The TEKS are the state standards for what students should know and be able to do in each subject and grade level in Texas public schools. They provide a consist
Texas, United States
The TEKS are the state standards for what students should know and be able to do in each subject and grade level in Texas public schools. They provide a consistent educational framework that guides curriculum development, instructional practices, and the state's standardized assessment system (STAAR).
The TEKS are the state standards for what students should know and be able to do in each subject and grade level in Texas public schools. They provide a consistent educational framework that guides curriculum development, instructional practices, and the state's standardized assessment system (STAAR).
Year Adopted: 2017 (ELAR), 2012 (Math), 2021 (Science), 2022 (Social Studies)
Kindergarten, Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade 5, Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 8, English I-IV, Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, World History, US History
Listen actively and ask questions to understand information and answer questions using multi-word responses.
Key skills: Active listening, Asking questionsRestate and follow oral directions that involve a short, related sequence of actions.
Key skills: Following directions, Restating informationShare information and ideas by speaking audibly and clearly using the conventions of language.
Key skills: Oral expression, Clear speakingWork collaboratively with others by following agreed-upon rules for discussion, including taking turns.
Key skills: Collaboration, Discussion rulesDevelop social communication such as introducing himself/herself, using common greetings, and expressing needs.
Key skills: Social communication, GreetingsDemonstrate phonological awareness by identifying and producing rhyming words.
Key skills: Rhyming, Phonological awarenessRecognize spoken alliteration or groups of words that begin with the same spoken onset or initial sound.
Key skills: Alliteration, Initial soundsIdentify the individual words in a spoken sentence.
Key skills: Word identification, Sentence structureIdentify syllables in spoken words.
Key skills: Syllable identification, Phonological awarenessBlend syllables to form multisyllabic words.
Key skills: Blending syllables, Word formationSegment multisyllabic words into syllables.
Key skills: Segmenting syllables, Phonological awarenessIdentify and manipulate the onset and rime in one-syllable words.
Key skills: Onset and rime, Sound manipulationBlend spoken onsets and rimes to form simple words.
Key skills: Blending sounds, Word formationBlend spoken phonemes to form one-syllable words.
Key skills: Phoneme blending, DecodingSegment spoken one-syllable words into individual phonemes.
Key skills: Phoneme segmenting, EncodingDemonstrate eye-to-text tracking by following words from left to right, top to bottom, and page by page.
Key skills: Print tracking, DirectionalityRecognize that sentences are comprised of words separated by spaces and recognize word boundaries.
Key skills: Word boundaries, Sentence structureIdentify the information that different parts of a book provide, including covers, title page, and author.
Key skills: Book parts, Author identificationDemonstrate knowledge of the alphabetic principle by identifying and naming all uppercase and lowercase letters.
Key skills: Letter naming, Alphabetic principleIdentify and match the common sounds that letters represent.
Key skills: Letter-sound matching, PhonicsUse letter-sound relationships to decode, including VC, CVC, CCVC, and CVCC words.
Key skills: Decoding, PhonicsRecognize that new words are created when letters are changed, added, or deleted.
Key skills: Word manipulation, DecodingIdentify and read at least 25 high-frequency words from a commonly used list.
Key skills: Sight words, High-frequency wordsDemonstrate spelling knowledge by spelling words with VC, CVC, and CCVC.
Key skills: Spelling, EncodingSpell words using sound-spelling patterns.
Key skills: Spelling patterns, PhonicsWrite one's own name.
Key skills: Name writing, HandwritingDevelop handwriting by printing many upper- and lower-case letters.
Key skills: Handwriting, Letter formationUse a resource such as a picture dictionary or digital resource to find words.
Key skills: Resource use, Dictionary skillsUse illustrations and texts the student is able to read or hear to learn or clarify word meanings.
Key skills: Context clues, Word meaningIdentify and use words that name actions, directions, positions, sequences, and locations.
Key skills: Word usage, Vocabulary developmentIdentify and use words that name actions, directions, positions, sequences, and locations.
Key skills: Word usage, Vocabulary developmentSelf-select text and interact independently with text for increasing periods of time.
Key skills: Independent reading, Text selectionEstablish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts with adult assistance.
Key skills: Setting purpose, Reading comprehensionGenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding.
Key skills: Questioning, Deepening understandingMake and confirm predictions using text features and structures with adult assistance.
Key skills: Predicting, Text featuresCreate mental images to deepen understanding with adult assistance.
Key skills: Visualization, ComprehensionMake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society with adult assistance.
Key skills: Making connections, Personal experienceMake inferences and use evidence to support understanding with adult assistance.
Key skills: Inference, Evidence useEvaluate details to determine what is most important with adult assistance.
Key skills: Evaluating details, Main ideaSynthesize information to create new understanding with adult assistance.
Key skills: Synthesis, New understandingMonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading and using background knowledge.
Key skills: Monitoring, Self-correctionDescribe personal connections to a variety of sources.
Key skills: Personal connection, Oral responseProvide an oral, pictorial, or written response to a text.
Key skills: Responding to text, Multimodal responseUse text evidence to support an appropriate response.
Key skills: Evidence use, Text supportRetell texts in ways that maintain meaning.
Key skills: Retelling, SummarizingInteract with sources in meaningful ways such as illustrating or writing.
Key skills: Interaction, Creative responseInfer the theme of a text, including those about self-reliance and responsibility, with adult assistance.
Key skills: Theme inference, Literary analysisIdentify and describe the main character(s).
Key skills: Character identification, DescriptionDescribe the elements of plot development, including the main events of the story.
Key skills: Plot elements, Story sequenceDescribe the setting.
Key skills: Setting description, Literary elementsDemonstrate knowledge of distinguishing characteristics of well-known children's literature.
Key skills: Genre knowledge, Literary characteristicsDiscuss rhyme and rhythm in nursery rhymes and a variety of poems.
Key skills: Poetry analysis, Rhyme and rhythmDiscuss main characters in drama.
Key skills: Drama analysis, Character discussionRecognize characteristics of informational text, including the central idea and supporting evidence.
Key skills: Informational text, Central ideaRecognize characteristics of informational text, including titles and simple graphics.
Key skills: Text features, GraphicsRecognize characteristics of informational text, including the steps in a sequence.
Key skills: Sequential steps, Informational structureRecognize characteristics of persuasive text with adult assistance.
Key skills: Persuasive text, Author's intentRecognize characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.
Key skills: Digital literacy, Multimodal textsDiscuss with adult assistance the author's purpose for writing text.
Key skills: Author's purpose, Text analysisDiscuss with adult assistance how the use of text features contributes to the author's purpose.
Key skills: Text features, Author's craftDiscuss with adult assistance the author's use of print and graphic features.
Key skills: Graphic features, Visual literacyDiscuss with adult assistance the author's use of imagery and sensory language.
Key skills: Imagery, Sensory languageListen to and experience first- and third-person texts.
Key skills: Point of view, PerspectiveDiscuss with adult assistance the author's use of repetition.
Key skills: Repetition, Literary devicesPlan by generating ideas for writing through class discussion and drawings.
Key skills: Planning, Idea generationDevelop drafts in oral, pictorial, or written form by organizing ideas.
Key skills: Drafting, OrganizationRevise drafts by adding details in pictures or words.
Key skills: Revision, Adding detailsEdit drafts with adult assistance using standard English conventions.
Key skills: Editing, ConventionsPublish and share writing for others.
Key skills: Publishing, Sharing writingDictate or compose literary texts, including personal narratives.
Key skills: Literary writing, Personal narrativeDictate or compose informational texts, including procedural texts.
Key skills: Informational writing, Procedural textGenerate questions for formal and informal inquiry with adult assistance.
Key skills: Questioning, InquiryDevelop and follow a research plan with adult assistance.
Key skills: Research plan, PlanningGather information from a variety of sources with adult assistance.
Key skills: Information gathering, Source useDemonstrate understanding of information gathered with adult assistance.
Key skills: Understanding info, SynthesisUse an appropriate mode of delivery to present results.
Key skills: Presentation, Communicationlisten actively, ask relevant questions to clarify information, and answer questions using multi-word responses
Key skills: active listening, questioningfollow, restate, and give oral instructions that involve a short, related sequence of actions
Key skills: oral instructions, sequencingshare information and ideas about the topic under discussion, speaking clearly at an appropriate pace
Key skills: oral communication, speaking skillswork collaboratively with others by following agreed-upon rules for discussion
Key skills: collaboration, discussion rulesdevelop social communication such as introducing himself/herself and others, relating experiences, and expressing needs
Key skills: social communication, self-expressionproducing a series of rhyming words
Key skills: rhyming, phonological awarenessrecognizing spoken alliteration or groups of words that begin with the same spoken onset
Key skills: alliteration, initial soundsdistinguishing between long and short vowel sounds in one-syllable words
Key skills: vowel sounds, phonemic awarenessrecognizing the change in spoken word when a specified phoneme is added, changed, or removed
Key skills: phoneme manipulation, word buildingblending spoken onsets and rimes to form simple words
Key skills: blending, onset and rimeblending spoken phonemes to form one-syllable words
Key skills: phoneme blending, decodingsegmenting spoken one-syllable words into individual phonemes
Key skills: segmenting, phonemic awarenessdecoding words in isolation and in context by applying common letter sound correspondences
Key skills: decoding, letter-sound relationshipsdecoding words with initial and final consonant blends, digraphs, and trigraphs
Key skills: blends, digraphsdecoding words with closed, open, VCe, vowel teams, and r-controlled syllables
Key skills: syllable types, decodingusing knowledge of base words with inflectional endings to decode words
Key skills: base words, inflectional endingsdecoding words with inflectional endings, including -ed, -s, and -es
Key skills: suffixes, decodingidentifying and reading at least 100 high-frequency words from a research-based list
Key skills: sight words, fluencyspelling words with closed syllables, open syllables, and VCe syllables
Key skills: spelling, syllable patternsspelling words with initial and final consonant blends, digraphs, and trigraphs
Key skills: spelling, consonant patternsspelling words using sound-spelling patterns
Key skills: phonetic spelling, orthographyspelling high-frequency words from a research-based list
Key skills: sight word spelling, writingspelling words with inflectional endings, including -ed, -s, and -es
Key skills: inflectional endings, spellingalphabetizing a series of words to the first or second letter and using a dictionary
Key skills: alphabetizing, dictionary skillsdemonstrate print awareness by identifying the information that different parts of a book provide
Key skills: print awareness, book partsdevelop handwriting by printing words, sentences, and answers legibly
Key skills: handwriting, legibilityuse a resource such as a picture dictionary or digital resource to find words
Key skills: reference tools, vocabularyuse illustrations and texts to learn or clarify word meanings
Key skills: context clues, visual literacyidentify the meaning of words with the affixes -s, -ed, and -ing
Key skills: affixes, word meaningidentify and use words that name actions, directions, positions, sequences, categories, and locations
Key skills: parts of speech, concept wordsuse appropriate fluency (rate, accuracy, and prosody) when reading grade-level text
Key skills: reading fluency, prosodyself-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time
Key skills: independent reading, staminaestablish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts
Key skills: reading purpose, metacognitiongenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading
Key skills: questioning, active readingmake and correct or confirm predictions using text features and structures
Key skills: prediction, text featurescreate mental images to deepen understanding
Key skills: visualization, comprehensionmake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society
Key skills: making connections, prior knowledgemake inferences and use evidence to support understanding
Key skills: inference, text evidenceevaluate details to determine what is most important with adult assistance
Key skills: main idea, summarizingsynthesize information to create new understanding with adult assistance
Key skills: synthesis, critical thinkingmonitor comprehension and make adjustments when understanding breaks down
Key skills: self-monitoring, fix-up strategiesdescribe personal connections to a variety of sources
Key skills: personal response, reflectionwrite brief comments on literary or informational texts
Key skills: written response, annotationuse text evidence to support an appropriate response
Key skills: text evidence, justificationretell texts in ways that maintain meaning
Key skills: retelling, summarizinginteract with sources in meaningful ways such as illustrating or writing
Key skills: multimodal response, engagementrespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate
Key skills: vocabulary usage, expressiondiscuss specific ideas in the text that are important to the meaning
Key skills: literary discussion, analysisdiscuss topics and determine theme using text evidence with adult assistance
Key skills: theme, text evidencedescribe the main character(s) and the reason(s) for their actions
Key skills: character analysis, motivationdescribe elements of plot development, including the main events, problem, and resolution
Key skills: plot structure, sequencingdescribe the setting
Key skills: setting, descriptive languagedemonstrate knowledge of distinguishing characteristics of folktales, fables, fairy tales, and rhymes
Key skills: genre characteristics, traditional literatureexplain the elements of plot and character in a variety of short stories
Key skills: fiction elements, story structurediscuss elements of drama such as characters and setting
Key skills: drama, theatrical elementsrecognize the central idea and supporting evidence with adult assistance
Key skills: central idea, informational textuse features and graphics to locate and gain information
Key skills: text features, graphicsrecognize organizational patterns such as chronological order and description
Key skills: text structure, organizationrecognize characteristics of persuasive text and state what the author is trying to persuade
Key skills: persuasion, author's intentdiscuss the author's purpose for writing text
Key skills: author's purpose, intentdiscuss how the use of text features helps the reader
Key skills: text features, reading supportdiscuss the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes
Key skills: graphic features, visual craftdiscuss how the author uses words that help the reader see, hear, feel, smell, and taste
Key skills: sensory language, imagerylisten to and experience first- and third-person texts
Key skills: point of view, narrative voiceplan a first draft by generating ideas for writing such as by drawing and brainstorming
Key skills: prewriting, brainstormingdevelop drafts by organizing with a structure
Key skills: drafting, organizationdevelop drafts by developing an idea with specific and relevant details
Key skills: elaboration, detailsrevise drafts by adding or deleting words, phrases, or sentences
Key skills: revision, editingedit drafts using complete sentences with subject-verb agreement
Key skills: grammar, sentence structureedit drafts using past and present verb tense
Key skills: verb tense, grammaredit drafts using singular, plural, common, and proper nouns
Key skills: nouns, grammaredit drafts using adjectives, including articles
Key skills: adjectives, grammaredit drafts using adverbs that convey time and manner
Key skills: adverbs, grammaredit drafts using prepositions and prepositional phrases
Key skills: prepositions, grammaredit drafts using pronouns, including subjective, objective, and possessive cases
Key skills: pronouns, grammaredit drafts using capitalization for the beginning of sentences and the pronoun 'I'
Key skills: capitalization, mechanicsedit drafts using punctuation marks at the end of declarative, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences
Key skills: punctuation, mechanicsedit drafts using correct spelling of grade-appropriate words
Key skills: spelling, orthographypublish and share writing for appropriate audiences
Key skills: publishing, sharingdictate or compose literary texts, including personal narratives and poetry
Key skills: narrative writing, poetrydictate or compose informational texts, including procedural texts
Key skills: informational writing, procedural textdictate or compose correspondence such as thank you notes or letters
Key skills: letter writing, correspondencegenerate questions for formal and informal inquiry with adult assistance
Key skills: research questions, inquirydevelop and follow a research plan with adult assistance
Key skills: research plan, organizationidentify and gather relevant sources and information to answer the questions
Key skills: gathering information, sourcesdemonstrate understanding of information gathered with adult assistance
