Transformation geometry: Perform translations, reflections, and rotations on the Cartesian plane; and identify enlargements and reductions.

Construction of geometric figures: Use a compass and ruler to construct angles, bisectors, triangles, and quadrilaterals; and investigate properties of geometric figures.

Theorem of Pythagoras: Investigate and apply the Theorem of Pythagoras to find missing lengths in right-angled triangles.

Area and perimeter of 2D shapes: Calculate the perimeter and area of triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles; and solve problems involving these measurements.

Surface area and volume of 3D objects: Calculate the surface area and volume of cubes, rectangular prisms, triangular prisms, and cylinders.

Collect, organize and summarize data: Use questionnaires and tally tables; and summarize data using mean, median, mode, and range.

Represent data: Draw and interpret various data displays including bar graphs, histograms, pie charts, and broken-line graphs.

Interpret, analyze and report data: Critically analyze data representations; identify trends and outliers; and report on data findings.

Probability: Determine the probability of outcomes using relative frequency and the definition of probability; and perform simple experiments.

Whole numbers: Describe the real number system; use prime factorisation for LCM and HCF; solve problems involving ratio, rate, and finance (interest, hire purchase, exchange rates).

Exponents: Compare and represent numbers in scientific notation; use laws of exponents with integer exponents to perform calculations involving all four operations.

Integers: Perform calculations with all four operations, including squares, cubes, and roots; use commutative, associative, and distributive properties.

Common Fractions: Perform calculations with all four operations, including squares, cubes, and roots; solve problems in context.

Decimal Fractions: Perform calculations with all four operations; solve problems in context; convert between fractions, decimals, and percentages.

Numeric and geometric patterns: Investigate and extend patterns; describe and justify general rules in own words or algebraic language.

Functions and relationships: Determine input/output values or rules using flow diagrams, tables, and formulae; justify equivalence of different descriptions.

Algebraic expressions: Perform manipulations including multiplying/dividing polynomials by monomials and binomial products; factorise expressions involving common factors and trinomials.

Algebraic equations: Write and solve linear and exponential equations to describe problem situations; use inspection, trial and improvement, and algebraic methods.

Graphs: Interpret global graphs of problem situations; draw graphs by plotting points on the Cartesian plane; identify features like linear/non-linear and intercepts.

Geometry of 2D shapes: Classify triangles and quadrilaterals; identify congruence and similarity; solve geometric problems involving unknown sides and angles.

Geometry of 3D objects: Describe and classify 3D objects including prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, and spheres; identify nets and properties.

Geometry of straight lines: Solve problems using relationships between pairs of angles formed by perpendicular, intersecting, and parallel lines cut by a transversal.

Transformation Geometry: Perform transformations (translations, reflections, rotations) on the co-ordinate plane; identify coordinates of vertices and describe enlargements.

Construction of geometric figures: Use a compass and ruler to construct geometric figures and investigate the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals.

Area and Perimeter of 2D shapes: Use formulae to calculate area and perimeter; investigate the effect of doubling dimensions on perimeter and area.

Surface area and volume of 3D objects: Use formulae to calculate surface area and volume of prisms and cylinders; investigate the effect of doubling dimensions.

The Theorem of Pythagoras: Investigate the relationship between sides of a right-angled triangle; use the theorem to calculate missing lengths in geometric figures.

Collect, organize and summarize data: Use the data cycle to collect and organize data; summarize data using mean, median, mode, and range.

Represent data: Draw a variety of graphs including bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, line graphs, and scatter plots to represent data.

Interpret, analyse, and report data: Critically analyse data representations; identify bias and misleading data; report findings and make predictions.

Probability: Determine the probability of single and compound events; use relative frequency to make informed predictions about outcomes.

Understand that real numbers can be rational or irrational.

Establish between which two integers a given simple surd lies.

Round off real numbers to an appropriate degree of accuracy.

Multiply a binomial by a trinomial.

Factorise expressions including trinomials, grouping in pairs, and sum and difference of two cubes.

Simplify algebraic fractions with denominators of cubes.

Use the laws of exponents to simplify expressions and solve equations with integer exponents.

Investigate number patterns leading to those where there is a constant difference (linear patterns).

Solve linear equations and quadratic equations by factorisation.

Solve simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns.

Solve literal equations (changing the subject of a formula).

Solve linear inequalities and represent the solution on a number line and in interval notation.

Define the trigonometric ratios sin θ, cos θ and tan θ in right-angled triangles.

Extend definitions to any angle in the interval [0°; 360°].

Define reciprocals cosec θ, sec θ and cot θ.

Solve problems in two dimensions using trigonometric ratios.

Sketch and interpret graphs of y = a sin(kθ), y = a cos(kθ) and y = a tan(kθ).

Understand the concept of a function and work with relationships between variables.

Sketch and analyze linear, quadratic, hyperbolic and exponential functions.

Investigate the effect of parameters a and q on the graphs of functions.

Investigate and prove properties of triangles and quadrilaterals.

Solve problems involving the midpoint theorem.

Use a Cartesian co-ordinate system to derive and apply the distance formula.

Derive and apply the formula for the midpoint of a line segment.

Derive and apply the formula for the gradient of a line segment.

Use simple and compound interest formulae to solve problems.

Solve problems involving hire purchase, inflation and exchange rates.

Collect, organise and interpret univariate numerical data.

Determine measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) for grouped and ungrouped data.

Determine measures of dispersion (range, quartiles, percentiles).

Represent data using five-number summaries and box-and-whisker diagrams.

Compare relative frequency and theoretical probability.

Use Venn diagrams to solve probability problems.

Apply the addition rule for mutually exclusive and complementary events.

Calculate surface area and volume of right prisms and cylinders.

Calculate surface area and volume of right pyramids, right cones and spheres.

Extend Grade 10 work on the relationships between variables in terms of numerical, graphical, verbal and symbolic representations of functions.

Include linear and quadratic polynomial functions, exponential functions, some rational functions and trigonometric functions.

Investigate the effects of the parameters a, p and q on the graphs of functions defined by y = a f(x + p) + q.

Investigate number patterns leading to those where there is a constant second difference between consecutive terms (quadratic sequences).

Use simple and compound decay formulae: A = P(1 - in) and A = P(1 - i)^n to solve problems including depreciation.

Solve problems related to nominal and effective interest rates.

Simplify expressions using the laws of exponents for rational exponents.

Add, subtract, multiply and divide simple surds.

Solve equations involving surds.

Solve quadratic equations by factorisation, completing the square and using the quadratic formula.

Solve quadratic inequalities in one variable and interpret the solution graphically.