Key skills: comprehension, data analysisuse an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results
Key skills: presentation, communicationlisten actively, ask relevant questions to clarify information, and answer questions using multi-word responses
Key skills: active listening, clarifying questionsfollow, restate, and give oral instructions that involve a short, related sequence of actions
Key skills: follow instructions, oral directionsshare information and ideas that focus on the topic under discussion, speaking clearly at an appropriate pace
Key skills: oral presentation, clear speakingwork collaboratively with others by following agreed-upon rules for discussion
Key skills: collaboration, discussion rulesdevelop social communication such as distinguishing between asking and telling
Key skills: social communication, asking vs tellingdemonstrate phonological awareness by producing a series of rhyming words
Key skills: rhyming, phonological awarenessdistinguish between long and short vowel sounds in one-syllable and multi-syllable words
Key skills: vowel sounds, phonological awarenessrecognize the change in spoken word when a specified phoneme is added, changed, or removed
Key skills: phoneme manipulation, word changesmanipulate phonemes within base words
Key skills: phoneme manipulation, base wordsdecode words with short, long, or variant vowels, trigraphs, and blends
Key skills: decoding, vowel patternsdecode words with silent letters such as knife and gnat
Key skills: decoding, silent lettersdecode multisyllabic words with various syllable types including closed, open, VCe, and vowel teams
Key skills: multisyllabic decoding, syllable typesdecode compound words, contractions, and common abbreviations
Key skills: compound words, contractionsdecode words using knowledge of prefixes
Key skills: decoding, prefixesdecode words using knowledge of suffixes, including -er, -est, and -ly
Key skills: decoding, suffixesidentify and reading high-frequency words from a research-based list
Key skills: high-frequency words, word recognitionspell one-syllable and multisyllabic words with various syllable types
Key skills: spelling, syllable typesspell words with silent letters such as knife and gnat
Key skills: spelling, silent lettersspell compound words, contractions, and common abbreviations
Key skills: spelling, compound wordsspell multisyllabic words with multiple sound-spelling patterns
Key skills: spelling, multisyllabic wordsspell words using knowledge of prefixes
Key skills: spelling, prefixesspell words using knowledge of suffixes, including -er, -est, and -ly
Key skills: spelling, suffixesalphabetize a series of words and use a dictionary or glossary to find words
Key skills: alphabetizing, dictionary skillsuse print or digital resources to determine meaning and pronunciation of unknown words
Key skills: reference tools, word meaninguse context within and beyond a sentence to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words
Key skills: context clues, vocabularyidentify the meaning of and use words with affixes, including un-, re-, -ly, -er, -est, and -ful
Key skills: affixes, word meaningidentify, use, and explain the meaning of antonyms, synonyms, idioms, and homographs in context
Key skills: word relationships, idiomsread grade-level text with fluency and comprehension
Key skills: fluency, reading comprehensionself-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time
Key skills: independent reading, self-selectionestablish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts
Key skills: reading purpose, comprehensiongenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding
Key skills: questioning, comprehensionmake and confirm predictions using textual features and structures
Key skills: predictions, text featurescreate mental images to deepen understanding
Key skills: visualization, comprehensionmake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society
Key skills: making connections, comprehensionmake inferences and use evidence to support understanding
Key skills: inference, text evidenceevaluate details read to determine key ideas
Key skills: key ideas, evaluating detailssynthesize information to create new understanding
Key skills: synthesis, comprehensionmonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading and using background knowledge
Key skills: monitoring comprehension, metacognitiondescribe personal connections to a variety of sources
Key skills: personal connections, responsewrite brief comments on literary or informational texts that demonstrate understanding
Key skills: written response, comprehensionuse text evidence to support an appropriate response
Key skills: text evidence, responseretell and paraphrase texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order
Key skills: retelling, paraphrasinginteract with sources in meaningful ways such as illustrating or writing
Key skills: interaction, creative responserespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate
Key skills: vocabulary use, responsediscuss topics and determine theme using text evidence with adult assistance
Key skills: theme, text evidencedescribe the main character(s) and the reason(s) for their actions
Key skills: character analysis, character traitsdescribe the elements of plot development, including main events, problem, and resolution
Key skills: plot elements, story structuredescribe the importance of the setting
Key skills: setting, literary analysisdemonstrate knowledge of distinguished children's literature such as folktales, fables, and fairy tales
Key skills: literary genres, folktalesexplain visual patterns and structures in a variety of poems
Key skills: poetry, visual patternsdiscuss elements of drama such as characters, dialogue, and setting
Key skills: drama, dramatic elementsrecognize the central idea and supporting evidence in informational text with adult assistance
Key skills: central idea, supporting evidencerecognize features and graphics in informational text to locate and gain information
Key skills: text features, graphicsrecognize organizational patterns such as chronological order and cause and effect
Key skills: organizational patterns, informational textstate what the author is trying to persuade the reader to think or do
Key skills: persuasive text, author's intentdistinguish between fact and opinion in persuasive text
Key skills: fact vs opinion, persuasionrecognize characteristics of multimodal and digital texts
Key skills: multimodal texts, digital literacydiscuss the author's purpose for writing text
Key skills: author's purpose, analysisdiscuss how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose
Key skills: text structure, author's purposediscuss the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes
Key skills: graphic features, author's craftdiscuss the author's use of images and words to create meaning
Key skills: imagery, word choicelisten to and experience first- and third-person texts
Key skills: point of view, narrative voiceidentify and explain the use of repetition
Key skills: repetition, literary devicesidentify and explain the use of onomatopoeia
Key skills: onomatopoeia, literary devicesplan a first draft by generating ideas for writing such as drawing and brainstorming
Key skills: prewriting, brainstormingdevelop drafts into a focused piece of writing by organizing with a structure
Key skills: drafting, organizationdevelop drafts by developing an idea with specific and relevant details
Key skills: drafting, elaborationrevise drafts by adding, deleting, or rearranging words, phrases, or sentences
Key skills: revision, editingedit drafts for complete sentences with subject-verb agreement
Key skills: editing, subject-verb agreementedit drafts for past, present, and future verb tense
Key skills: editing, verb tenseedit drafts for singular, plural, common, and proper nouns
Key skills: editing, nounsedit drafts for adjectives, including articles
Key skills: editing, adjectivesedit drafts for adverbs that convey time and manner
Key skills: editing, adverbsedit drafts for prepositions and prepositional phrases
Key skills: editing, prepositionsedit drafts for pronouns, including subjective, objective, and possessive cases
Key skills: editing, pronounsedit drafts for capitalization of months, days, and letter parts
Key skills: editing, capitalizationedit drafts for punctuation marks at the end of various sentence types
Key skills: editing, punctuationedit drafts for correct spelling of words with grade-appropriate patterns
Key skills: editing, spellingpublish and share writing for a specific purpose and audience
Key skills: publishing, sharing writingcompose literary texts, including personal narratives and poetry
Key skills: narrative writing, poetrycompose informational texts, including procedural texts and reports
Key skills: informational writing, procedural textcompose correspondence such as thank you notes or letters
Key skills: letter writing, correspondencecompose persuasive texts
Key skills: persuasive writing, argumentgenerate questions for formal and informal inquiry with adult assistance
Key skills: questioning, inquirydevelop and follow a research plan with adult assistance
Key skills: research plan, organizationidentify and gather relevant sources and information to answer the questions
Key skills: gathering information, sourcesidentify primary and secondary sources
Key skills: primary sources, secondary sourcesdemonstrate understanding of information gathered
Key skills: comprehension, research synthesiscite sources appropriately
Key skills: citation, academic integrityuse an appropriate mode of delivery to present results
Key skills: presentation, communicationListen actively, ask relevant questions to clarify information, and make pertinent comments.
Key skills: Active listening, Clarifying questionsFollow, restate, and give oral instructions that involve a series of related sequences of action.
Key skills: Following instructions, Giving instructionsSpeak coherently about the topic under discussion, employing eye contact, speaking rate, volume, and enunciation.
Key skills: Coherent speaking, Oral presentationWork collaboratively with others by following agreed-upon rules, norms, and protocols.
Key skills: Collaboration, Group discussionDevelop social communication such as conversing politely in all situations.
Key skills: Social communication, Polite conversationDecode multisyllabic words with multiple sound-spelling patterns such as eigh, ough, and en.
Key skills: Decoding, Phonetic knowledgeDecode multisyllabic words with closed, open, VCe, vowel teams, r-controlled, and final stable syllables.
Key skills: Syllable types, Word decodingDecode compound words, contractions, and abbreviations.
Key skills: Compound words, ContractionsDecode words using knowledge of prefixes.
Key skills: Prefixes, MorphologyDecode words using knowledge of suffixes, including how they can change base words.
Key skills: Suffixes, Base wordsIdentify and read high-frequency words from a research-based list.
Key skills: High-frequency words, Sight readingSpell multisyllabic words with closed, open, VCe, vowel teams, r-controlled, and final stable syllables.
Key skills: Spelling, Syllable patternsSpell homophones.
Key skills: Homophones, Spelling accuracySpell compound words, contractions, and abbreviations.
Key skills: Spelling, Word structureSpell words using knowledge of prefixes.
Key skills: Prefixes, EncodingSpell words using knowledge of suffixes, including how they can change base words.
Key skills: Suffixes, Spelling rulesAlphabetize a series of words to the third letter.
Key skills: Alphabetizing, Dictionary skillsWrite complete words, thoughts, and answers legibly in cursive.
Key skills: Cursive writing, LegibilityUse print or digital resources to determine meaning, syllabication, and pronunciation.
Key skills: Reference materials, Word studyUse context within and beyond a sentence to determine the relevant meaning of unfamiliar words.
Key skills: Context clues, Word meaningIdentify the meaning of and use words with affixes such as im-, in-, -less, and -ful.
Key skills: Affixes, Word usageIdentify, use, and explain the meaning of antonyms, synonyms, idioms, and homographs.
Key skills: Word relationships, IdiomsUse appropriate fluency (rate, accuracy, and prosody) when reading grade-level text.
Key skills: Reading fluency, ProsodySelf-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time.
Key skills: Independent reading, Text selectionEstablish purposes for reading selected texts based upon own or others' desired outcome.
Key skills: Purpose setting, ComprehensionGenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding.
Key skills: Questioning, Deep understandingMake and confirm predictions using textual features and structures.
Key skills: Predicting, Text featuresCreate mental images to deepen understanding.
Key skills: Visualization, Mental imageryMake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society.
Key skills: Making connections, Text-to-selfMake inferences and use evidence to support understanding.
Key skills: Inference, Text evidenceEvaluate details read to determine key ideas.
Key skills: Main idea, Detail evaluationSynthesize information to create new understanding.
Key skills: Synthesis, New understandingMonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading or using background knowledge.
Key skills: Metacognition, Self-correctionDescribe personal connections to a variety of sources.
Key skills: Personal response, ConnectionsWrite responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing and contrasting ideas.
Key skills: Written response, Compare and contrastUse text evidence to support an appropriate response.
Key skills: Text evidence, Supporting claimsRetell and paraphrase texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order.
Key skills: Retelling, ParaphrasingInteract with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking or annotating.
Key skills: Notetaking, AnnotationRespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate.
Key skills: Vocabulary usage, ResponseDiscuss specific ideas in the text that are important to the meaning.
Key skills: Discussion, Key ideasInfer the theme of a work, distinguishing theme from topic.
Key skills: Theme, InferenceExplain the relationships among the major and minor characters.
Key skills: Character analysis, RelationshipsAnalyze plot elements, including the sequence of events, the conflict, and the resolution.
Key skills: Plot structure, Conflict/ResolutionExplain the influence of the setting on the plot.
Key skills: Setting, Plot influenceDemonstrate knowledge of characteristics of folktales, fables, fairy tales, legends, and myths.
Key skills: Genre characteristics, Children's literatureExplain the use of repetitions, reversals, and points of view in children's literature.
Key skills: Literary devices, Point of viewDiscuss the characteristics of drama such as scenes, characters, and setting.
Key skills: Drama, Theatrical elementsRecognize characteristics of informational text, including the central idea with supporting evidence.
Key skills: Informational text, Central ideaRecognize features such as sections, tables, graphs, timelines, bullets, and bold/italicized text.
Key skills: Text features, Graphic featuresRecognize steps in a sequence and cause and effect relationships.
Key skills: Sequence, Cause and effectRecognize characteristics of argumentative text by identifying the claim.
Key skills: Argumentative text, Claim identificationRecognize characteristics of argumentative text by distinguishing facts from opinion.
Key skills: Fact vs. opinion, Critical thinkingRecognize characteristics of argumentative text by identifying the intended audience.
Key skills: Audience, Author's intentRecognize characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.
Key skills: Digital literacy, Multimodal textsExplain the author's purpose and message within a text.
Key skills: Author's purpose, MessageExplain how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose.
Key skills: Text structure, PurposeExplain the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes.
Key skills: Graphic features, Visual literacyDescribe how the author's use of imagery, literal/figurative language, and sound devices achieves purposes.
Key skills: Figurative language, ImageryIdentify the use of literary devices, including first- or third-person point of view.
Key skills: Literary devices, Point of viewDiscuss how the author's use of language contributes to voice.
Key skills: Author's voice, Language useIdentify and explain the use of hyperbole.
Key skills: Hyperbole, Literary analysisPlan a first draft by selecting a genre for a topic, purpose, and audience using strategies.
Key skills: Planning, BrainstormingDevelop drafts by organizing with purposeful structure, including an introduction and conclusion.
Key skills: Drafting, StructureDevelop drafts by developing an engaging idea with relevant details.
Key skills: Idea development, DetailsRevise drafts to improve sentence structure and word choice for coherence and clarity.
Key skills: Revision, Word choiceEdit drafts using complete simple and compound sentences with subject-verb agreement.
Key skills: Editing, Sentence structureEdit drafts using past, present, and future verb tense.
Key skills: Verb tense, GrammarEdit drafts using singular, plural, common, and proper nouns.
Key skills: Nouns, GrammarEdit drafts using adjectives, including comparative and superlative forms.
Key skills: Adjectives, GrammarEdit drafts using adverbs that convey time and manner.
Key skills: Adverbs, GrammarEdit drafts using prepositions and prepositional phrases.
Key skills: Prepositions, GrammarEdit drafts using pronouns, including subjective, objective, and possessive cases.
Key skills: Pronouns, GrammarEdit drafts using coordinating conjunctions to form compound subjects, predicates, and sentences.
Key skills: Conjunctions, Compound sentencesEdit drafts using capitalization of official titles, holidays, and geographical names.
Key skills: Capitalization, MechanicsEdit drafts using punctuation marks, including apostrophes and commas.
Key skills: Punctuation, MechanicsEdit drafts using correct spelling of words with grade-appropriate patterns.
Key skills: Spelling, OrthographyPublish written work for appropriate audiences.
Key skills: Publishing, Audience awarenessCompose literary texts, including personal narratives and poetry, using genre characteristics.
Key skills: Narrative writing, PoetryCompose informational texts, including brief compositions that convey information about a topic.
Key skills: Informational writing, Expository writingCompose argumentative texts, including opinion essays, using genre characteristics and craft.
Key skills: Argumentative writing, Opinion essaysCompose correspondence such as thank you notes or letters.
Key skills: Correspondence, Letter writingGenerate questions on a topic for formal and informal inquiry.
Key skills: Question generation, InquiryDevelop and follow a research plan with adult assistance.
Key skills: Research planning, OrganizationIdentify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources.
Key skills: Information gathering, Source selectionIdentify primary and secondary sources.
Key skills: Primary sources, Secondary sourcesDemonstrate understanding of information gathered.
Key skills: Comprehension, Information analysisRecognize the difference between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials.
Key skills: Academic integrity, ParaphrasingCreate a works cited page.
Key skills: Citations, BibliographyDisplay academic citations and use source materials ethically.
Key skills: Ethical use, Citationslisten actively, ask relevant questions to clarify information, and make pertinent comments
Key skills: active listening, clarifying questionsfollow, restate, and give oral instructions that involve a series of related sequences of action
Key skills: oral instructions, sequencingexpress an opinion supported by accurate information, employing eye contact, speaking rate, volume, and enunciation
Key skills: opinion expression, oral deliverywork collaboratively with others to develop a plan of shared responsibilities
Key skills: collaboration, planningdemonstrate and apply phonetic knowledge by decoding multisyllabic words with specific orthographic patterns and rules
Key skills: decoding, phonicsdemonstrate and apply spelling knowledge by spelling multisyllabic words with various syllable types and patterns
Key skills: spelling, orthographywrite legibly in cursive to complete assignments
Key skills: cursive writing, legibilityuse print or digital resources to determine meaning, syllabication, and pronunciation
Key skills: dictionary skills, word studyuse context within and beyond a sentence to determine the relevant meaning of unfamiliar or multiple-meaning words
Key skills: context clues, word meaningdetermine the meaning of and use words with affixes such as mis-, sub-, -able, and -ment
Key skills: morphology, affixesidentify, use, and explain the meaning of homophones, synonyms, and antonyms
Key skills: word relationships, homophonesuse appropriate fluency (rate, accuracy, and prosody) when reading grade-level text
Key skills: reading fluency, prosodyself-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time
Key skills: independent reading, staminaestablish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts
Key skills: reading purpose, goal settinggenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information
Key skills: questioning, inquirymake and confirm predictions using textual features and structures
Key skills: prediction, text featurescreate mental images to deepen understanding
Key skills: visualization, mental imagerymake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society
Key skills: text connections, synthesismake inferences and use evidence to support understanding
Key skills: inference, text evidenceevaluate details read to determine key ideas
Key skills: main idea, detail evaluationsynthesize information to create new understanding
Key skills: synthesis, critical thinkingmonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading or using background knowledge
Key skills: metacognition, self-correctiondescribe personal connections to a variety of sources
Key skills: personal response, reflectionwrite responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing and contrasting ideas
Key skills: written response, comparisonuse text evidence to support an appropriate response
Key skills: text evidence, justificationretell, paraphrase, or summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order
Key skills: summarizing, paraphrasinginteract with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking or annotating
Key skills: notetaking, annotationrespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate
Key skills: vocabulary use, applicationdiscuss specific ideas in the text that are important to the meaning
Key skills: discussion, text analysisinfer basic themes supported by text evidence
Key skills: theme, inferenceexplain the interactions of the characters and the changes they undergo
Key skills: character analysis, character developmentanalyze plot elements, including the rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution
Key skills: plot structure, analysisexplain the influence of the setting on the plot
Key skills: setting, plot influencedemonstrate knowledge of distinguishing characteristics of well-known children's literature such as folktales and fables
Key skills: genre knowledge, literary formsexplain figurative language such as simile, metaphor, and personification that the poet uses
Key skills: poetry, figurative languageexplain structure in drama such as character tags, acts, scenes, and stage directions
Key skills: drama, dramatic structurerecognize characteristics and structures of informational text including central idea and text features
Key skills: informational text, text featuresrecognize characteristics and structures of argumentative text including claim and audience
Key skills: argumentative text, claimsexplain the author's purpose and message within a text
Key skills: author's purpose, messageexplain how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose
Key skills: text structure, purposeexplain the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes
Key skills: graphic features, visual literacydescribe how the author's use of imagery, literal and figurative language, and sound devices achieves specific purposes
Key skills: literary devices, imageryidentify and understand the use of literary devices, including first- or third-person point of view
Key skills: point of view, literary devicesexamine how the author's use of language contributes to voice
Key skills: voice, word choiceidentify and explain the use of anecdotes
Key skills: anecdotes, author's craftplan a first draft by selecting a genre for a particular topic, purpose, and audience
Key skills: planning, pre-writingdevelop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing
Key skills: drafting, organizationrevise drafts to improve sentence structure and word choice by adding, deleting, combining, and rearranging ideas
Key skills: revision, sentence structureedit drafts using standard English conventions, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling
Key skills: editing, conventionspublish written work for appropriate audiences
Key skills: publishing, presentationcompose literary texts such as personal narratives using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: narrative writing, literary craftcompose informational texts, including brief compositions that convey information about a topic
Key skills: informational writing, expository writingcompose argumentative texts, including opinion essays, using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: argumentative writing, opinion essayscompose correspondence that requests information
Key skills: correspondence, letter writinggenerate and clarify questions on a topic for formal and informal inquiry
Key skills: questioning, inquirydevelop and follow a research plan with adult assistance
Key skills: research plan, organizationidentify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources
Key skills: information gathering, source selectionidentify primary and secondary sources
Key skills: source types, evaluationdemonstrate understanding of information gathered
Key skills: comprehension, synthesisrecognize the difference between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials
Key skills: academic integrity, paraphrasingdevelop a bibliography
Key skills: citation, bibliographyuse an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results
Key skills: presentation, communicationListen actively to interpret verbal and non-verbal messages, ask relevant questions, and make pertinent comments.
Key skills: Active listening, QuestioningFollow, restate, and give multi-step oral instructions to answer questions and solve problems.
Key skills: Oral instructions, Problem solvingGive an organized presentation employing eye contact, speaking rate, volume, enunciation, natural gestures, and conventions of language.
Key skills: Oral presentation, Public speakingWork collaboratively with others to develop a plan of shared, focused purposes and goals.
Key skills: Collaboration, Goal settingDecode words with consonant changes, including /t/ to /sh/ and /k/ to /sh/.
Key skills: Phonetic decoding, Consonant changesDecode multisyllabic words with closed, open, VCe, vowel teams, r-controlled, and final stable syllables.
Key skills: Syllable decoding, Multisyllabic wordsDecode words using advanced knowledge of syllable division patterns.
Key skills: Syllable division, DecodingDecode words using knowledge of prefixes.
Key skills: Prefixes, DecodingDecode words using knowledge of suffixes, including base word changes.
Key skills: Suffixes, DecodingSpell multisyllabic words with various syllable types including closed, open, VCe, and vowel teams.
Key skills: Spelling, Syllable typesSpell words with consonant changes, including /t/ to /sh/ and /k/ to /sh/.
Key skills: Spelling, Consonant changesSpell multisyllabic words with multiple sound-spelling patterns.
Key skills: Spelling, Sound-spelling patternsSpell words using advanced knowledge of syllable division patterns.
Key skills: Spelling, Syllable divisionSpell words using knowledge of prefixes.
Key skills: Spelling, PrefixesSpell words using knowledge of suffixes, including base word changes.
Key skills: Spelling, SuffixesWrite legibly in cursive to complete assignments.
Key skills: Cursive writing, LegibilityUse print or digital resources to determine meaning, syllabication, pronunciation, and word origin.
Key skills: Reference tools, Word studyUse context within and beyond a sentence to determine the relevant meaning of unfamiliar or multiple-meaning words.
Key skills: Context clues, Word meaningIdentify the meaning of and use words with affixes and roots such as geo and photo.
Key skills: Affixes, RootsIdentify, use, and explain the meaning of adages and puns.
Key skills: Adages, PunsUse appropriate fluency (rate, accuracy, and prosody) when reading grade-level text.
Key skills: Reading fluency, ProsodySelf-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time.
Key skills: Independent reading, Self-selectionEstablish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts.
Key skills: Reading purpose, MetacognitionGenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding.
Key skills: Questioning, ComprehensionMake, correct, or confirm predictions using text features, genre characteristics, and structures.
Key skills: Predictions, Text featuresCreate mental images to deepen understanding.
Key skills: Visualization, Mental imagesMake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society.
Key skills: Text connections, Prior knowledgeMake inferences and use evidence to support understanding.
Key skills: Inference, Text evidenceEvaluate details read to determine key ideas.
Key skills: Key ideas, EvaluationSynthesize information to create new understanding.
Key skills: Synthesis, Critical thinkingMonitor comprehension and make adjustments when understanding breaks down.
Key skills: Self-monitoring, Fix-up strategiesDescribe personal connections to a variety of sources, including self-selected texts.
Key skills: Personal connection, ReflectionWrite responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing and contrasting ideas.
Key skills: Written response, Compare and contrastUse text evidence to support an appropriate response.
Key skills: Text evidence, Supportive responseRetell, paraphrase, or summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order.
Key skills: Summarizing, ParaphrasingInteract with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking, annotating, or illustrating.
Key skills: Annotation, NotetakingRespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate.
Key skills: Vocabulary usage, ResponseDiscuss specific ideas in the text that are important to the meaning.
Key skills: Discussion, Critical analysisInfer multiple themes within a text using text evidence.
Key skills: Theme, InferenceAnalyze the relationships of and conflicts among the characters.
Key skills: Character analysis, ConflictAnalyze plot elements, including rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
Key skills: Plot structure, Story elementsAnalyze the influence of the setting on character and plot development.
Key skills: Setting, Plot developmentDemonstrate knowledge of distinguishing characteristics of well-known children's literature.
Key skills: Genre knowledge, Literary typesExplain the use of graphic elements such as punctuation and line length in poems.
Key skills: Poetry analysis, Graphic elementsExplain structure in drama such as character tags, acts, scenes, and stage directions.
Key skills: Drama structure, Dramatic elementsRecognize the central idea with supporting evidence in informational text.
Key skills: Central idea, Supporting evidenceRecognize features such as insets, timelines, and sidebars to support understanding.
Key skills: Text features, Informational textRecognize organizational patterns such as logical order and order of importance.
Key skills: Organizational patterns, Informational textIdentify the claim in argumentative text.
Key skills: Argumentative text, Claim identificationExplain how the author has used facts for or against an argument.
Key skills: Argument analysis, EvidenceIdentify the intended audience or reader of an argumentative text.
Key skills: Audience, Argumentative textRecognize characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.
Key skills: Multimodal text, Digital literacyExplain the author's purpose and message within a text.
Key skills: Author's purpose, Message analysisAnalyze how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose.
Key skills: Text structure, Author's purposeAnalyze the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes.
Key skills: Graphic features, Author's craftDescribe how the author's use of imagery, figurative language, and sound devices achieves purposes.
Key skills: Figurative language, ImageryIdentify and understand the use of literary devices, including first- or third-person point of view.
Key skills: Point of view, Literary devicesExamine how the author's use of language contributes to voice.
Key skills: Voice, Language useExplain the purpose of hyperbole, stereotyping, and anecdote.
Key skills: Hyperbole, AnecdotePlan a first draft by selecting a genre, topic, purpose, and audience using various strategies.
Key skills: Prewriting, PlanningDevelop drafts with purposeful structure, including an introduction, transitions, and a conclusion.
Key skills: Drafting, OrganizationDevelop an engaging idea with relevant details in drafts.
Key skills: Drafting, Idea developmentRevise drafts to improve sentence structure and word choice for coherence and clarity.
Key skills: Revision, Sentence structureEdit drafts using complete thoughts with appropriate punctuation and capitalization.
Key skills: Editing, PunctuationEdit drafts using past tense of irregular verbs.
Key skills: Editing, Verb tenseEdit drafts using collective nouns.
Key skills: Editing, NounsEdit drafts using adjectives, including those that convey order and color.
Key skills: Editing, AdjectivesEdit drafts using conjunctive adverbs.
Key skills: Editing, AdverbsEdit drafts using prepositions and prepositional phrases.
Key skills: Editing, PrepositionsEdit drafts using pronouns, including indefinite.
Key skills: Editing, PronounsEdit drafts using subordinating conjunctions to form complex sentences.
Key skills: Editing, Complex sentencesEdit drafts using capitalization of abbreviations, initials, acronyms, and organizations.
Key skills: Editing, CapitalizationEdit drafts using punctuation marks, including commas, em dashes, and quotation marks.
Key skills: Editing, PunctuationEdit drafts using correct spelling of grade-appropriate words.
Key skills: Editing, SpellingPublish written work for appropriate audiences.
Key skills: Publishing, Audience awarenessCompose literary texts such as personal narratives, fiction, and poetry.
Key skills: Literary writing, Creative writingCompose informational texts using a clear central idea and genre characteristics.
Key skills: Informational writing, Expository writingCompose argumentative texts, including opinion essays.
Key skills: Argumentative writing, Opinion writingCompose correspondence that requests information.
Key skills: Correspondence, Functional writingGenerate and clarify questions on a topic for formal and informal inquiry.
Key skills: Research questions, InquiryDevelop and follow a research plan with adult assistance.
Key skills: Research plan, OrganizationIdentify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources.
Key skills: Information gathering, Source selectionUnderstand credibility of primary and secondary sources.
Key skills: Source credibility, Primary/Secondary sourcesDemonstrate understanding of information gathered.
Key skills: Comprehension, Research synthesisDifferentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials.
Key skills: Academic integrity, ParaphrasingDevelop a bibliography.
Key skills: Citations, BibliographyUse an appropriate mode of delivery to present results.