Solve equations in two unknowns, one of which is linear and one which is quadratic, algebraically or graphically.

Determine the nature of roots of quadratic equations.

Identify dependent and independent events and use the product rule for independent events: P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B).

Use Venn diagrams, tree diagrams and contingency tables to solve probability problems.

Prove and apply theorems of the geometry of circles: chords, tangents, and angles in circles.

Apply formulae for the surface area and volume of right prisms, right cones, spheres and combinations of these shapes.

Use a Cartesian co-ordinate system to derive and apply the distance, gradient, mid-point, and equation of a line.

Determine the inclination of a line.

Derive and use the identities: tan θ = sin θ / cos θ and sin² θ + cos² θ = 1.

Derive and use reduction formulae for sin, cos and tan of (180° ± θ), (360° ± θ), (90° ± θ) and (-θ).

Determine the general solution and/or specific solutions of trigonometric equations.

Establish and apply the sine, cosine and area rules.

Solve problems in two dimensions using the sine, cosine and area rules.

Represent and analyze data using histograms, frequency polygons and ogives.

Calculate and represent measures of central tendency and dispersion for grouped and ungrouped data.

Identify symmetrical and skewed data from various representations.

Understand the formal definition of a function and the concept of the inverse of a function.

Determine and sketch the graphs of the inverses of functions defined by y = ax + q, y = ax^2, and y = a^x.

Understand the definition of a logarithm and its relationship to the exponential function.

Sketch and interpret the graph of the function y = log_a(x) for both a > 1 and 0 < a < 1.

Identify and use arithmetic and geometric sequences and series, including sigma notation.

Derive and apply the formulae for the sum of arithmetic and geometric series.

Identify convergent geometric series and calculate the sum to infinity.

Apply the formulae for future value and present value annuities to solve financial problems.

Solve problems related to sinking funds, pyramid schemes, and other real-life financial contexts.

Apply the Remainder and Factor theorems to polynomials of degree up to three.

Solve quadratic equations, inequalities, and simultaneous equations involving two variables.

Understand the concept of a limit and find the derivative of a function from first principles.

Use the rules of differentiation to find the derivative of functions of the form f(x) = ax^n.

Determine the equations of tangents to the graphs of functions.

Sketch the graphs of cubic polynomial functions using differentiation to find stationary points.

Solve practical problems involving optimization and rates of change.

Apply the fundamental counting principle to solve various probability and counting problems.

Solve probability problems using the counting principle, including those with and without repetition.

Prove and apply the theorem: a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally.

Prove and apply the theorem: if two triangles are equiangular, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.

Apply the Pythagorean theorem and similarity to solve problems involving right-angled triangles.

Determine the equation of a circle with any center (a; b) and radius r.

Determine the equation of a tangent to a circle at a given point on the circle.

Derive and apply the compound angle and double angle identities.

Solve trigonometric equations and prove identities using compound and double angle formulae.

Solve problems in two and three dimensions by applying the sine, cosine, and area rules.

Represent bivariate numerical data as a scatter plot and determine the least squares regression line.

Calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient to describe the strength of a linear relationship.

Me: Personal details such as name, age, gender, what I look like, and what I can do.

At school: My school, my classroom, my teacher, and my place in the class.

My body: Parts of the body, what different parts of the body do, and the five senses.

Keeping my body safe: Personal hygiene, protecting the body from illness, and safety rules.

My family: Who belongs to my family, what we do together, and family celebrations.

Home: Who lives at home, what I do at home, and different jobs we do at home.

Safety: How to be safe at home, safe and unsafe places to play, and road safety.

Weather: What the sky looks like, different weather conditions, and appropriate clothing.

Autumn: Weather in autumn and how nature, animals, and people are affected.

Sound: Sounds we hear, what makes sounds, music, and how hearing keeps us safe.

Sight: Things around me, light, dark, and shadows.

Shapes and colours: Naming different shapes and colours in the environment.

Winter: Weather in winter and how nature, animals, and people are affected.

Water: Uses of water, sources of water, and the importance of saving water.

Healthy living: Healthy eating, nutrition, exercise, and personal hygiene.

Plants and seeds: Parts of a plant, what plants need to grow, and how seeds grow.

Vegetables: Different types of vegetables, tastes, textures, and where they come from.

Dairy farming: Dairy products, the animals they come from, and how we get butter.

Wool farming: Sheep farms, where wool comes from, and the uses of wool.

Healthy environment: Importance of a clean environment, pollution, and recycling.

Spring: Weather in spring and how nature, animals, and people are affected.

Birds: Types of birds, characteristics (feathers, beak, eggs), and nests.

Reptiles: Different reptiles, characteristics (cold-blooded, scaly, eggs), and specific examples.

Dinosaurs: Different types of dinosaurs, how they lived, and how we know about them.

Wild animals: Types of wild animals, where they live, and how they live.

Farm animals: Types of farm animals and the products we get from them.

Pets: Different types of pets and how to look after them.

Me: Personal details and identifying parts of the body (head, torso, limbs, etc.).

At school: Classroom layout, school routines, and identifying people at school.

Healthy habits: Hand washing, dental care, and the importance of healthy eating.

Weather: Daily weather observation, using weather symbols, and effects of weather on clothing.

My family: Identifying family members and understanding different types of families.

Safety: Identifying dangers at home and school, and practicing safety rules.

My body: Functions of body parts and exploring the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste).

Our community: Identifying places and people who help us in the community.

My country: Symbols of South Africa, the national flag, and the national anthem.

Plants: Identifying parts of a plant (roots, stem, leaves, flowers) and what plants need to grow.

Animals: Identifying wild animals, farm animals, and pets; understanding what animals need to survive.

Transport: Identifying different types of transport (road, rail, air, water) and road safety.

Water: Identifying uses of water in daily life and the importance of saving water.

Manners and responsibilities: Practicing good manners and understanding personal responsibilities.

Scientific Process Skills: Use process skills including observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, experimenting, and communicating to explore the natural world.

Technological Process Skills: Use process skills including investigating, designing, making, evaluating, and communicating to solve problems and create products.

What we need to live: Identify the basic needs of living things, including water, air, food, light, and sun, and explain why these are necessary for survival.

Weather and Seasons: Observe and record daily weather conditions on a chart or pictograph; understand the effects of seasons on plants, animals, and people.

Animals: Identify characteristics of farm, wild, and sea animals; understand their diets, homes (habitats), and the importance of animal welfare.

Plants and seeds: Observe the growth of plants from seeds, identify the main parts of a plant, and understand the requirements for healthy plant growth.

Soil: Identify different types of soil such as sand, clay, and loam; understand the importance of soil for plants and other living organisms.

The sky at night: Observe and describe objects in the night sky, including the moon, stars, and planets, and note changes over time.

Water: Identify the various uses and sources of water in the environment and understand the importance of water conservation and saving water.

Scientific process skills: the process of enquiry which involves observing, comparing, classifying, measuring, experimenting, and communicating.

Technological process skills: the process of investigating, designing, making, evaluating, and communicating solutions.

Healthy eating: why we need food, food groups (energy, growth, protection), healthy and unhealthy food, and food storage.

Insects: body parts of insects, life cycles of insects, and the importance of insects to humans and the environment.

Life cycles: the human life cycle (birth to old age) and various animal life cycles.

Recycling: re-using and recycling materials, and the importance of recycling for the environment.

The planets and stars: the sun, moon, and stars; and the names and order of the planets in the solar system.

Pollution: types of pollution including water, air, and land pollution; and the impact of pollution on living things.

Public safety (Electricity): the dangers of electricity, safety rules for using electricity, and identifying poisonous substances.

Plants and seeds: what plants need to grow (light, water, air), parts of a plant, and the function of seeds.

Foods: where different foods come from (plants or animals) and the basic processing of food.

Pets: caring for pets and the basic needs of domestic animals.

Farming the land: farming practices, growing crops, and the role of animals on the farm.

Extinct and endangered creatures: dinosaurs as extinct animals and endangered animals in South Africa.

Natural disasters: types of natural disasters such as floods, fires, and droughts; and their effects on people and the environment.

Knowing Science and Technology: Learners should have a grasp of scientific, technological, and environmental knowledge and be able to apply it in new contexts.

Investigating Phenomena and Designing Solutions: Learners should be able to complete investigations, analyse problems and use practical processes and skills in designing and evaluating solutions.

Science, Technology and Society: Learners should understand the practical uses of Natural Sciences and Technology in society and the environment and have values that make them caring and creative citizens.

Distinguish between living and non-living things using the seven life processes: feeding, growth, reproduction, breathing, excretion, sensitivity, and locomotion.

Identify and describe the basic structure of plants, including roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, and observe visible differences between different plants.

Identify and describe the body plans of animals, including head, tail, limbs, and body covering, and observe visible differences between different animals.

Understand and demonstrate that plants need light, water, and air to grow through practical investigations.

Identify different habitats (water and land) and understand that animals need a habitat for shelter, food, water, and air.

Identify and compare natural and man-made animal shelters, distinguishing between shell and frame structures.

Design and make an animal shelter using the technological design process, considering purpose, size, and materials.

Identify and describe the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, and understand the change of state through melting and solidifying.

Understand the water cycle as a continuous process of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation in nature.

Distinguish between raw and manufactured materials and describe properties such as hardness, flexibility, stiffness, and waterproofness.

Explore and apply ways to strengthen materials, such as folding and tubing, to make them suitable for building structures.

Identify struts and frame structures in the environment and understand how indigenous structures use these principles.

Understand that energy for life comes from the Sun and is transferred through food chains (Sun to plants to animals).

Identify different forms of energy in the environment, including energy for moving, heat, light, and sound.

Identify input and output energy in simple systems and machines used in daily life.

Understand that sound is caused by vibrations and investigate ways to make sounds louder or travel further.

Describe the Earth as a planet that is round and made of rock, water, and air.

Identify the Sun as a star and the primary source of light and heat for the Earth.

Identify the Moon as a satellite that reflects light from the Sun and moves around the Earth.

Understand that rockets are used to travel into space and design/make a model rocket system.

Plants and animals on Earth: Many different plants and animals; Interdependence between living and non-living things.

Animal skeletons: Skeletons of vertebrates (bones and cartilage); Movement of vertebrate animals.

Skeletons as structures: Frame and shell structures; Designing and making a model of a skeleton.

Food chains: Food and feeding; Energy transfer from one organism to another.

Life cycles: Growth and development in plants and animals; Stages in the life cycle of a flowering plant and an animal.

Metals and non-metals: Properties of metals (shiny, hard, strong, malleable); Properties of non-metals.

Uses of metals: Magnetism; Corrosion (rusting); Conductivity of heat and electricity.

Processing materials: Combining materials (mixing, setting, cooling); Properties of processed materials.

Processed materials: Traditional processing (plaster, clay); Modern processing (concrete, glass, plastics).

Stored energy in fuels: Burning fuels (wood, coal, gas); Safety with fire.

Energy and electricity: Cells and batteries; Mains electricity; Safety with electricity.

Energy and movement: Stored energy in elastic bands and springs; Energy transfer to movement.

Systems for moving things: Wheels and axles; Designing and making a vehicle with wheels and axles.

Planet Earth: The Earth is a sphere; The Earth moves (rotation and revolution).

Surface of the Earth: Rocks, soil, air, and water; Soil types and formation.

Sedimentary rocks: Formation of sedimentary rocks; Uses of sedimentary rocks.

Fossils: Body and trace fossils; Importance of South Africa's fossil record.

Photosynthesis: Plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make food (glucose) and release oxygen into the air.

Nutrients in food: Classify food into groups (carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils, vitamins, minerals) and state their importance.

Nutrition: Understand balanced diets and discuss diseases caused by unhealthy diets (obesity, diabetes, tooth decay, deficiency diseases).

Food Processing: Understand the need for processing food (improve shelf life, nutrition) and methods (cooking, drying, fermenting).

Ecosystems and Food Webs: Identify living and non-living things in ecosystems and draw feeding relationships (food webs).

Solids, Liquids and Gases: Describe the arrangement of particles in the three states of matter.

Mixtures: Understand that mixtures consist of two or more substances and can be separated using physical methods.

Solutions as Special Mixtures: Distinguish between soluble and insoluble substances and understand saturated solutions.

Dissolving: Investigate factors affecting the rate of dissolving, such as temperature, stirring, and grain size.

Mixtures and Water Resources: Understand water pollution, the importance of wetlands, and processes to purify water.

Electric Circuits: Construct a simple circuit and represent it using standard circuit diagrams.

Electrical Conductors and Insulators: Identify materials that allow electricity to flow and those that do not.

Systems to Solve Problems: Use electric circuits to solve practical problems (e.g., creating sound, light, or movement).

Mains Electricity: Understand fossil fuels, the cost of electricity, illegal connections, and renewable energy sources.

The Solar System: Identify the Sun, the eight planets, and asteroids in their relative positions.

Moons: Understand that moons are natural satellites and describe the features of Earth's Moon.