Key skills: Presentation, Communicationlisten actively to interpret a message, ask clarifying questions, and respond appropriately
Key skills: active listening, clarifying questionsfollow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems
Key skills: oral instructions, problem solvinggive an organized presentation with a specific stance and position, employing eye contact, speaking rate, volume, enunciation, natural gestures, and conventions of language
Key skills: oral presentation, public speakingparticipate in student-led discussions by eliciting and considering suggestions from other group members, taking notes, and identifying points of agreement and disagreement
Key skills: collaborative discussion, note-takinguse print or digital resources to determine the meaning, syllabication, pronunciation, word origin, and part of speech
Key skills: dictionary skills, word analysisuse context such as definition, analogy, and examples to clarify the meaning of words
Key skills: context clues, word meaningdetermine the meaning and usage of grade-level academic English words derived from Greek and Latin roots
Key skills: Greek roots, Latin rootsadjust fluency when reading grade-level text based on the reading purpose
Key skills: reading fluency, reading rateself-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time
Key skills: independent reading, text selectionestablish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected text
Key skills: reading purpose, goal settinggenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information
Key skills: questioning, active readingmake, correct, or confirm predictions using textual evidence
Key skills: prediction, text evidencecreate mental images to deepen understanding
Key skills: visualization, sensory imagesmake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society
Key skills: text connections, synthesismake inferences and use textual evidence to support understanding
Key skills: inference, text evidenceevaluate details read to determine key ideas
Key skills: main idea, detail evaluationsynthesize information to create new understanding
Key skills: synthesis, critical thinkingmonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading, using background knowledge, asking questions, and annotating when understanding breaks down
Key skills: metacognition, self-correctiondescribe personal connections to a variety of sources, including self-selected texts
Key skills: personal connection, reflectionwrite responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing sources within and across genres
Key skills: written response, comparative analysisuse text evidence to support an appropriate response
Key skills: text evidence, citationparaphrase and summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order
Key skills: paraphrasing, summarizinginteract with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking, annotating, freewriting, or illustrating
Key skills: annotation, notetakingrespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate
Key skills: vocabulary usage, expressiondiscuss and write about the explicit or implicit meanings of text
Key skills: text analysis, interpretationrespond orally or in writing to various audiences
Key skills: audience awareness, communicationreflect on and adjust responses as new evidence is presented
Key skills: reflection, revisioninfer multiple themes within and across texts using text evidence
Key skills: theme analysis, text evidenceanalyze how the characters' internal and external responses develop the plot
Key skills: character development, plot analysisanalyze plot elements, including rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution
Key skills: plot structure, literary analysisanalyze how the setting, including historical and cultural settings, influences character and plot development
Key skills: setting analysis, contextual influencedemonstrate knowledge of literary genres such as realistic fiction, adventure stories, historical fiction, mysteries, humor, and myths
Key skills: genre identification, literary knowledgeanalyze the effect of poetic structures and devices such as line breaks, speaker, and imagery in various forms of poetry
Key skills: poetry analysis, poetic devicesanalyze how playwrights develop characters through dialogue and staging
Key skills: drama analysis, characterizationanalyze characteristics and structural elements of informational text, including the controlling idea, features, and organizational patterns
Key skills: informational text, text structureanalyze characteristics and structures of argumentative text by identifying the claim, evidence, and intended audience
Key skills: argumentative text, claim analysisanalyze characteristics of multimodal and digital texts
Key skills: multimodal text, digital literacyexplain the author's purpose and message within a text
Key skills: author's purpose, main messageanalyze how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose
Key skills: text structure, purpose analysisanalyze the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes
Key skills: graphic features, visual analysisdescribe how the author's use of figurative language such as metaphor and personification achieves specific purposes
Key skills: figurative language, literary devicesidentify the use of literary devices, including omniscient and limited point of view, to achieve a specific purpose
Key skills: point of view, literary devicesanalyze how the author's use of language contributes to mood, voice, and tone
Key skills: mood and tone, voice analysisexplain the differences between rhetorical devices and logical fallacies
Key skills: rhetoric, logical fallaciesplan a first draft by selecting a genre appropriate for a particular topic, purpose, and audience using a range of strategies
Key skills: prewriting, planningdevelop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing
Key skills: drafting, organizationrevise drafts for clarity, development, organization, style, word choice, and sentence variety
Key skills: revision, styleedit drafts using standard English conventions, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling
Key skills: editing, conventionspublish written work for appropriate audiences
Key skills: publishing, audiencecompose literary texts such as personal narratives and fiction using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: narrative writing, creative writingcompose informational texts, including multi-paragraph essays that convey information about a topic
Key skills: informational writing, essay structurecompose multi-paragraph argumentative texts using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: argumentative writing, persuasioncompose correspondence that reflects an opinion, registers a complaint, or requests information
Key skills: correspondence, letter writinguse complete simple, compound, and complex sentences with correct subject-verb agreement
Key skills: sentence structure, grammaruse various parts of speech correctly, including relative pronouns, perfect tense verbs, and conjunctive adverbs
Key skills: parts of speech, grammaruse capitalization of proper nouns, including abbreviations, initials, acronyms, and organizations
Key skills: capitalization, proper nounsuse punctuation marks correctly, including commas in complex sentences, transitions, and introductory elements
Key skills: punctuation, commasgenerate and clarify questions on a topic for formal and informal inquiry
Key skills: research questions, inquirydevelop and follow a research plan with adult assistance
Key skills: research plan, organizationidentify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources
Key skills: information gathering, source selectiondifferentiate between primary and secondary sources
Key skills: primary sources, secondary sourcesdemonstrate understanding of information gathered
Key skills: comprehension, analysisdifferentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using ideas and words of others
Key skills: academic integrity, paraphrasingexamine sources for reliability, credibility, and bias
Key skills: source evaluation, bias detectiondisplay academic ideas and information using appropriate mode of delivery
Key skills: presentation, communicationuse an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results
Key skills: presentation, multimodallisten actively to interpret a message and ask clarifying questions that build on others' ideas
Key skills: Active listening, Clarifying questionsfollow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems
Key skills: Oral instructions, Problem solvingpresent a critique of a literary work, film, or dramatic production, employing eye contact, speaking rate, volume, enunciation, and gestures
Key skills: Oral presentation, Critiqueengage in meaningful discourse and provide and accept constructive feedback from others
Key skills: Collaborative discussion, Constructive feedbackuse print or digital resources to determine the meaning, syllabication, pronunciation, word origin, and part of speech
Key skills: Dictionary skills, Word analysisuse context such as contrast or cause and effect to clarify the meaning of words
Key skills: Context clues, Word meaningdetermine the meaning and usage of grade-level academic English words derived from Greek and Latin roots
Key skills: Greek and Latin roots, Academic vocabularyadjust fluency when reading grade-level text based on the reading purpose
Key skills: Reading fluency, Purposeful readingself-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time
Key skills: Independent reading, Text selectionestablish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts
Key skills: Reading purpose, Metacognitiongenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information
Key skills: Questioning, Deepen understandingmake and correct or confirm predictions using text features, characteristics of genre, and structures
Key skills: Predictions, Text featurescreate mental images to deepen understanding
Key skills: Visualization, Comprehensionmake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society
Key skills: Text connections, Personal relevancemake inferences and use evidence to support understanding
Key skills: Inference, Evidence-based readingevaluate details read to determine key ideas
Key skills: Evaluate details, Key ideassynthesize information to create new understanding
Key skills: Synthesis, Critical thinkingmonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading, using background knowledge, and asking questions
Key skills: Self-monitoring, Fix-up strategiesdescribe personal connections to a variety of sources, including self-selected texts
Key skills: Personal connection, Text responsewrite responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing sources within and across genres
Key skills: Written response, Comparative analysisuse text evidence to support an appropriate response
Key skills: Text evidence, Support claimsparaphrase and summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order
Key skills: Paraphrasing, Summarizinginteract with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking, annotating, freewriting, or illustrating
Key skills: Annotation, Notetakingrespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate
Key skills: Vocabulary application, Academic languagediscuss and write about the explicit or implicit meanings of text
Key skills: Explicit meaning, Implicit meaningrespond orally or in writing with appropriate register, vocabulary, tone, and voice
Key skills: Appropriate register, Tone and voicereflect on and adjust responses as new evidence is presented
Key skills: Reflection, Evidence adjustmentinfer multiple themes within and across texts using text evidence
Key skills: Theme analysis, Text evidenceanalyze how characters' qualities influence events and resolution of the conflict
Key skills: Character analysis, Conflict resolutionanalyze plot elements, including the use of foreshadowing and suspense, to advance the plot
Key skills: Plot elements, Foreshadowinganalyze how the setting influences character and plot development
Key skills: Setting analysis, Plot developmentdemonstrate knowledge of literary genres such as realistic fiction, adventure stories, historical fiction, mysteries, humor, and myths
Key skills: Literary genres, Genre knowledgeanalyze the effect of rhyme scheme, meter, and graphical elements in poems across a variety of poetic forms
Key skills: Poetry analysis, Graphical elementsanalyze how playwrights develop characters through dialogue and stage directions
Key skills: Drama analysis, Character developmentanalyze characteristics and structures of informational text, including the controlling idea or thesis with supporting evidence
Key skills: Informational text, Controlling ideaanalyze informational text features such as chapters, sections, subsections, bibliography, tables, graphs, captions, bullets, and numbers
Key skills: Text features, Data interpretationanalyze informational organizational patterns that support multi-layered ideas
Key skills: Organizational patterns, Structural analysisanalyze characteristics and structures of argumentative text by identifying the claim
Key skills: Argumentative text, Claim identificationanalyze how the author uses various types of evidence and consideration of alternatives to support the argument
Key skills: Evidence analysis, Counterargumentsanalyze argumentative text by identifying the intended audience or target of the argument
Key skills: Audience analysis, Persuasionanalyze characteristics of multimodal and digital texts
Key skills: Multimodal texts, Digital literacyexplain the author's purpose and message within a text
Key skills: Author's purpose, Message analysisanalyze how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose
Key skills: Text structure, Purposeful craftanalyze the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes
Key skills: Graphic features, Visual craftdescribe how the author's use of figurative language such as metaphor and personification achieves specific purposes
Key skills: Figurative language, Metaphor/Personificationidentify the use of literary devices, including subjective and objective point of view
Key skills: Literary devices, Point of viewanalyze how the author's use of language contributes to mood, voice, and tone
Key skills: Mood and tone, Voice analysisexplain the purpose of rhetorical devices and logical fallacies such as loaded language and sweeping generalizations
Key skills: Rhetorical devices, Logical fallaciesplan a first draft by selecting a genre appropriate for a particular topic, purpose, and audience
Key skills: Prewriting, Genre selectiondevelop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing by organizing with purposeful structure
Key skills: Drafting, Structural organizationdevelop drafts by developing an engaging idea reflecting depth of thought with specific facts, details, and examples
Key skills: Idea development, Supporting detailsrevise drafts for clarity, development, organization, style, word choice, and sentence variety
Key skills: Revision, Sentence varietyedit drafts using standard English conventions, including complete complex sentences with subject-verb agreement
Key skills: Editing, Complex sentencesedit drafts for consistent, appropriate use of verb tenses
Key skills: Verb tense, Grammaredit drafts using conjunctive adverbs
Key skills: Conjunctive adverbs, Transitionsedit drafts using prepositions and prepositional phrases and their influence on understanding
Key skills: Prepositions, Sentence structureedit drafts for pronoun-antecedent agreement
Key skills: Pronoun agreement, Grammaredit drafts using relative pronouns
Key skills: Relative pronouns, Grammaredit drafts using subordinating conjunctions to form complex sentences and correlative conjunctions
Key skills: Conjunctions, Complex sentencesedit drafts for punctuation, including commas to set off words, phrases, and clauses, and semicolons
Key skills: Punctuation, Commas/Semicolonsedit drafts for correct spelling, including commonly confused terms
Key skills: Spelling, Commonly confused wordspublish written work for appropriate audiences
Key skills: Publishing, Audience awarenesscompose literary texts such as personal narratives, fiction, and poetry using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: Literary writing, Narrative craftcompose informational texts, including multi-paragraph essays, using a clear controlling idea or thesis statement
Key skills: Informational writing, Thesis statementcompose multi-paragraph argumentative texts using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: Argumentative writing, Persuasive craftcompose correspondence that reflects an opinion, registers a complaint, or requests information
Key skills: Correspondence, Formal writinggenerate student-selected and teacher-guided questions for formal and informal inquiry
Key skills: Research questions, Inquirydevelop and revise a plan
Key skills: Research planning, Revisionrefine the major research question, if necessary, guided by the answers to a secondary set of questions
Key skills: Question refinement, Secondary questionsidentify and gather relevant information from a variety of sources
Key skills: Information gathering, Source selectiondifferentiate between primary and secondary sources
Key skills: Primary sources, Secondary sourcessynthesize information from a variety of sources
Key skills: Synthesis, Information integrationdifferentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism when using source materials
Key skills: Academic integrity, Paraphrasingexamine sources for reliability, credibility, and bias
Key skills: Source evaluation, Bias detectionexamine sources for faulty reasoning such as hyperbole, emotional appeals, and stereotype
Key skills: Logical fallacies, Critical evaluationdisplay academic citations and use source materials ethically
Key skills: Citations, Ethical researchuse an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results
Key skills: Presentation, Mode of deliverylisten actively to interpret a message by summarizing, asking questions, and making comments
Key skills: active listening, summarizingfollow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems
Key skills: following instructions, problem solvingadvocate a position using anecdotes, analogies, and/or illustrations employing eye contact, speaking rate, volume, and enunciation
Key skills: advocacy, public speakingparticipate collaboratively in discussions, plan agendas with clear goals and deadlines, and vote on key issues
Key skills: collaboration, discussion skillsuse print or digital resources to determine the meaning, syllabication, pronunciation, word origin, and part of speech
Key skills: dictionary skills, word analysisuse context within a sentence and in larger sections of text to determine or clarify the meaning of unfamiliar words
Key skills: context clues, vocabulary developmentdetermine the meaning and usage of grade-level academic English words derived from Greek and Latin roots
Key skills: etymology, root wordsadjust fluency when reading grade-level text based on the reading purpose
Key skills: reading fluency, adjusting rateself-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time
Key skills: independent reading, staminaestablish purposes for reading assigned and self-selected texts
Key skills: setting purpose, metacognitiongenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information
Key skills: questioning, active readingmake and correct or confirm predictions using textual features, elements of drama, and structures of fiction
Key skills: predicting, text analysiscreate mental images to deepen understanding
Key skills: visualization, comprehensionmake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society
Key skills: making connections, text-to-worldmake inferences and use evidence to support understanding
Key skills: inferencing, textual evidenceevaluate details read to determine key ideas
Key skills: main idea, evaluating detailssynthesize information to create new understanding
Key skills: synthesis, critical thinkingmonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading, using background knowledge, and annotating
Key skills: self-monitoring, annotationdescribe personal connections to a variety of sources, including self-selected texts
Key skills: personal response, reflectionwrite responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing sources within and across genres
Key skills: written response, comparisonuse text evidence to support an appropriate response
Key skills: citing evidence, justificationparaphrase and summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order
Key skills: paraphrasing, summarizinginteract with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking, annotating, freewriting, or illustrating
Key skills: notetaking, annotationrespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate
Key skills: vocabulary usage, applicationdiscuss and write about the explicit or implicit meanings of text
Key skills: analysis, interpretationrespond orally or in writing with appropriate register, vocabulary, tone, and voice
Key skills: communication, tonereflect on and adjust responses as new evidence is presented
Key skills: reflection, adjusting viewsdefend or challenge the authors' claims using relevant text evidence
Key skills: argumentation, critical analysisanalyze how themes are developed through the interaction of characters and events
Key skills: theme analysis, characterizationanalyze how characters' motivations and behaviors influence events and resolve the conflict
Key skills: character motivation, plot developmentanalyze non-linear plot development such as flashbacks, foreshadowing, subplots, and parallel plot structures
Key skills: plot structure, literary devicesexplain how the setting influences the values and beliefs of characters and contributes to the plot
Key skills: setting analysis, contextdemonstrate knowledge of literary genres such as realistic fiction, adventure stories, historical fiction, and mysteries
Key skills: genre identification, literary knowledgeanalyze the effect of graphical elements such as punctuation and line length in poems across a variety of forms
Key skills: poetry analysis, graphical elementsanalyze how playwrights develop dramatic action through the use of rather than telling about the action
Key skills: drama analysis, dramatic actionanalyze characteristics and structural elements of informational text, including the controlling idea and features
Key skills: informational text, text featuresanalyze characteristics and structural elements of argumentative text, including identifying the claim and counterarguments
Key skills: argumentative text, claimsanalyze characteristics of multimodal and digital texts
Key skills: multimodal literacy, digital textsexplain the author's purpose and message within a text
Key skills: author's purpose, message analysisanalyze how the use of text structure contributes to the author's purpose
Key skills: text structure, purposeanalyze the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes
Key skills: graphic features, visual analysisdescribe how the author's use of figurative language such as extended metaphor achieves specific purposes
Key skills: figurative language, metaphoridentify and analyze the use of literary devices, including multiple points of view and irony
Key skills: literary devices, point of viewanalyze how the author's use of language contributes to mood, voice, and tone
Key skills: mood and tone, voiceexplain the purpose of rhetorical devices such as analogy and juxtaposition and of logical fallacies
Key skills: rhetorical devices, logical fallaciesplan a first draft by selecting a genre appropriate for a particular topic, purpose, and audience
Key skills: planning, pre-writingdevelop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing by organizing with purposeful structure
Key skills: drafting, organizationrevise drafts for clarity, development, organization, style, diction, and sentence effectiveness
Key skills: revision, editingedit drafts using standard English conventions, including punctuation, capitalization, and grammar
Key skills: editing, conventionspublish written work for appropriate audiences
Key skills: publishing, presentationcompose literary texts such as personal narratives and fiction using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: narrative writing, fictioncompose informational texts, including multi-paragraph essays that convey information about a topic
Key skills: informational writing, expository essaycompose argumentative texts using genre characteristics and craft
Key skills: argumentative writing, persuasioncompose correspondence that reflects an opinion, registers a complaint, or requests information
Key skills: correspondence, letter writinggenerate student-selected and teacher-guided questions for formal and informal inquiry
Key skills: research questions, inquirydevelop and revise a plan
Key skills: research planning, organizationlocate and gather relevant information from a variety of sources
Key skills: gathering information, sourcingexamine sources for reliability, faulting reasoning, and bias
Key skills: source evaluation, bias detectiondifferentiate between primary and secondary sources
Key skills: primary sources, secondary sourcessynthesize information from a variety of sources
Key skills: synthesis, integrationdifferentiate between paraphrasing and plagiarism and identify the importance of citing valid sources
Key skills: academic integrity, paraphrasingexamine sources for reliability, faulting reasoning, and bias
Key skills: critical evaluation, reliabilitydisplay academic citations and use source materials ethically
Key skills: citations, ethicsuse an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results
Key skills: presentation, communicationEngage in meaningful and respectful discourse by listening actively, responding appropriately, and adjusting communication to audience and purpose.