Movement of the Earth and Planets: Describe the rotation and revolution of the Earth and other planets.

Systems to Explore the Moon and Mars: Understand the technology used for space exploration (telescopes, rovers, landers).

The Biosphere: The concept of the biosphere and the requirements for sustaining life.

Biodiversity: Classification of living things, including the five kingdoms and the diversity of animals and plants.

Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction in angiosperms and human reproduction, including the structure and function of reproductive organs.

Variation: Variation within a species and the concept of inheritance in humans.

Properties of Materials: Physical properties of materials and their impact on the environment.

Separating Mixtures: Methods of physical separation and the importance of sorting and recycling materials.

Acids, Bases and Neutrals: The properties of acids, bases, and neutrals, and the use of indicators.

Introduction to the Periodic Table of Elements: The arrangement of elements and the symbols of the first 20 elements.

Sources of Energy: Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy and their impact.

Potential and Kinetic Energy: The concepts of potential and kinetic energy and the law of conservation of energy.

Heat Transfer: The processes of conduction, convection, and radiation as methods of energy transfer.

Insulation and Energy Saving: The use of insulating materials to reduce heat transfer and save energy.

Relationship of the Sun to the Earth: The solar system, the Earth's orbit, and the causes of seasons.

Relationship of the Moon to the Earth: The phases of the moon and the causes of tides.

Historical Development of Astronomy: Early astronomical observations and the development of modern telescopes and space exploration.

Photosynthesis: plants use carbon dioxide, water and energy from the Sun to produce glucose and oxygen.

Respiration: the process by which energy is released from food in a series of chemical reactions.

Introduction to Ecology: the study of interactions of organisms with one another and with their environment.

Ecosystems: consist of living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components that interact in a specific area.

Feeding relationships: producers, consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) and decomposers in an ecosystem.

Energy flow: food chains and food webs represent the flow of energy from one organism to another.

Balance in an ecosystem: ecosystems can be disrupted by natural or human factors, affecting the population sizes.

Adaptations: structural and behavioral characteristics that allow organisms to survive in their environment.

Conservation of the ecosystem: the importance of protecting biodiversity and managing natural resources sustainably.

Types of micro-organisms: including viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi.

Harmful micro-organisms: cause diseases such as TB, AIDS, malaria and water-borne diseases.

Useful micro-organisms: used in food production, medicine, and decomposition.

Atoms: the building blocks of matter; different elements are made of different atoms.

Sub-atomic particles: atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons.

Pure substances: elements consist of one type of atom; compounds consist of two or more types.

Mixtures: consist of elements and/or compounds that are not chemically joined.

Particle model of matter: all matter is made of particles that are constantly moving.

Solids, liquids and gases: arrangement and behavior of particles in different states.

Changes of state: melting, evaporation, condensation, freezing and sublimation explained by the particle model.

Density, mass and volume: density is the amount of mass in a given volume of a material.

Expansion and contraction: materials expand when heated and contract when cooled due to particle movement.

Pressure: exerted by gases due to collisions of particles with the sides of a container.

Chemical reactions: substances react to form products with different chemical properties.

Reactants and products: substances that react are reactants; substances produced are products.

Static electricity: the build-up of electric charge on the surface of objects through friction.

Energy transfer in electrical systems: circuits transfer energy from a source to an output device.

Components of a circuit: including cells, wires, switches, resistors and bulbs.

Effects of an electric current: heating, magnetic and chemical effects.

Series circuits: components are connected in a single path for current flow.

Parallel circuits: components are connected in separate branches.

Radiation of light: light travels in straight lines as electromagnetic radiation.

Spectrum of visible light: white light consists of different colors (red to violet).

Opaque, transparent and translucent substances: how light interacts with different materials.

Reflection of light: light bouncing off surfaces; law of reflection.

Refraction of light: the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

The Sun: a star that produces energy through nuclear reactions.

Objects around the Sun: planets, moons, asteroids, dwarf planets and comets.

Earth's position in the Solar System: conditions on Earth that support life.

The Milky Way Galaxy: our solar system is part of a spiral galaxy.

Beyond the Milky Way: the universe contains billions of other galaxies.

Looking into space: early viewing and modern astronomical observations.

Telescopes: optical and radio telescopes used to collect information from space.

Doing Science: Learners must be able to plan and carry out investigations as well as solve problems that require some practical ability.

Knowing Science: Learners must be able to understand and apply scientific knowledge in their lives and in the community.

Science, Society and the Environment: Learners must understand the impact of Science and Technology on the environment and on people's lives.

Cells as the basic units of life: Identify cell structures (wall, membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, chloroplasts) and describe their functions.

Systems in the human body: Provide an overview of the purpose and main components of the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, excretory, nervous, and reproductive systems.

Human reproduction: Describe the structure and function of male and female reproductive organs, and explain processes like menstruation, fertilization, and pregnancy.

Circulatory and respiratory systems: Explain the processes of breathing, gaseous exchange, and blood circulation, including the structure of the heart and lungs.

Digestive system: Explain the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion, and the importance of a healthy diet.

Compounds: Distinguish between elements and compounds, use the Periodic Table to identify elements, and write chemical formulae for common compounds.

Chemical reactions: Represent chemical reactions using word and balanced chemical equations, demonstrating the conservation of matter.

Reactions of metals with oxygen: Describe the combustion of metals and the formation of metal oxides, including the process of rusting.

Reactions of non-metals with oxygen: Describe the combustion of non-metals (carbon, sulfur, phosphorus) and the formation of non-metal oxides.

Acids and bases, and pH value: Use indicators to classify substances as acidic, basic, or neutral and understand the pH scale.

Reactions of acids with bases: Explain neutralization and the general reactions of acids with metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates.

Reactions of acids with metals: Describe the general reaction between an acid and a metal to produce a salt and hydrogen gas.

Forces: Distinguish between contact (friction, tension) and non-contact forces (gravitational, magnetic, electrostatic) and describe their effects.

Electric cells as energy sources: Understand how chemical energy in cells is converted into electrical energy in a circuit.

Resistance: Explain the concept of resistance and how it affects the flow of current in a circuit.

Series and parallel circuits: Compare the flow of current and potential difference in series and parallel circuit configurations.

Safety with electricity: Identify hazards and safety measures for using electricity in the home and community.

Energy and the national electricity grid: Describe the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in South Africa.

Cost of electrical power: Calculate the cost of electricity consumption based on power ratings and time used.

The Earth as a system: Describe the interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.

Lithosphere: Explain the rock cycle and the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Mining of mineral resources: Describe the processes of exploration, extraction, and refining of minerals and their impact in South Africa.