Key skills: Active listening, Respectful discourseFollow and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems.
Key skills: Oral instructions, Problem solvingGive a formal presentation that exhibits a logical structure, smooth transitions, and accurate terminology.
Key skills: Formal presentation, Logical structureParticipate collaboratively, building on the ideas of others, contributing relevant information, and developing a plan for consensus-building.
Key skills: Collaboration, Consensus buildingUse print or digital resources to clarify and validate understanding of the precise and appropriate meaning of technical or discipline-specific vocabulary.
Key skills: Resource usage, Vocabulary validationAnalyze context to distinguish among denotative, connotative, and figurative meanings of words.
Key skills: Context analysis, Word meaningDetermine the meaning of foreign words or phrases used frequently in English such as pas de deux, status quo, and avant-garde.
Key skills: Foreign phrases, EtymologySelf-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time.
Key skills: Independent reading, Self-selectionEstablish a purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts.
Key skills: Reading purpose, Goal settingGenerate questions about text before, during, and after reading to deepen understanding and gain information.
Key skills: Inquiry, Active readingMake and correct or confirm predictions using textual features, elements of genres, and structures.
Key skills: Prediction, Textual analysisCreate mental images to deepen understanding.
Key skills: Visualization, Mental imageryMake connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society.
Key skills: Text connections, SynthesisMake inferences and use evidence to support understanding.
Key skills: Inference, Evidence usageEvaluate details read to determine key ideas.
Key skills: Evaluation, Main ideaSynthesize information from a variety of sources to create new understanding.
Key skills: Synthesis, Information integrationMonitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading, using background knowledge, and asking questions.
Key skills: Metacognition, Self-correctionDescribe personal connections to a variety of sources, including self-selected texts.
Key skills: Personal connection, ReflectionWrite responses that demonstrate analysis of texts, including multi-layered or ambiguous texts.
Key skills: Analytical writing, Text analysisUse text evidence and original commentary to support an appropriate response.
Key skills: Text evidence, CommentaryParaphrase and summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order.
Key skills: Paraphrasing, SummarizingInteract with sources in meaningful ways such as notetaking, annotating, freewriting, or illustrating.
Key skills: Annotation, NotetakingRespond using newly acquired vocabulary as appropriate.
Key skills: Vocabulary application, ExpressionDiscuss and write about the implicit and explicit meanings of text.
Key skills: Implicit meaning, Explicit meaningRespond orally or in writing with appropriate register, vocabulary, tone, and voice.
Key skills: Register, ToneReflect on and adjust responses as new evidence is presented.
Key skills: Reflection, Evidence evaluationAnalyze relationships among thematic development, characterization, point of view, significance of setting, and plot in a variety of literary texts.
Key skills: Thematic analysis, CharacterizationAnalyze how characters' behaviors and underlying motivations contribute to moral dilemmas that influence the plot and theme.
Key skills: Character motivation, Moral dilemmasAnalyze isolated scenes and their contribution to the success of the plot as a whole.
Key skills: Plot structure, Scene analysisAnalyze how historical, social, and economic context of setting(s) influences the plot, characterization, and theme.
Key skills: Contextual analysis, Setting influenceRead and analyze world literature across literary periods.
Key skills: World literature, Literary periodsAnalyze the effects of metrics; rhyme schemes; types of rhymes; and other conventions in poems.
Key skills: Poetic analysis, Rhyme schemesAnalyze the function of dramatic conventions such as asides, soliloquies, dramatic irony, and satire.
Key skills: Dramatic conventions, SatireAnalyze characteristics and structural elements of informational texts such as clear thesis, relevant evidence, and organizational design.
Key skills: Informational text, Thesis analysisAnalyze characteristics and structural elements of argumentative texts such as clear arguable claim, appeals, and counterarguments.
Key skills: Argumentative text, Claims and appealsAnalyze the author's purpose, audience, and message within a text.
Key skills: Author's purpose, Audience analysisAnalyze use of text structure to achieve the author's purpose.
Key skills: Text structure, Purposeful designEvaluate the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes.
Key skills: Graphic features, Visual analysisAnalyze how the author's use of language achieves specific purposes.
Key skills: Language usage, Stylistic analysisAnalyze the use of literary devices such as irony and oxymoron to achieve specific purposes.
Key skills: Literary devices, IronyAnalyze how the author's diction and syntax contribute to the mood, voice, and tone of a text.
Key skills: Diction, SyntaxExplain the purpose of rhetorical devices such as understatement and overstatement and the effect of logical fallacies.
Key skills: Rhetorical devices, Logical fallaciesPlan a first draft by selecting the correct genre for a specific purpose, audience, and medium and using a range of strategies.
Key skills: Planning, Genre selectionDevelop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing in timed and open-ended situations.
Key skills: Drafting, CoherenceRevise drafts to improve clarity, development, organization, style, diction, and sentence effectiveness.
Key skills: Revision, ClarityEdit drafts using standard English conventions, including a variety of complete sentences and correct grammar.
Key skills: Editing, ConventionsPublish written work for appropriate audiences.
Key skills: Publishing, Audience awarenessWrite literary texts such as fiction and poetry using genre characteristics and craft.
Key skills: Literary writing, Creative writingWrite informational texts such as explanatory essays and personal essays using genre characteristics and craft.
Key skills: Informational writing, Expository writingWrite argumentative texts using genre characteristics and craft.
Key skills: Argumentative writing, PersuasionWrite correspondence in a professional or friendly register.
Key skills: Correspondence, Professional writingDevelop questions for formal and informal inquiry.
Key skills: Questioning, InquiryCritique the research process at each step to implement changes as needs occur and are identified.
Key skills: Research process, Critical thinkingDevelop and revise a plan.
Key skills: Planning, RevisionModify the major research question as necessary to refocus the research plan.
Key skills: Research modification, FocusLocate relevant sources.
Key skills: Source location, Information gatheringSynthesize information from a variety of sources.
Key skills: Synthesis, Information integrationExamine sources for credibility, bias, and faulty reasoning.
Key skills: Source evaluation, Bias detectionDisplay academic citations and use source materials ethically to avoid plagiarism.
Key skills: Citations, EthicsUse an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, or multimodal, to present results.
Key skills: Presentation, Multimodal deliveryEngage in meaningful and respectful discourse by listening actively, responding appropriately, and adjusting communication to audience and purpose.
Key skills: Active listening, Respectful discourseAnalyze context to distinguish among denotative, connotative, and figurative meanings of words.
Key skills: Context analysis, Word meaningAnalyze relationships among thematic development, characterization, point of view, significance of setting, and plot in a variety of literary texts.
Key skills: Thematic analysis, CharacterizationRead and analyze world literature across literary periods.
Key skills: World literature, Literary periodsEngage in meaningful and respectful discourse by listening actively, responding appropriately, and adjusting communication to audience and purpose.
Key skills: Active listening, Respectful discourseRead and analyze American literature across literary periods.
Key skills: American literature, Literary periodsRevise drafts to improve clarity, development, organization, style, diction, and sentence effectiveness, including use of parallel constructions.
Key skills: Revision, ParallelismEngage in meaningful and respectful discourse by listening actively, responding appropriately, and adjusting communication to audience and purpose.
Key skills: Active listening, Respectful discourseRead and analyze British literature across literary periods.
Key skills: British literature, Literary periodsExamine sources for credibility, bias, and faulty reasoning, including omission and logical fallacies.
Key skills: Source evaluation, Logical fallaciesApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvingUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and justifying the result.
Key skills: Problem-solving models, Solution justificationSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology, and techniques to solve problems.
Key skills: Tool selection, Computational techniquesCommunicate mathematical ideas and reasoning using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, Multiple representationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Data organization, Visual representationAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Idea connectionDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Precise language, Argument justificationDetermine the coordinates of a point that is a given fractional distance from one end of a line segment to the other.
Key skills: Partitioning segments, Coordinate systemsDerive and use the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas to verify geometric relationships.
Key skills: Distance formula, Midpoint formulaDerive an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line through a given point.
Key skills: Parallel lines, Perpendicular linesDescribe and perform transformations of figures in a plane using coordinate notation.
Key skills: Transformations, Coordinate notationDetermine the image or pre-image of a given figure after a given transformation.
Key skills: Image mapping, Geometric transformationsIdentify the sequence of transformations that will carry a given figure onto itself or another figure.
Key skills: Transformation sequences, Congruence mappingIdentify and distinguish between reflectional and rotational symmetry in a plane figure.
Key skills: Reflectional symmetry, Rotational symmetryDistinguish between undefined terms, definitions, postulates, conjectures, and theorems.
Key skills: Geometric vocabulary, Logical structureIdentify and determine the validity of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement.
Key skills: Conditional statements, Logical validityVerify that a conjecture is false using a counterexample.
Key skills: Counterexamples, Conjecture verificationCompare and contrast the structures and implications of Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries.
Key skills: Euclidean geometry, Non-Euclidean geometryInvestigate patterns to make conjectures about geometric relationships involving angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, and circles.
Key skills: Pattern investigation, Geometric conjecturesConstruct congruent segments, angles, bisectors, perpendicular lines, and parallel lines using a compass and straightedge.
Key skills: Geometric constructions, Compass and straightedgeUse constructions to inscribe an equilateral triangle, a square, and a regular hexagon in a circle.
Key skills: Inscribed figures, Circle constructionsVerify the Triangle Inequality theorem using constructions and apply the theorem to solve problems.
Key skills: Triangle Inequality, Problem solvingVerify theorems about angles formed by intersecting lines and parallel lines cut by a transversal.
Key skills: Angle theorems, Parallel linesProve two triangles are congruent by applying SAS, ASA, SSS, AAS, and HL congruence conditions.
Key skills: Triangle congruence, Formal proofApply the definition of congruence, in terms of rigid transformations, to identify congruent figures.
Key skills: Rigid transformations, CongruenceVerify theorems about relationships in triangles, including the Pythagorean Theorem and interior angle sums.
Key skills: Pythagorean Theorem, Triangle propertiesProve a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, square, or rhombus using sides, angles, or diagonals.
Key skills: Quadrilateral proof, Polygon propertiesApply the definition of similarity in terms of a dilation to identify similarity transformations.
Key skills: Dilations, Similarity transformationsApply the Angle-Angle criterion to verify the similarity of two triangles.
Key skills: AA similarity, Triangle similarityProve theorems about similar triangles, including the Triangle Proportionality theorem.
Key skills: Similarity proof, ProportionalityIdentify and apply relationships when an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
Key skills: Geometric mean, Right triangle altitudeDetermine side lengths and angle measures in a right triangle using sine, cosine, and tangent ratios.
Key skills: Trigonometric ratios, Right triangle solvingApply relationships in special right triangles (30-60-90 and 45-45-90) and the Pythagorean theorem.
Key skills: Special right triangles, Pythagorean theoremIdentify shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections and objects generated by rotations of 2D shapes.
Key skills: Cross-sections, Solids of revolutionDetermine how changes in linear dimensions affect perimeter, area, surface area, or volume.
Key skills: Dimensional change, Proportional reasoningApply the formula for the area of regular polygons to solve problems.
Key skills: Regular polygons, Area formulasDetermine the area of composite two-dimensional figures comprised of triangles, quadrilaterals, and sectors.
Key skills: Composite area, Geometric decompositionApply formulas for the total and lateral surface area of three-dimensional figures.
Key skills: Surface area, 3D figuresApply the formulas for the volume of three-dimensional figures, including composite figures.
Key skills: Volume formulas, 3D measurementApply theorems about circles, including relationships among angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants.
Key skills: Circle theorems, Angle relationshipsApply the proportional relationship between arc length and circumference to solve problems.
Key skills: Arc length, CircumferenceApply the proportional relationship between the area of a sector and the area of the circle.
Key skills: Sector area, Circle proportionsDescribe radian measure of an angle as the ratio of arc length to the radius.
Key skills: Radian measure, Angular measurementDerive the equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r using the Pythagorean theorem.
Key skills: Circle equations, Coordinate geometryDevelop strategies to use permutations and combinations to solve contextual problems.
Key skills: Permutations, CombinationsDetermine probabilities based on area models of real-world situations.
Key skills: Geometric probability, Area modelsIdentify whether two events are independent and compute the probability of their intersection.
Key skills: Independent events, Probability intersectionApply conditional probability and independence of events to interpret data in two-way frequency tables.
Key skills: Conditional probability, Frequency tablesApply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), in contextual problems.
Key skills: Addition Rule, Probability modelingApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Problem solving, Real-world applicationUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the process.
Key skills: Strategic planning, Solution evaluationSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology, and techniques, including mental math and estimation, to solve problems.
Key skills: Tool selection, Mental mathCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, RepresentationCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Data organization, Recording ideasAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Connecting conceptsDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Justification, Precise languageCount forward and backward to at least 20 with and without objects.
Key skills: Forward counting, Backward countingRead, write, and represent whole numbers from 0 to at least 20 with and without objects or pictures.
Key skills: Number recognition, Numeral writingCount a set of objects up to at least 20 and demonstrate that the last number said tells the number of objects in the set.
Key skills: Cardinality, One-to-one correspondenceRecognize instantly the quantity of a small group of objects in organized and random arrangements.
Key skills: Subitizing, Pattern recognitionGenerate a set using concrete and pictorial models that represents a number that is more than, less than, or equal to a given number up to 20.
Key skills: Set generation, Comparing quantitiesGenerate a number that is one more than or one less than another number up to at least 20.
Key skills: Successor/Predecessor, Number relationshipsCompare two sets of objects up to at least 20 using comparative language.
Key skills: Set comparison, Comparative vocabularyUse comparative language to describe two numbers up to 20 presented as written numerals.
Key skills: Numeral comparison, Mathematical languageCompose and decompose numbers up to 10 with objects and pictures.
Key skills: Number composition, DecompositionModel the action of joining to represent addition and the action of separating to represent subtraction.
Key skills: Addition modeling, Subtraction modelingSolve word problems using objects and drawings to find sums up to 10 and differences within 10.
Key skills: Word problems, Basic operationsExplain the strategies used to solve problems involving adding and subtracting within 10 using spoken words, models, and number sentences.
Key skills: Strategy explanation, Number sentencesIdentify U.S. coins by name, including pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters.
Key skills: Coin identification, Currency namingRecite numbers up to at least 100 by ones and tens beginning with any given number.
Key skills: Skip counting, Rote countingIdentify two-dimensional shapes, including circles, triangles, rectangles, and squares as special rectangles.
Key skills: 2D shape identification, Geometric classificationIdentify three-dimensional solids, including cylinders, cones, spheres, and cubes, in the real world.
Key skills: 3D solid identification, Real-world geometryIdentify two-dimensional components of three-dimensional objects.
Key skills: Component identification, Spatial reasoningIdentify attributes of two-dimensional shapes using informal and formal geometric language interchangeably.
Key skills: Geometric attributes, Formal languageClassify and sort a variety of regular and irregular two-dimensional shapes regardless of orientation or size.
Key skills: Shape sorting, ClassificationCreate two-dimensional shapes using a variety of materials and drawings.
Key skills: Shape construction, DrawingGive examples of measurable attributes of real-world objects, including length, capacity, and weight.
Key skills: Attribute identification, Measurement conceptsCompare two objects with a common measurable attribute to see which object has more of/less of the attribute and describe the difference.
Key skills: Direct comparison, Measurement languageCollect, sort, and organize data into two or three categories.
Key skills: Data collection, CategorizationUse data to create real-object and picture graphs.
Key skills: Graphing, Visual representationDraw conclusions from real-object and picture graphs.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Conclusion drawingIdentify ways to earn income.
Key skills: Income identification, Earning conceptsDifferentiate between money received as income and money received as gifts.
Key skills: Financial sources, DifferentiationList simple skills required for jobs.
Key skills: Job skills, Career awarenessDistinguish between wants and needs and identify income as a source to meet one's wants and needs.
Key skills: Wants vs. Needs, Financial planningApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Problem solving, Real-world applicationUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a strategy, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the process.
Key skills: Strategy formulation, JustificationSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology, and techniques, including mental math and estimation, to solve problems.
Key skills: Tool selection, Mental mathCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, RepresentationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Data organization, Recording ideasAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Connecting conceptsDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Mathematical language, ArgumentationRecognize instantly the quantity of structured arrangements.
Key skills: Subitizing, Pattern recognitionUse concrete and pictorial models to compose and decompose numbers up to 120 as so many hundreds, so many tens, and so many ones.
Key skills: Place value, Composing/DecomposingUse objects, pictorial models, and (standard and expanded) forms to represent numbers up to 120.
Key skills: Number representation, Expanded formGenerate a number that is greater than or less than a given whole number up to 120.
Key skills: Comparing numbers, Number generationUse place value to compare whole numbers up to 120 using comparative language.
Key skills: Comparative language, Place valueOrder whole numbers up to 120 using place value and open number lines.
Key skills: Ordering numbers, Number linesRepresent the comparison of two numbers to 100 using the symbols >, <, or =.
Key skills: Comparison symbols, Greater/Less thanUse concrete and pictorial models to determine the sum of a multiple of 10 and a one-digit number in problems up to 99.
Key skills: Adding multiples of 10, Mental mathUse objects and pictorial models to solve word problems involving joining, separating, and comparing sets within 20 and unknowns as any one of the terms.
Key skills: Word problems, Addition/SubtractionCompose 10 with two or more addends with and without concrete objects.
Key skills: Making ten, AddendsApply basic fact strategies to add and subtract within 20, including making 10 and decomposing a number leading to a 10.
Key skills: Fact strategies, Mental mathExplain strategies used to solve addition and subtraction problems up to 20 using spoken words, objects, pictorial models, and number sentences.
Key skills: Explaining strategies, Mathematical communicationGenerate and solve problem situations when given a number sentence involving addition or subtraction of numbers within 20.
Key skills: Problem generation, Solving equationsIdentify U.S. coins, including pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters, by value and describe the relationships among them.
Key skills: Coin identification, Coin valuesWrite a number with the cent symbol to describe the value of a coin.
Key skills: Cent symbol, Money notationUse relationships to count by twos, fives, and tens to determine the value of a collection of pennies, nickels, and/or dimes.
Key skills: Skip counting, Counting moneyRecite numbers forward and backward from any given number between 1 and 120.
Key skills: Counting forward/backward, Number sequenceSkip count by twos, fives, and tens to determine the total number of objects up to 120 in a set.
Key skills: Skip counting, Set countingUse relationships to determine the number that is 10 more and 10 less than a given number up to 120.
Key skills: Mental math, Ten more/lessRepresent word problems involving addition and subtraction of whole numbers up to 20 using concrete and pictorial models and number sentences.
Key skills: Modeling problems, Number sentencesUnderstand that the equal sign represents a relationship where expressions on each side of the equal sign are the same value.
Key skills: Equality, Equal sign meaningDetermine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation when the unknown is any one of the three or four terms in the equation.
Key skills: Missing addends, Solving equationsApply properties of operations to add and subtract two or three numbers.
Key skills: Properties of operations, Multi-number additionClassify and sort regular and irregular two-dimensional shapes based on attributes using informal geometric language.
Key skills: Shape classification, SortingDistinguish between attributes that define a two-dimensional or three-dimensional figure and attributes that do not define the shape.
Key skills: Defining attributes, Shape propertiesCreate two-dimensional figures, including circles, triangles, rectangles, and squares, as special rectangles, rhombuses, and hexagons.
Key skills: Creating shapes, Geometric constructionIdentify two-dimensional shapes, including circles, triangles, rectangles, and squares, as special rectangles, rhombuses, and hexagons and describe their attributes.
Key skills: Shape identification, Geometric languageIdentify three-dimensional solids, including spheres, cones, cylinders, rectangular prisms (including cubes), and triangular prisms, and describe their attributes.
Key skills: 3D solids, Geometric languageCompose two-dimensional shapes by joining two, three, or four figures to produce a target shape in more than one way if possible.
Key skills: Composing shapes, Spatial reasoningPartition two-dimensional figures into two and four fair shares or equal parts and describe the parts using words.
Key skills: Partitioning, FractionsIdentify examples and non-examples of halves and fourths.
Key skills: Halves and fourths, Fractional partsUse measuring tools to measure the length of objects to the nearest whole unit using models of standard units or non-standard units.
Key skills: Measuring length, Unit measurementIllustrate that the length of an object is the number of same-size units of length that, when laid end-to-end with no gaps or overlaps, reach from one end to the other.
Key skills: Iteration, Length conceptsMeasure the same object using two different units and describe how and why the measurements differ.
Key skills: Comparative measurement, Unit sizeDescribe a length to the nearest whole unit using a number and a unit.
Key skills: Reporting length, Measurement unitsTell time to the hour and half hour using analog and digital clocks.
Key skills: Telling time, Analog/Digital clocksCollect, sort, and organize data in up to three categories using models/representations such as tally marks or picture graphs.
Key skills: Data collection, Tally marksUse data to create picture and bar-type graphs.
Key skills: Creating graphs, Picture/Bar graphsDraw conclusions and generate and answer questions using information from picture and bar-type graphs.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Drawing conclusionsDefine money earned as income.
Key skills: Defining income, Earning moneyIdentify income as a means of obtaining goods and services, often making choices between wants and needs.
Key skills: Wants vs Needs, Goods and servicesDistinguish between spending and saving.
Key skills: Spending vs Saving, Financial choicesConsider charitable giving.
Key skills: Charitable giving, Philanthropyapply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace
Key skills: real-world application, problem solvinguse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan or strategy, determining a solution, and justifying the solution
Key skills: problem-solving model, logical reasoningselect appropriate tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques to solve problems
Key skills: tool selection, mental mathcommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language
Key skills: mathematical communication, multiple representationscreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: data representation, organizationanalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: relational analysis, connectionsdisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication
Key skills: justification, precise languageuse concrete and pictorial models to compose and decompose numbers up to 1,200 in more than one way
Key skills: composing numbers, decomposing numbersuse standard, word, and expanded forms to represent numbers up to 1,200
Key skills: number forms, place valuegenerate a number that is greater than or less than a given whole number up to 1,200
Key skills: number generation, comparisonuse place value to compare and order whole numbers up to 1,200 using comparative language, numbers, and symbols
Key skills: ordering numbers, comparison symbolslocate the position of a given whole number on an open number line
Key skills: number line, positioningname the whole number that corresponds to a specific point on a number line
Key skills: number line, identificationpartition objects into equal parts and name the parts, including halves, fourths, and eighths, using words
Key skills: partitioning, fractional namesexplain that the more fractional parts used to make a whole, the smaller the part
Key skills: fraction size, conceptual understandinguse concrete models to count fractional parts beyond one whole using words and recognize parts to equal one whole
Key skills: counting fractions, whole recognitionidentify examples and non-examples of halves, fourths, and eighths
Key skills: fraction identification, classificationrecall basic facts to add and subtract within 20 with automaticity
Key skills: fact fluency, automaticityadd up to four two-digit numbers and subtract two-digit numbers using mental strategies and algorithms
Key skills: multi-digit addition, subtraction algorithmssolve one-step and multi-step word problems involving addition and subtraction within 1,000 using a variety of strategies
Key skills: word problems, problem-solving strategiesgenerate and solve problem situations for a given mathematical number sentence involving addition and subtraction within 1,000
Key skills: problem generation, equation solvingdetermine the value of a collection of coins up to one dollar
Key skills: coin counting, monetary valueuse the cent symbol, dollar sign, and the decimal point to name the value of a collection of coins
Key skills: money notation, symbol usagemodel, create, and describe contextual multiplication situations in which equivalent sets of concrete objects are joined
Key skills: multiplication modeling, equal groupsmodel, create, and describe contextual division situations in which a set of concrete objects is separated into equivalent sets
Key skills: division modeling, equal sharingdetermine whether a number up to 40 is even or odd using pairings of objects
Key skills: even and odd, number propertiesuse an understanding of place value to determine the number that is 10 or 100 more or less than a given number up to 1,200
Key skills: mental math, place value patternsrepresent and solve addition and subtraction word problems where unknowns may be any one of the terms
Key skills: unknown variables, word problemscreate two-dimensional shapes based on given attributes, including number of sides and vertices
Key skills: shape creation, geometric attributesclassify and sort three-dimensional solids based on attributes using formal geometric terminology
Key skills: 3D solids, classificationclassify and sort polygons with 12 or fewer sides according to attributes, including sides and vertices
Key skills: polygon classification, attribute identificationcompose two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional solids with given properties or attributes
Key skills: composing shapes, spatial reasoningdecompose two-dimensional shapes such as cutting a square into two triangles
Key skills: decomposing shapes, geometric decompositionfind the length of objects using concrete models for standard units of length
Key skills: measurement, unit modelsdescribe the inverse relationship between the size of the unit and the number of units needed to measure length
Key skills: inverse relationship, measurement conceptsrepresent whole numbers as distances from any given location on a number line
Key skills: number line, distance representationdetermine the length of an object to the nearest marked unit using rulers, yardsticks, meter sticks, or measuring tapes
Key skills: using rulers, precision measurementdetermine a solution to a problem involving length, including estimating lengths
Key skills: length problems, estimationuse concrete models of square units to find the area of a rectangle by covering it with no gaps or overlaps
Key skills: area measurement, square unitsread and write time to the nearest one-minute increment using analog and digital clocks and distinguish between a.m. and p.m.
Key skills: telling time, a.m. and p.m.explain that the length of a bar in a bar graph or the number of pictures in a pictograph represents the number of data points
Key skills: graph interpretation, data representationorganize a collection of data with up to four categories using pictographs and bar graphs with intervals of one or more
Key skills: data organization, graph constructionwrite and solve one-step word problems involving addition or subtraction using data represented within pictographs and bar graphs
Key skills: data word problems, graph analysisdraw conclusions and make predictions from information in a graph
Key skills: conclusions, predictionscalculate how money saved can accumulate into a larger amount over time
Key skills: saving, accumulationexplain that saving is an alternative to spending
Key skills: saving vs spending, financial choicesdistinguish between a deposit and a withdrawal
Key skills: banking terms, deposits and withdrawalsidentify examples of borrowing and distinguish between responsible and irresponsible borrowing
Key skills: borrowing, financial responsibilityidentify examples of lending and use concepts of benefits and costs to evaluate lending decisions
Key skills: lending, cost-benefit analysisdifferentiate between producers and consumers and calculate the cost to produce a simple item
Key skills: producers and consumers, production costApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvingUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the process.
Key skills: Problem-solving models, Logical reasoningSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense.
Key skills: Tool selection, Mental mathCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, RepresentationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Data organization, Recording ideasAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Making connectionsDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Justification, Precise languageCompose and decompose numbers up to 100,000 as a sum of ten thousands, thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones using objects, pictorial models, and expanded notation.
Key skills: Place value, Expanded notationDescribe the mathematical relationships found in the base-10 place value system through the hundred thousands place.
Key skills: Base-10 system, Place value relationshipsRepresent a number on a number line as being between two consecutive multiples of 10; 100; 1,000; or 10,000 and use words to round whole numbers.
Key skills: Number lines, RoundingCompare and order whole numbers up to 100,000 and represent comparisons using the symbols >, <, or =.
Key skills: Comparing numbers, Ordering numbersRepresent fractions greater than zero and less than or equal to one with denominators of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 using concrete objects and pictorial models.
Key skills: Fraction representation, Visual modelsDetermine the corresponding fraction greater than zero and less than or equal to one with denominators of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 given a specified point on a number line.
Key skills: Fractions on number lines, Identifying fractionsExplain that the unit fraction 1/b represents the quantity formed by one part of a whole that has been partitioned into b equal parts.
Key skills: Unit fractions, PartitioningCompose and decompose a fraction a/b with a numerator greater than zero and less than or equal to b as a sum of parts 1/b.
Key skills: Composing fractions, Decomposing fractionsSolve problems involving partitioning an object or a set of objects among two or more recipients using pictorial representations of fractions.
Key skills: Partitioning problems, Fractional sharingRepresent equivalent fractions with denominators of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 using a variety of objects and pictorial models, including number lines.
Key skills: Equivalent fractions, Visual modelsExplain that two fractions are equivalent if they are represented by the same point on the number line or represent the same portion of a same size whole.
Key skills: Equivalency explanation, Area modelsCompare two fractions having the same numerator or denominator in problems by reasoning about their sizes and justifying the conclusion.
Key skills: Comparing fractions, Fraction reasoningSolve with fluency one-step and two-step problems involving addition and subtraction within 1,000 using strategies based on place value and properties of operations.
Key skills: Addition/Subtraction, Multi-step problemsRound to the nearest 10 or 100 or use compatible numbers to estimate solutions to addition and subtraction problems.