Atmosphere: Describe the composition and layers of the atmosphere and the causes and effects of the greenhouse effect.

Birth, life and death of stars: Explain the life cycle of stars, including the formation of nebulae, main sequence stars, and supernovae.

Biodiversity and classification of microorganisms: Basic structure and general characteristics of viruses, bacteria, protista and fungi; their roles in the environment and symbiotic relationships.

Biodiversity of plants: Grouping of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms; presence/absence of vascular tissue, seeds, and fruit.

Reproduction in plants: Asexual and sexual reproduction; flowers as reproductive structures; pollination and seed banks.

Biodiversity of animals: Relationship between body plans and grouping of animals (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata).

Photosynthesis: The process of photosynthesis using light, carbon dioxide, and water; the importance of photosynthesis in ecosystems.

Animal nutrition: Mammalian digestive system; mechanical and chemical digestion; absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

Respiration: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; the role of ATP; cellular respiration in plants and animals.

Gas exchange: Requirements of efficient gas exchange organs; human gas exchange system; ventilation and transport of gases.

Excretion in humans: The human urinary system; structure and functioning of the kidney and nephron; homeostasis and water balance.

Population ecology: Population size, density, and growth; competition, predation, and parasitism; human population growth and age-gender distributions.

Human impact on the environment: Atmosphere and climate change; water quality and availability; food security; loss of biodiversity; waste management.

Vectors in two dimensions: Resultant of perpendicular vectors; resolution of a vector into its perpendicular components.

Newton's Laws and Application: Newton's First, Second, and Third Laws of Motion; application to various force systems including friction.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation: Relationship between mass, distance, and gravitational force; acceleration due to gravity.

Geometric Optics: Refraction, Snell's Law, and critical angles; total internal reflection and its applications.

2D and 3D Wavefronts: Diffraction of light through a single slit; Huygens' Principle.

Electrostatics: Coulomb's Law; electric fields around charge configurations; electric field strength.

Electromagnetism: Magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor; Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction.

Electric Circuits: Ohm's Law; series and parallel circuits; power and energy in electrical systems.

Atomic combinations: Molecular structure and shapes; VSEPR theory; electronegativity and bond polarity.

Intermolecular forces: Types of intermolecular forces; relationship between intermolecular forces and physical properties.

Ideal gases and thermal properties: Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law; the Ideal Gas Equation.

Stoichiometry: Molar volume of gases; concentration of solutions; limiting reagents and percentage yield.

Energy and Chemical Change: Exothermic and endothermic reactions; activation energy and activated complex.

Types of reactions: Acid-base reactions; redox reactions; oxidation numbers and balancing redox equations.

The Lithosphere: Exploitation of the lithosphere; mining and mineral processing in South Africa; environmental impact of mining.

Knowing Subject Content: Learners must be able to recall, understand and apply scientific knowledge in various contexts.

Investigating Phenomenon: Learners must be able to plan and conduct investigations, collect and analyze data, and communicate findings.

Science, Society and the Environment: Learners must understand the applications of science in everyday life and its impact on society.

DNA: The Code of Life: Structure of DNA and RNA, DNA replication, and the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis.

Meiosis: The process of reduction division, its importance in sexual reproduction, and the consequences of abnormal meiosis.

Reproduction in Vertebrates: Diversity of reproductive strategies in vertebrates including external/internal fertilization, ovipary, and vivipary.

Human Reproduction: Structure and function of male and female systems, puberty, menstrual cycle, fertilization, and fetal development.

Responding to the Environment (Humans): The human nervous system, including the structure and function of the eye and ear.

Endocrine System and Homeostasis: The role of hormones in the human body and the maintenance of a constant internal environment.

Genetics and Inheritance: Monohybrid crosses, sex determination, blood groups, genetic lineages, mutations, and biotechnology.

Evolution by Natural Selection: Evidence for evolution, theories of Lamarck and Darwin, and the process of speciation.

Human Evolution: Evidence of common ancestors for living hominids and the 'Out of Africa' hypothesis.

Momentum and Impulse: Newton’s Second Law in terms of momentum, conservation of linear momentum, and impulse.

Vertical Projectile Motion in One Dimension: Motion of objects under the influence of gravity, including graphs and equations of motion.

Work, Energy and Power: Work-energy theorem, conservation of mechanical energy, and power calculations.

Doppler Effect: The change in frequency of sound or light due to the relative motion of the source and observer.

Electrostatics: Coulomb’s Law and the concept of electric fields around point charges.

Electric Circuits: Ohm’s Law, internal resistance, and power in series and parallel circuits.

Electrodynamics: Principles of generators and motors, and the characteristics of alternating current.

Optical Phenomena and Properties of Materials: The photoelectric effect and emission and absorption spectra.

Organic Molecules: Classification, naming (IUPAC), physical properties, and chemical reactions of organic compounds.

Rate and Extent of Reaction: Factors affecting reaction rates, collision theory, and the role of catalysts.

Chemical Equilibrium: Factors affecting equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle, and the equilibrium constant (Kc).

Acids and Bases: Protolytic theory, pH calculations, and the use of indicators in titrations.

Electrochemical Reactions: The structure and function of galvanic and electrolytic cells.

The Chemical Industry: The production and impact of fertilizers including the Haber, Ostwald, and Contact processes.

Social science concepts: conservation, cause and effect, place, adaptation, relationships and interdependence, diversity and individuality, and change.

Me: Name, age, gender, what I look like, what I can do, my birthday.

At school: Name of school, teacher's name, classroom, school rules, playground.

In the classroom: Where things are kept, my space, classroom rules.

My body: Parts of the body, what they do, senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste).

My family: Who belongs to my family, activities my family do together, family celebrations.

My community: People who live in my community, places in my community (shops, clinic, etc.), keeping community clean.

Weather: What the sky looks like, hot/cold/sunny/rainy/windy days, what we wear on these days.

Transport: Different types of transport (road, rail, air, water), why we use transport.

Jobs people do: Different types of jobs, why people work.

Water: Uses of water, where water comes from, saving water.

Plants and seeds: Parts of a plant, what plants need to grow, seeds.

Food: Where food comes from, healthy/unhealthy food, how we get food.

Animals: Different types of animals, what animals eat, where animals live.

My country: Name of country, flag, national anthem, different people in our country.

Communication: Different ways of communicating (talking, listening, signs, technology).

Night and day: What we see in the sky at night and day, activities at night and day.

Celebrations: Different festivals and special days celebrated by the community.

Keeping clean and fit: Personal hygiene, ways to keep fit.

Rules: Why we have rules, following rules in school and community.

Safety: Safety at home, safety at school, road safety.

Healthy eating: Why we eat, healthy food choices.

Me: Things I can do; my name, address and telephone number; my birthday; what makes me special.

At school: My school’s name; my teacher’s name; my classroom; school rules; playground rules.

In the classroom: Classroom layout; different areas in the classroom; classroom rules; looking after things.

Healthy habits: Washing my body; brushing my teeth; washing my hair; keeping my nails clean and short.

My family: Members of my family; what we do together; family rules; caring for each other.

Safety in the home: Dangerous places and objects; electricity; fire; medicines and poisons.

Healthy eating: Why we need food; healthy and unhealthy foods; fruit and vegetables; milk and dairy products.

Weather: Different types of weather; what we wear in different weather; how weather affects what we do.

Plants and seeds: Parts of a plant; what plants need to grow; seeds and how they grow.

Wild animals: Different types of wild animals; where they live; what they eat; protecting wild animals.

Pets: Different types of pets; caring for pets; what pets need.

Manners and responsibilities: Greeting people; saying please and thank you; being kind; taking responsibility.

Water: Uses of water; saving water; keeping water clean; water safety.

Transport: Different types of transport; road safety; railway safety.

People who help us: Doctors and nurses; police officers; firefighters; teachers; shopkeepers.

Significant events: Discuss significant Health/Environmental awareness events, national holidays and special days.

What we need to live: water, food, air, shelter and clothes.

Myself and others: similarities and differences, things we share with others, rights and responsibilities.

Everyone is special: things I can do, what I like, what I don't like, how I am different from others.

Healthy living: healthy eating, keeping the body clean, exercise and sleep.

Communication: different ways people communicate (signs, symbols, speaking, writing), how communication has changed over time.

Transport: different types of transport (road, rail, air, water), safety on the road, transport in the past.

Road safety: rules for crossing the road, road signs, safety when walking or traveling.

Our community: people who help us, places where people live and work, how we can look after our community.

Animals that help us: pets, farm animals, animals that work, how we should care for animals.

Respect for others: respect for people, respect for property, respect for the environment.

Weather: different types of weather, how weather affects our lives, seasons.

Religious and other festivals and special days: festivals and special days people celebrate.

How people lived long ago: Homes, clothes, food, transport, schools long ago; Comparing then and now.

Space: The sun, moon, stars, planets; Space travel.

Products and Processes: How things are made (e.g. from farm to shop); Raw materials and manufactured products.

Disasters and what we should do: What to do in case of fire, flood, etc.; Emergency services.

Animals and creatures that help us: Animals that help people; How they help us.

Finding a variety of kinds of information about the past in a local area (pictures, writing, stories, objects).

How we find out about the present in a local area.

Finding out about the history of a local area through stories and interviews.

Qualities of a good leader: understanding what makes a person a leader and the values they represent.

The life story of Nelson Mandela: a leader who fought for justice and democracy.

The life story of Mahatma Gandhi: a leader who used non-violent resistance.

Land transport: animals, carts, wagons, bicycles, steam engines, and the development of the motor car.

Water transport: rafts, canoes, sailing ships, steam ships, and modern container ships.

Air transport: balloons, airships, and the first flight by the Wright brothers.

Early forms of communication: San rock paintings, smoke signals, drums, runners, and messenger pigeons.

Modern forms of communication: the postal system, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, and the internet.

People and places: identifying different types of settlements (farms, villages, towns, and cities).

Jobs people do in different places and the services provided in settlements.

Buildings and their uses: identifying different types of buildings and their functions in a community.

Landmarks and explaining the way: using landmarks to give and follow directions.

Side views and plan views: understanding the difference between looking from the side and from above.

Symbols and keys: using symbols to represent real objects on a map and interpreting a map key.

Grid references: using a simple grid (letters and numbers) to find places on a map.

Compass directions: identifying the four main directions (North, South, East, West) and eight points.

Map of South Africa: identifying provinces, oceans, and main cities on a national map.

People and food: identifying the types of food people eat and where they come from.

Ways of farming: understanding the difference between subsistence and commercial farming.

Crop and stock farming: identifying major crops and types of livestock farmed in South Africa.

Unprocessed and processed foods: understanding how food changes from the farm to the shop.

Uses of water: identifying how water is used at home, in industry, and in agriculture.

Water as a resource: understanding fresh water, salt water, and the importance of water conservation.

The water cycle: understanding the natural movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and rain.

How people get their water: identifying sources like taps, wells, boreholes, and rivers.

Keeping water clean: understanding pollution and ways to prevent it.

Find a variety of kinds of information about the past (sources).

Select relevant information from sources.

Decide whether information can be trusted (reliability).

See something that happened in the past from more than one point of view (empathy).

Explain why events in the past happened in a particular way (cause and effect).

Debate what happened in the past based on evidence.

Write history in an organized way using evidence to support an argument.

Use and interpret maps (reading and analyzing spatial information).

Use and interpret photographs (extracting information from visual sources).

Work with data and statistics in the form of graphs, tables, and diagrams.

Cross-reference information using different sources.

Observe and engage with phenomena in their own environment (fieldwork).

Find out about places, people, events, and issues using different sources.

Communicate ideas and information (speaking, writing, and drawing maps).

Make informed decisions and take appropriate action.

World map and compass directions (equator, poles, continents, eight points of the compass).

Africa our continent (oceans, countries, capital cities, borders, Madagascar and Zanzibar).

Physical map of Africa (high/low areas, rivers, lakes, height above sea level, mountains).

Images of Africa (photographs of landscapes).

South Africa from above (physical map of South Africa).

Physical features (coastal plain, plateau, escarpment, mountains).

Rivers (Orange and Limpopo rivers).

Physical features and human activity (influence on settlement and activity).

Weather (elements of weather, measuring temperature and rain, weather maps).

Rainfall (precipitation types, rainfall patterns in South Africa).

Climate (difference between weather and climate, climate regions of South Africa).

Natural vegetation (types of natural vegetation, link between climate and vegetation).

Mineral resources in South Africa (main minerals, location, gold and coal).

Mining and the environment (open-cast and shaft mining, impact on environment).

Mining and people (health and safety, impact on miners and families).

How we find out about hunter-gatherers and herders (stories, objects, rock paintings, books, ethnography).

San hunter-gatherer society in the Later Stone Age (way of life, tools, social organization, beliefs, rock art).

Khoikhoi herder society in the Later Stone Age (pastoral way of life, sharing the landscape).

When, why and where the first farmers settled (Bantu-speakers, entry into southern Africa).