Key skills: Estimation, RoundingDetermine the value of a collection of coins and bills.
Key skills: Counting money, Currency valueDetermine the total number of objects when equally-sized groups of objects are combined or arranged in arrays up to 10 by 10.
Key skills: Arrays, Equal groupsRepresent multiplication facts by using repeated addition, equal-sized groups, arrays, area models, equal jumps on a number line, and skip counting.
Key skills: Multiplication models, Skip countingRecall facts to multiply up to 10 by 10 with automaticity and recall the corresponding division facts.
Key skills: Fact fluency, Multiplication/DivisionUse strategies and algorithms, including the standard algorithm, to multiply a two-digit number by a one-digit number.
Key skills: Multiplication algorithms, Mental mathDetermine the number of objects in each group when a set of objects is partitioned into equal shares or shared equally.
Key skills: Division concepts, Equal sharingDetermine if a number is even or odd using divisibility rules.
Key skills: Even/Odd numbers, DivisibilityDetermine a quotient using the relationship between multiplication and division.
Key skills: Inverse operations, Quotient determinationSolve one-step and two-step problems involving multiplication and division within 100 using strategies based on objects, pictorial models, and properties.
Key skills: Multiplication/Division, Word problemsRepresent one- and two-step problems involving addition and subtraction of whole numbers to 1,000 using pictorial models, number lines, and equations.
Key skills: Problem representation, EquationsRepresent and solve one- and two-step multiplication and division problems within 100 using arrays, strip diagrams, and equations.
Key skills: Strip diagrams, Solving equationsDescribe a relationship in a table using a number sentence involving addition or subtraction.
Key skills: Input-output tables, Number sentencesDetermine the unknown whole number in a multiplication or division equation relating three whole numbers when the unknown is a missing factor or product.
Key skills: Unknown values, Algebraic thinkingRepresent real-world relationships using number pairs in a table and verbal descriptions.
Key skills: Data tables, Verbal descriptionsClassify and sort two- and three-dimensional figures based on attributes using formal geometric language.
Key skills: Shape classification, Geometric attributesUse attributes to recognize quadrilaterals, including rhombuses, parallelograms, trapezoids, rectangles, and squares.
Key skills: Quadrilateral attributes, Shape recognitionDetermine the area of rectangles with whole number side lengths using multiplication related to rows and unit squares.
Key skills: Area calculation, RectanglesDecompose composite figures formed by rectangles into non-overlapping rectangles to determine the area of the original figure.
Key skills: Composite area, DecompositionDecompose two-dimensional shapes into parts with equal areas and express the area of each part as a unit fraction of the whole.
Key skills: Equal areas, Fractions of shapesRepresent fractions of halves, fourths, and eighths as distances from zero on a number line.
Key skills: Fractional distance, Number linesDetermine the perimeter of a polygon or a missing length when given perimeter and remaining side lengths.
Key skills: Perimeter, Missing lengthsDetermine the solutions to problems involving addition and subtraction of time intervals in minutes using pictorial models or tools.
Key skills: Elapsed time, Time intervalsDetermine when it is appropriate to use measurements of liquid volume (capacity) or weight.
Key skills: Measurement selection, Capacity/WeightDetermine liquid volume (capacity) or weight using appropriate units and tools.
Key skills: Measuring tools, Units of measureSummarize a data set with multiple categories using a frequency table, dot plot, pictograph, or bar graph with scaled intervals.
Key skills: Data summarization, GraphingSolve one- and two-step problems using categorical data represented with a frequency table, dot plot, pictograph, or bar graph.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Problem solvingExplain the connection between human capital/labor and income.
Key skills: Income, Human capitalDescribe the relationship between the availability or scarcity of resources and how that impacts cost.
Key skills: Scarcity, Cost relationshipIdentify the costs and benefits of planned and unplanned spending decisions.
Key skills: Spending decisions, Cost-benefit analysisExplain that credit is used when wants or needs exceed the ability to pay and that it is the borrower's responsibility to pay it back.
Key skills: Credit, BorrowingList reasons to save and explain the benefit of a savings plan, including for college.
Key skills: Saving, Financial planningIdentify decisions involving income, spending, saving, credit, and charitable giving.
Key skills: Financial decisions, Charitable givingApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvingUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and evaluating the process.
Key skills: Problem-solving model, Solution evaluationSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology, and techniques, including mental math and estimation.
Key skills: Tool selection, Mental mathCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language.
Key skills: Communication, Multiple representationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Representation, OrganizationAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Mathematical connectionsDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Justification, Precise languageInterpret the value of each place-value position as 10 times the position to the right and as one-tenth of the value of the place to its left.
Key skills: Place value, Base-10 relationshipsRepresent the value of the digit in whole numbers through 1,000,000,000 and decimals to the hundredths using expanded notation and numerals.
Key skills: Expanded notation, Large numbersCompare and order whole numbers to 1,000,000,000 and represent comparisons using the symbols >, <, or =.
Key skills: Comparison, Ordering numbersRound whole numbers to a given place value through the hundred thousands place.
Key skills: Rounding, EstimationRepresent decimals, including tenths and hundredths, using concrete and visual models and money.
Key skills: Decimal models, Money representationCompare and order decimals using concrete and visual models to the hundredths.
Key skills: Decimal comparison, Ordering decimalsRelate decimals to fractions that name tenths and hundredths.
Key skills: Decimals to fractions, EquivalencyDetermine the corresponding decimal to the tenths or hundredths place of a specified point on a number line.
Key skills: Number line, Decimal identificationRepresent a fraction a/b as a sum of fractions 1/b, where a and b are whole numbers and b > 0, including when a > b.
Key skills: Unit fractions, Fraction decompositionDecompose a fraction in more than one way into a sum of fractions with the same denominator using concrete and pictorial models.
Key skills: Decomposition, Visual modelsDetermine if two given fractions are equivalent using a variety of methods.
Key skills: Equivalent fractions, VerificationCompare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators and represent the comparison using the symbols >, =, or <.
Key skills: Fraction comparison, Inequality symbolsRepresent and solve addition and subtraction of fractions with equal denominators using objects and pictorial models.
Key skills: Fraction addition, Fraction subtractionEvaluate the reasonableness of sums and differences of fractions using benchmark fractions 0, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and 1.
Key skills: Reasonableness, Benchmark fractionsRepresent fractions and decimals to the tenths or hundredths as distances from zero on a number line.
Key skills: Number line, Distance from zeroAdd and subtract whole numbers and decimals to the hundredths place using the standard algorithm.
Key skills: Standard algorithm, Decimal operationsDetermine products of a number and 10 or 100 using properties of operations and place value understandings.
Key skills: Multiplication, Powers of 10Represent the product of 2 two-digit numbers using arrays, area models, or equations, including perfect squares through 15 by 15.
Key skills: Area models, ArraysUse strategies and algorithms to multiply up to a four-digit number by a one-digit number and a two-digit number by a two-digit number.
Key skills: Multiplication algorithms, Partial productsRepresent the quotient of up to a four-digit whole number divided by a one-digit whole number using arrays, area models, or equations.
Key skills: Division models, Quotient representationUse strategies and algorithms, including the standard algorithm, to divide up to a four-digit dividend by a one-digit divisor.
Key skills: Long division, Division strategiesRound to the nearest 10, 100, or 1,000 or use compatible numbers to estimate solutions involving whole numbers.
Key skills: Estimation, Compatible numbersSolve with fluency one- and two-step problems involving multiplication and division, including interpreting remainders.
Key skills: Multi-step problems, Interpreting remaindersRepresent multi-step problems involving the four operations with whole numbers using strip diagrams and equations with a letter for the unknown.
Key skills: Strip diagrams, Equations with variablesRepresent problems using an input-output table and numerical expressions to generate a number pattern that follows a given rule.
Key skills: Input-output tables, Number patternsUse models to determine the formulas for the perimeter of a rectangle, including the special form for a square, and the area of a rectangle.
Key skills: Perimeter formulas, Area formulasSolve problems related to perimeter and area of rectangles where dimensions are whole numbers.
Key skills: Area calculation, Perimeter calculationIdentify points, lines, line segments, rays, angles, and perpendicular and parallel lines.
Key skills: Geometric terms, Line identificationIdentify and draw one or more lines of symmetry, if they exist, for a two-dimensional figure.
Key skills: Symmetry, Drawing linesApply knowledge of right angles to identify acute, right, and obtuse triangles.
Key skills: Triangle classification, Angle typesClassify two-dimensional figures based on the presence or absence of parallel or perpendicular lines or angles of a specified size.
Key skills: Shape classification, Geometric attributesIllustrate the measure of an angle as the part of a circle whose center is at the vertex of the angle that is 'cut out' by the rays.
Key skills: Angle illustration, Circular partsIllustrate degrees as the units used to measure an angle, where 1/360 of any circle is one degree.
Key skills: Degree units, Angle measurementDetermine the approximate measures of angles in degrees to the nearest whole number using a protractor.
Key skills: Using a protractor, Measuring anglesDraw an angle with a given measure.
Key skills: Drawing angles, Geometric constructionDetermine the measure of an unknown angle formed by two non-overlapping adjacent angles given one or both angle measures.
Key skills: Adjacent angles, Angle additionIdentify relative sizes of measurement units within the customary and metric systems.
Key skills: Measurement units, Relative sizeConvert measurements within the same system from a smaller unit into a larger unit or vice versa when given equivalent measures in a table.
Key skills: Unit conversion, Measurement tablesSolve problems that deal with measurements of length, time, liquid volumes, mass, and money using the four operations.
Key skills: Measurement problems, Elapsed timeRepresent data on a frequency table, dot plot, or stem-and-leaf plot marked with whole numbers and fractions.
Key skills: Data representation, Stem-and-leaf plotsSolve one- and two-step problems using data in whole number, decimal, and fraction form in a frequency table, dot plot, or stem-and-leaf plot.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Problem solvingDistinguish between fixed and variable expenses.
Key skills: Expense types, Financial planningCalculate profit in a given situation.
Key skills: Profit calculation, Business mathCompare the advantages and disadvantages of various savings options.
Key skills: Savings options, Financial comparisonDescribe how to allocate a weekly allowance among spending; saving, including for college; and sharing.
Key skills: Budgeting, Allowance allocationDescribe the basic purpose of financial institutions, including keeping money safe, borrowing money, and lending.
Key skills: Financial institutions, Banking purposeapply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;
Key skills: real-world application, problem solvinguse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the process;
Key skills: problem-solving model, solution justificationselect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense, to solve problems;
Key skills: tool selection, mental mathcommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language;
Key skills: mathematical communication, multiple representationscreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;
Key skills: organize data, represent ideasanalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas; and
Key skills: analyze relationships, connect ideasdisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: justify arguments, precise languagerepresent the value of the digit in decimals through the thousandths using expanded notation and numerals;
Key skills: place value, expanded notationcompare and order two decimals to thousandths and represent comparisons using the symbols >, <, or =; and
Key skills: compare decimals, order decimalsround decimals to tenths or hundredths.
Key skills: rounding decimals, estimationestimate to determine solutions to mathematical and real-world problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division;
Key skills: estimation, problem solvingmultiply with fluency a three-digit number by a two-digit number using the standard algorithm;
Key skills: multiplication fluency, standard algorithmsolve with proficiency for quotients of up to a four-digit dividend and a two-digit divisor using strategies and the standard algorithm;
Key skills: division proficiency, standard algorithmrepresent multiplication of decimals with products to the hundredths using objects and pictorial models, including area models;
Key skills: decimal multiplication, area modelssolve for products of decimals to the hundredths, including situations involving money, using strategies based on place-value, properties, and whole number relationships;
Key skills: decimal products, money problemsrepresent quotients of decimals to the hundredths, up to four-digit dividends and two-digit whole number divisors, using objects and pictorial models;
Key skills: decimal division, pictorial modelssolve for quotients of decimals to the hundredths, up to four-digit dividends and two-digit whole number divisors, using strategies and algorithms;
Key skills: decimal division, standard algorithmrepresent and solve addition and subtraction of fractions with unequal denominators using objects and pictorial models and properties of operations;
Key skills: fraction addition, fraction subtractionrepresent and solve multiplication of a whole number and a fraction that refers to the same whole using objects and pictorial models;
Key skills: fraction multiplication, pictorial modelsrepresent division of a unit fraction by a whole number and a whole number by a unit fraction using objects and pictorial models;
Key skills: fraction division, unit fractionsadd and subtract positive rational numbers fluently;
Key skills: rational number addition, computational fluencydivide whole numbers by unit fractions and unit fractions by whole numbers.
Key skills: fraction division, unit fractionsidentify prime and composite numbers;
Key skills: prime numbers, composite numbersrepresent and solve multi-step problems involving the four operations with whole numbers using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity;
Key skills: multi-step problems, algebraic equationsgenerate a numerical pattern when given a rule in the form y = ax or y = x + a and graph;
Key skills: numerical patterns, graphingrecognize the difference between additive and multiplicative numerical patterns given in a table or graph;
Key skills: additive patterns, multiplicative patternsdescribe the meaning of parentheses and brackets in a numeric expression;
Key skills: order of operations, numeric expressionssimplify numerical expressions that do not involve exponents, including up to two levels of grouping;
Key skills: simplify expressions, grouping symbolsuse concrete objects and pictorial models to develop the formulas for the volume of a rectangular prism, including the special form for a cube;
Key skills: volume formulas, rectangular prismsrepresent and solve problems related to perimeter and/or area and related to volume.
Key skills: perimeter and area, volume problemsclassify two-dimensional figures in a hierarchy of sets and subsets using graphic organizers based on their attributes and properties.
Key skills: classify shapes, geometric attributesrecognize a cube with side length of one unit as a unit cube and the volume of a 3D figure as the number of unit cubes needed to fill it;
Key skills: unit cubes, volume conceptdetermine the volume of a rectangular prism with whole number side lengths in problems related to layers and unit cubes in the area of the base.
Key skills: calculate volume, rectangular prismssolve problems by calculating conversions within a measurement system, customary or metric.
Key skills: unit conversion, measurement systemsdescribe the key attributes of the coordinate plane, including perpendicular axes, the origin (0, 0), and movement indicated by x- and y-coordinates;
Key skills: coordinate plane, ordered pairsdescribe the process for graphing ordered pairs of numbers in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane;
Key skills: graphing points, first quadrantgraph in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane ordered pairs of numbers arising from mathematical and real-world problems;
Key skills: graphing data, real-world graphingrepresent data on a frequency table, dot plot, or stem-and-leaf plot marked with whole numbers and fractions;
Key skills: data representation, frequency tablesrepresent discrete paired data on a scatterplot;
Key skills: scatterplots, paired datasolve one- and two-step problems using data in whole number, decimal, and fraction form in a frequency table, dot plot, or stem-and-leaf plot.
Key skills: data interpretation, problem solvingdefine income tax, payroll tax, sales tax, and property tax;
Key skills: tax types, financial definitionsexplain the difference between gross income and net income;
Key skills: gross vs net income, financial literacyidentify the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of payment, including check, credit card, debit card, and electronic payments;
Key skills: payment methods, financial choicesdevelop a system for keeping and using financial records;
Key skills: financial records, organizationdescribe actions that might be taken to balance a budget when expenses exceed income; and
Key skills: balancing budgets, financial planningbalance a simple budget.