How the first farmers lived (crops, livestock, iron tools, social organization, chiefdoms).

Interaction between hunter-gatherers, herders and farmers (sharing landscape, cultural interaction).

The Nile River and how it influenced settlement (agriculture, transport).

Way of life in Ancient Egypt (social structure, Pharaohs, beliefs, writing, architecture).

Tutankhamun’s tomb (discovery, significance).

The names of the provinces and their capital cities on a map.

What is heritage? (definition and importance).

Heritage sites in each province (natural and cultural heritage sites).

Latitude and longitude: degrees, minutes and seconds; using latitude and longitude to find locations on a map.

Hemispheres: Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Concept of scale: small and large-scale maps; line scales and word scales; measuring straight-line distances between cities.

Atlases, global statistics and current events: using an atlas to find information about places and events in the news.

Why people trade: trade as the exchange of goods; buying and selling for money; exports and imports.

What people trade: raw materials (primary products), manufactured goods (secondary products), and skills and services.

Resources and their value: how manufacturing adds value; case studies from cocoa to chocolate and gold to jewellery.

Fair trading: concepts of unfair and fair trade; human cost of unfair trade; work and exploitation.

Climate around the world: difference between weather and climate; hot, mild and cold climates; wet and dry areas.

Tropical rainforests: location, climate, natural vegetation, wildlife and the consequences of deforestation.

Hot deserts: location, climate, natural vegetation, wildlife and how people live in desert environments.

Coniferous forests: location, climate, natural vegetation, wildlife and human activities in these environments.

Population distribution and density: concepts and distribution in South Africa and around the world.

Reasons for location of settlements: climate, vegetation, natural features, laws, resources and human activities.

Rural and urban areas: concepts of rural and urban; reasons why people move from rural areas to towns and cities.

Changes in societies in the Limpopo Valley (900-1300 AD): settlements at Schroda, K2 and Mapungubwe hill.

Mapungubwe: first state in southern Africa; social structure and sacred leadership; trade with the Indian Ocean world.

Artifacts and symbols of power: the golden rhinoceros and other gold objects; the Order of Mapungubwe.

Great Zimbabwe: the decline of Mapungubwe and the rise of Great Zimbabwe.

Reasons for European exploration: trade, religion, and the search for new routes to the East.

The Renaissance: new ideas and inventions; Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei.

Portuguese explorers: voyages of Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama; impact on the people of southern Africa.

How South Africa became a democracy: the 1994 election; the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Rights and responsibilities of citizens: understanding the balance between individual rights and social duties.

National government: the role of parliament, the president and the courts; how laws are made.

National symbols: the flag, anthem, coat of arms and their meaning in a democratic South Africa.

Indigenous healing in South Africa: traditional healers and the use of medicinal plants.

Western medicine: the germ theory; discoveries of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Joseph Lister.

Modern medical breakthroughs: vaccines, antibiotics, and the first heart transplant by Christiaan Barnard.

Local maps and street maps: finding landmarks and using a grid reference.

Sketch maps and explaining routes: drawing and describing routes in the local area.

Distance and scale: using line scales and word scales to measure distance on maps.

Current events: locating places mentioned in the news on a map.

Structure of the earth: internal structure including the core, mantle, and crust.

Volcanoes: location, why they occur, and their impact on people and the environment.

Earthquakes: causes, measurement using the Richter scale, and impact on human settlements.

Floods: causes of flooding and the impact of floods on people and infrastructure.

Population concepts: understanding birth rates, death rates, and population growth rates.

Factors affecting birth and death rates: disease, food supply, and scientific developments.

World population growth: trends from 1 AD to the present and future projections.

Natural resources: identifying water, soil, air, forests, and minerals as resources.

Management of resources: conservation, sustainable use, and the role of protected areas.

Water in South Africa: catchment areas, river health, and responsible water management.

Trade across the Sahara desert: the role of camel caravans, gold, and salt.

The kingdom of Mali: the rule of Mansa Musa and the expansion of the empire.

The city of Timbuktu: its role as a center of learning and the importance of manuscripts.

West Africa before the slave trade: social and economic structures of West African societies.

Nature of the slave trade: the Middle Passage and life on American plantations.

Impact of the slave trade: consequences for Africa, America, and Britain.

Indigenous inhabitants: the lifestyle and culture of the Khoikhoi and San.

Dutch settlement: the arrival of the VOC and the establishment of a refreshment station.

Consequences of Dutch settlement: slavery at the Cape and the expansion of the colony.

Arrival of the British: the 1820 Settlers and the expanding Cape frontier.

The Eastern Frontier: conflict and cooperation between the Xhosa, Boers, and British.

The Northern Frontier: trade and interaction between the Griqua, Tswana, and missionaries.

Maps and atlases: Latitude and longitude (degrees and minutes) and using the atlas index to find places on a map.

Scale: Kinds of scale (world, regional, local); review line and word scales; introduce ratio scales; calculate distances.

The globe: Hemispheres, Earth's rotation (day/night), world time zones, South African Standard Time, and Earth's revolution.

Satellite images: Identifying water, vegetation, land use, and cloud patterns; understanding how satellite images are used.

Factors that influence temperature and rainfall: Latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, ocean currents, and relief (mountains).

South Africa's climate: Physical features and climate regions (Mediterranean, subtropical, plateau, etc.).

Climate around the world: Characteristics of tropical rainforests, hot deserts, and coniferous forests (temperature and rainfall).

Settlement patterns: Distinguishing between rural and urban settlements and identifying types of rural settlements.

Land use within urban settlements: CBD, industrial zones, residential areas, shopping centres, services, and recreation.

Urbanization: Reasons for the growth of cities and associated social and environmental issues.

Transport: Different modes (road, rail, air, water) and transport networks in South Africa.

Trade: Reasons for trade, imports and exports, and trade patterns in South Africa.

Changes during the Industrial Revolution in Britain: Urbanization, living conditions, child labour, and the rise of trade unions.

Southern Africa by 1860: Political settlement and indentured labour from India for sugar plantations in Natal.

Diamond mining in Kimberley from 1867: British take-over of land, monopoly development, and the formation of De Beers.

Gold mining on the Witwatersrand from 1886: Discovery, deep-level mining challenges, and economic impact.

Labour control: The migrant labour system, compound system, and the implementation of pass laws.

Land dispossession and defeat of African kingdoms: The fall of the Xhosa, Pedi, and Zulu kingdoms.

Africa before European colonization: Political, social, and economic structures.

The Berlin Conference (1884-1885): The partition of Africa and the causes of European colonization.

African resistance to colonization: Case studies of resistance movements across the continent.

Causes of World War I: Long-term causes (M.A.I.N.) and the immediate cause (assassination in Sarajevo).

Experience of war: Trench warfare, new weaponry, and the role of women and colonial subjects.

South Africa's involvement in WWI and the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles.

Map skills (Focus: Topographic and orthophoto maps): Contour lines, steep and gentle slopes, river valleys and spurs.

1:10 000 Orthophoto maps: Vertical aerial photographs, height, and identifying features using contour lines.

1:50 000 Topographic maps: Reading symbols, height clues, contour patterns, scale, and measuring distance.

Development issues: Meaning of development including economic, social, and environmental aspects.

Ways of measuring development: GDP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), life expectancy, and education.

Factors affecting development: Trade imbalances, technology, industrialization, health, education, and political stability.

Opportunities for development: Sustainable development and alternative development models.

Surface forces that shape the earth: Physical, chemical, and biological weathering.

Erosion and deposition: River features and the impact of human activities on soil erosion.

Resource use and sustainability: Sustainable and unsustainable use of resources.

Food resources: Food security, role of science and technology in food production, and sustainable farming.

The rise of Nazi Germany: Hitler and the Nazis, the Nuremberg Laws, and the failures of democracy.

World War II in Europe: Nazi expansionism, the outbreak of war, extermination camps, and the Holocaust.

Resistance to Nazism: Examples of resistance including the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the end of the war.

The Nuclear Age and the Cold War: Origins of the Cold War, superpowers, and conflicting ideologies.

Key events of the Cold War: The Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the arms race.

Turning points in South African history since 1948: The implementation of Apartheid and forced removals.

Resistance to Apartheid: The ANC, PAC, Defiance Campaign, and the Freedom Charter.

Turning points in South African history 1960, 1976 and 1990: The Sharpeville massacre and Langa march.

1976 Soweto Uprising: Causes, leaders, events of 16 June, and long-term consequences.

1990: The release of Nelson Mandela, the unbanning of political parties, and the transition to democracy.

Analyze the Songhai, Ming, and Mughal empires, focusing on their government, society, trade, and cultural achievements around 1600.

Examine expansion and conquest in the 15th to 18th centuries, including the impact of the conquest of the Americas and the Atlantic Slave Trade.

Evaluate the causes, course, and consequences of the French Revolution, including the rise of Napoleon and the spread of revolutionary ideas.

Investigate transformations in Southern Africa after 1750, focusing on the rise of the Zulu Kingdom and the Mfecane/Difaqane.

Analyze colonial expansion after 1750, specifically British colonialism at the Cape and the resistance of the Xhosa people.

Examine the causes and course of the South African War (1899-1902) and the subsequent formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910.

Apply geographical skills and techniques, including mapwork (scale, distance, direction), atlas use, and basic Geographical Information Systems (GIS).

Understand the composition and structure of the atmosphere, heating processes, global warming, moisture, and the interpretation of synoptic weather maps.

Study the structure of the Earth, plate tectonics, folding, faulting, and the resulting landforms, including earthquakes and volcanoes.

Analyze population distribution, density, structure, growth, and movements, as well as the impact of HIV and AIDS on population trends.

Examine water resources in the world, the role of oceans, water management in South Africa, and the causes and impacts of floods.

Lenin's interpretation of Marxism: The role of the Bolsheviks and the 1917 Revolutions.

Stalin's interpretation of Marxism-Leninism: Collectivisation, industrialisation, and the effects of Stalin's policies on the Soviet people.

The nature of capitalism in the USA: The boom of the 1920s and the causes of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

The Great Depression and the New Deal: Analysis and assessment of the New Deal's impact on the US economy and society.

Theories of Social Darwinism and Eugenics: The pseudo-scientific basis for racial superiority and its global influence.

Case study: Nazi Germany and the Holocaust: The implementation of racial policies and the consequences of the Final Solution.

The rise of Afrikaner nationalism: The influence of the 1914 Rebellion, the Broederbond, and the 1948 election victory.

The rise of African nationalism: The formation of the ANC, the influence of WWII, and the PAC.

Middle East: The 1948 War and the Palestinian and Israeli perspectives on nationalism and conflict.

Legalising Apartheid: The creation of the Apartheid state through laws against multiracial labour and the banning of political parties.

Overcoming Apartheid: Resistance to Apartheid before 1960, including the Defiance Campaign and the Freedom Charter.

Earth's energy balance: Unequal heating of the atmosphere, latitudinal and seasonal variations, and energy transfer.

Global air circulation: Pressure belts, tri-cellular circulation, and winds (westerlies, tropical easterlies, polar easterlies).

Africa's weather and climate: The role of oceans, air masses, and regional wind systems like Monsoons and Föhn winds.

Droughts and desertification: Causes, effects on people and the environment, and management strategies.

Topography associated with rock strata: Development of hilly landscapes, basaltic plateaux, canyon landscapes, and scarp retreat.

Slopes: Types of slopes, slope elements (crest, cliff, talus, pediment), and slope development over time.

Mass movement: Types of mass movement (falls, slides, flows, creep), causes, and impact on the environment.

Concept of development: Economic, social, and environmental indicators; development models (Rostow, Core-Periphery).

Trade and development: International trade patterns, trade barriers, and the role of development aid.

Soil and soil erosion: Soil profiles, causes of erosion, and management strategies for soil conservation.

Energy resources: Thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable energy production in South Africa and the world.

Mapwork skills: Scale, distance, bearing, gradient, and interpretation of topographical and orthophoto maps.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Data types (raster/vector), layers, buffering, and remote sensing applications.

The Cold War: The extension of the Cold War; Case studies: Vietnam and Angola.

Independent Africa: Case studies on the Congo and Tanzania; Africa in the Cold War.

Civil society protests from the 1950s to the 1970s: The US Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement.

Civil resistance, 1970s to 1980s: South Africa; The challenge of Black Consciousness and the crisis of apartheid.

The coming of democracy in South Africa and coming to terms with the past: Negotiated settlement and the TRC.

The end of the Cold War and a new world order: 1989 to the present; Globalization and emerging economies.

Climate and Weather: Mid-latitude cyclones, tropical cyclones, subtropical anticyclones, and local climates (valley and urban).

Geomorphology: Drainage systems in South Africa and fluvial processes including river profiles and stream piracy.

Settlement Geography: Rural and urban settlements; settlement patterns, urban hierarchies, and urban issues.

Economic Geography of South Africa: Structure of the economy, agriculture, mining, and industrial development strategies.

Geographical Skills and Techniques: Mapwork skills, calculation of gradient, and application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).