Key skills: budgeting, financial managementapply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace;
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvinguse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, justifying the solution, and evaluating the process;
Key skills: Problem-solving model, Solution justificationselect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques, including mental math, estimation, and number sense;
Key skills: Tool selection, Mental mathcommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language as appropriate;
Key skills: Mathematical communication, Multiple representationscreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas;
Key skills: Data organization, Visual representationanalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas;
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Idea connectiondisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Precise language, Mathematical justificationclassify whole numbers, integers, and rational numbers using a visual representation such as a Venn diagram to describe relationships between sets of numbers;
Key skills: Number classification, Venn diagramsidentify a number, its opposite, and its absolute value;
Key skills: Opposite numbers, Absolute valuelocate, compare, and order integers and rational numbers using a number line;
Key skills: Number lines, Ordering numbersorder a set of rational numbers arising from mathematical and real-world contexts;
Key skills: Rational numbers, Contextual orderingextend representations for division to include fraction notation such as a/b represents the same number as a ÷ b where b ≠ 0.
Key skills: Fraction notation, Division representationrecognize that dividing by a rational number and multiplying by its reciprocal result in equivalent values;
Key skills: Reciprocals, Division equivalencedetermine, with and without computation, whether a quantity is increased or decreased when multiplied by a fraction, including values greater than or less than one;
Key skills: Fraction multiplication, Quantitative reasoningrepresent integer operations with concrete models and connect the actions with the models to standardized algorithms;
Key skills: Integer models, Algorithm connectionadd, subtract, multiply, and divide integers fluently;
Key skills: Integer fluency, Basic operationsmultiply and divide positive rational numbers fluently.
Key skills: Rational number fluency, Multiplication and divisioncompare two rules verbally, numerically, graphically, and symbolically in the form of y = ax or y = x + a to differentiate between additive and multiplicative relationships;
Key skills: Additive vs Multiplicative, Rule comparisonapply qualitative and quantitative reasoning to solve prediction and comparison of real-world problems involving ratios and rates;
Key skills: Ratios and rates, Predictive reasoninggive examples of ratios as multiplicative comparisons of two quantities describing the same attribute;
Key skills: Ratio examples, Multiplicative comparisongive examples of rates as the comparison by division of two quantities having different attributes, including rates as quotients;
Key skills: Rate examples, Comparison by divisionrepresent ratios and percents with concrete models, fractions, and decimals;
Key skills: Percent models, Ratio representationrepresent benchmark fractions and percents such as 1%, 10%, 25%, 33 1/3%, and multiples using 10 by 10 grids, strip diagrams, number lines, and numbers;
Key skills: Benchmark fractions, Visual modelsgenerate equivalent forms of fractions, decimals, and percents using real-world problems, including problems that involve money;
Key skills: Equivalent forms, Financial mathconvert units within a measurement system, including the use of proportions and unit rates.
Key skills: Unit conversion, Proportionsrepresent mathematical and real-world problems involving ratios and rates using scale factors, tables, graphs, and proportions;
Key skills: Scale factors, Proportional tablessolve real-world problems to find the whole given a part and the percent, to find the part given the whole and the percent, and to find the percent given the part and the whole;
Key skills: Percent problems, Part-whole relationshipsuse equivalent fractions, decimals, and percents to show equal parts of the same whole.
Key skills: Equivalence, Fraction-decimal-percentidentify independent and dependent quantities from tables and graphs;
Key skills: Independent variables, Dependent variableswrite an equation that represents the relationship between independent and dependent quantities from a table;
Key skills: Equation writing, Table analysisrepresent a given situation using verbal descriptions, tables, graphs, and equations in the form y = kx or y = x + b.
Key skills: Multiple representations, Linear equationsgenerate equivalent numerical expressions using order of operations, including whole number exponents and prime factorization;
Key skills: Order of operations, Prime factorizationdistinguish between expressions and equations orally and in writing;
Key skills: Expressions vs Equations, Mathematical terminologydetermine if two expressions are equivalent using concrete models, pictorial models, and algebraic representations;
Key skills: Expression equivalence, Algebraic modelsgenerate equivalent expressions using the properties of operations: inverse, identity, commutative, associative, and distributive properties.
Key skills: Properties of operations, Equivalent expressionsextend knowledge of triangles to include the sum of angles, relationship between side lengths and angle measures, and determining when three lengths form a triangle;
Key skills: Triangle properties, Angle sumsmodel area formulas for parallelograms, trapezoids, and triangles by decomposing and rearranging parts of these shapes;
Key skills: Area modeling, Shape decompositionwrite equations that represent problems related to the area of rectangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, and triangles and volume of right rectangular prisms;
Key skills: Area equations, Volume equationsdetermine solutions for problems involving the area of rectangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, and triangles and volume of right rectangular prisms.
Key skills: Area calculation, Volume calculationwrite one-variable, one-step equations and inequalities to represent constraints or conditions within problems;
Key skills: Equation writing, Inequality writingrepresent solutions for one-variable, one-step equations and inequalities on number lines;
Key skills: Solution sets, Number line graphingwrite corresponding real-world problems given one-variable, one-step equations or inequalities.
Key skills: Contextualization, Problem creationmodel and solve one-variable, one-step equations and inequalities that represent problems, including geometric concepts;
Key skills: Equation solving, Inequality solvingdetermine if the given value(s) make(s) one-variable, one-step equations or inequalities true.
Key skills: Substitution, Verificationgraph points in all four quadrants using ordered pairs of rational numbers.
Key skills: Coordinate plane, Ordered pairsrepresent numeric data graphically, including dot plots, stem-and-leaf plots, histograms, and box plots;
Key skills: Data visualization, Statistical graphsuse the graphical representation of numeric data to describe the center, spread, and shape of the data distribution;
Key skills: Data description, Distribution shapesummarize numeric data with numerical summaries, including mean, median, range, and interquartile range (IQR);
Key skills: Measures of center, Measures of spreadsummarize categorical data with numerical and graphical summaries, including mode, relative frequency tables, and percent bar graphs.
Key skills: Categorical data, Frequency tablesinterpret numeric data summarized in dot plots, stem-and-leaf plots, histograms, and box plots;
Key skills: Data interpretation, Graph analysisdistinguish between situations that yield data with and without variability.
Key skills: Variability, Statistical questionscompare the features and costs of a checking account and a debit card offered by different local financial institutions;
Key skills: Banking features, Cost comparisondistinguish between debit cards and credit cards;
Key skills: Debit vs Credit, Financial toolsbalance a check register that includes topics such as deposits, withdrawals, and transfers;
Key skills: Check register, Financial trackingexplain why it is important to establish a positive credit history;
Key skills: Credit history, Financial responsibilitydescribe the information in a credit report and how long it is retained;
Key skills: Credit reports, Data retentionexplain various methods to pay for college, including through savings, grants, scholarships, student loans, and work-study;
Key skills: College funding, Financial planningexplain the difference between gross income and net income;
Key skills: Gross vs Net income, Payroll deductionscompare the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of payment.
Key skills: Payment methods, Financial decision makingApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvingUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and evaluating the process.
Key skills: Problem-solving model, Solution evaluationSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques to solve problems.
Key skills: Tool selection, Mental mathCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, Multiple representationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Data organization, RepresentationAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Idea connectionDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Justification, Precise languageExtend previous knowledge of sets and subsets using a visual representation to describe relationships between sets of rational numbers.
Key skills: Rational numbers, Sets and subsetsAdd, subtract, multiply, and divide rational numbers fluently.
Key skills: Rational number operations, FluencyApply and extend previous understandings of operations to solve problems using addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of rational numbers.
Key skills: Problem solving, Rational numbersRepresent constant rates of change in mathematical and real-world problems given pictorial, tabular, verbal, numeric, graphical, and algebraic representations.
Key skills: Constant rate of change, Multiple representationsCalculate unit rates from rates in mathematical and real-world problems.
Key skills: Unit rates, Rate calculationDetermine the constant of proportionality (k = y/x) within mathematical and real-world problems.
Key skills: Constant of proportionality, Ratio analysisSolve problems involving ratios, rates, and percents, including multi-step problems involving percent increase and decrease, and financial literacy problems.
Key skills: Percent problems, Ratios and ratesConvert between measurement systems, including the use of proportions and the use of unit rates.
Key skills: Measurement conversion, ProportionsGeneralize the critical attributes of similarity, including ratios within and between similar shapes.
Key skills: Similarity, Geometric ratiosDescribe π as the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
Key skills: Pi definition, Circle propertiesSolve mathematical and real-world problems involving similar shape and scale drawings.
Key skills: Scale drawings, Similar shapesRepresent sample spaces for simple and compound events using lists and tree diagrams.
Key skills: Sample spaces, Probability diagramsSelect and use different simulations to represent simple and compound events with and without technology.
Key skills: Simulations, Event representationMake predictions and determine solutions using experimental data for simple and compound events.
Key skills: Experimental probability, PredictionsMake predictions and determine solutions using theoretical probability for simple and compound events.
Key skills: Theoretical probability, PredictionsFind the probabilities of a simple event and its complement and describe the relationship between the two.
Key skills: Complementary events, ProbabilityUse data from a random sample to make inferences about a population.
Key skills: Random sampling, InferencesSolve problems using data represented in bar graphs, dot plots, and circle graphs, including part-to-whole and part-to-part comparisons.
Key skills: Data analysis, Graph interpretationSolve problems using qualitative and quantitative predictions and comparisons from simple experiments.
Key skills: Qualitative prediction, Quantitative comparisonDetermine experimental and theoretical probabilities related to simple and compound events using data and sample spaces.
Key skills: Probability determination, Data usageRepresent linear relationships using verbal descriptions, tables, graphs, and equations that simplify to the form y = mx + b.
Key skills: Linear relationships, Slope-intercept formModel the relationship between the volume of a rectangular prism and a rectangular pyramid with the same base and height.
Key skills: Volume modeling, Prisms and pyramidsExplain the relationship between the volume of a triangular prism and a triangular pyramid with the same base and height.
Key skills: Volume relationship, Geometric explanationUse models to determine the approximate formulas for the circumference and area of a circle and connect the models to the actual formulas.
Key skills: Circle formulas, Geometric modelingSolve problems involving the volume of rectangular prisms, triangular prisms, rectangular pyramids, and triangular pyramids.
Key skills: Volume calculation, 3D geometryDetermine the circumference and area of circles.
Key skills: Circumference, Circle areaDetermine the area of composite figures containing combinations of rectangles, squares, parallelograms, trapezoids, triangles, semicircles, and quarter circles.
Key skills: Composite area, 2D geometrySolve problems involving the lateral and total surface area of a rectangular prism, rectangular pyramid, triangular prism, and triangular pyramid.
Key skills: Surface area, NetsWrite one-variable, two-step equations and inequalities to represent constraints or conditions within problems.
Key skills: Equation writing, Inequality writingRepresent solutions for one-variable, two-step equations and inequalities on number lines.
Key skills: Number line solutions, Inequality representationWrite a corresponding real-world problem given a one-variable, two-step equation or inequality.
Key skills: Contextualizing math, Problem creationModel and solve one-variable, two-step equations and inequalities.
Key skills: Equation solving, Inequality solvingDetermine if the given value(s) make(s) one-variable, two-step equations and inequalities true.
Key skills: Verification, SubstitutionWrite and solve equations using geometry concepts, including the sum of the angles in a triangle and angle relationships.
Key skills: Geometric equations, Angle relationshipsCompare two groups of numeric data using comparative dot plots or box plots by comparing their shapes, centers, and spreads.
Key skills: Data comparison, Box plotsUse data from a random sample to make inferences about a population.
Key skills: Population inference, SamplingCompare two populations based on data in random samples, including using variability to draw informal comparative inferences about differences between means.
Key skills: Comparative inference, VariabilityCalculate the sales tax for a given purchase and income tax for a given income.
Key skills: Tax calculation, Financial mathIdentify components of a personal budget and calculate what percentage each category comprises of the total budget.
Key skills: Budgeting, Percentage calculationCreate and organize a financial assets and liabilities record and construct a net worth statement.
Key skills: Net worth, Financial recordsUse a family budget estimator to determine the minimum household budget and average hourly wage needed for a family to meet basic needs.
Key skills: Budget estimation, Wage calculationCalculate and compare simple interest and compound interest earnings.
Key skills: Simple interest, Compound interestAnalyze and compare monetary incentives, including sales, rebates, and coupons.
Key skills: Incentive analysis, Consumer mathapply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace
Key skills: real-world application, problem solvinguse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and evaluating the process
Key skills: problem-solving model, critical thinkingselect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology, and techniques to solve problems
Key skills: tool selection, mental mathcommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language
Key skills: mathematical communication, representationscreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: data organization, modelinganalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: relationship analysis, connectionsdisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication
Key skills: justification, precise languageextend variation of the real number system to include irrational numbers
Key skills: irrational numbers, number systemsapproximate the value of irrational numbers as decimals and locate them on a number line
Key skills: approximation, number lineconvert between standard decimal notation and scientific notation
Key skills: scientific notation, conversionsorder a set of real numbers arising from mathematical and real-world contexts
Key skills: ordering numbers, real numbersgeneralize that the ratio of corresponding sides of similar shapes are proportional
Key skills: similarity, proportional sidescompare and contrast the attributes of a shape and its dilation(s) on a coordinate plane
Key skills: dilations, geometric attributesuse an algebraic representation to explain the effect of a given positive rational scale factor applied to 2D figures
Key skills: scale factor, algebraic representationuse similar right triangles to develop an understanding that slope is the same for any two points on the same line
Key skills: slope, similar trianglesgraph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the line
Key skills: graphing, unit rateuse data from a table or graph to determine the rate of change or slope and y-intercept
Key skills: slope, y-interceptrepresent linear proportional situations with tables, graphs, and equations in the form y = kx
Key skills: linear equations, proportionalityrepresent linear non-proportional situations with tables, graphs, and equations in the form y = mx + b
Key skills: non-proportional, linear functionscontrast bivariate data with linear relationships and non-linear relationships
Key skills: bivariate data, linearityuse a trend line that approximates the linear relationship between bivariate data to make predictions
Key skills: trend lines, predictionssolve problems involving direct variation
Key skills: direct variation, problem solvingdistinguish between proportional and non-proportional situations using tables, graphs, and equations
Key skills: classification, multiple representationsidentify functions using sets of ordered pairs, tables, mappings, and graphs
Key skills: function identification, mappingsidentify examples of proportional and non-proportional functions that arise from real-world problems
Key skills: real-world functions, identificationwrite an equation in the form y = mx + b to model a linear relationship between two quantities
Key skills: modeling, linear equationsdescribe the volume formula V = Bh of a cylinder in terms of its base area and height
Key skills: volume formula, cylindersmodel the relationship between the volume of a cylinder and a cone with congruent bases and heights
Key skills: volume comparison, conesuse models and diagrams to explain the Pythagorean Theorem
Key skills: Pythagorean Theorem, geometric proofsolve problems involving the volume of cylinders, cones, and spheres
Key skills: volume calculation, 3D shapesdetermine lateral and total surface area of rectangular prisms, triangular prisms, and cylinders
Key skills: surface area, prismsuse the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse to solve problems
Key skills: Pythagorean Theorem, problem solvingdetermine the distance between two points on a coordinate plane using the Pythagorean Theorem
Key skills: distance formula, coordinate planewrite one-variable equations or inequalities with variables on both sides using rational coefficients
Key skills: writing equations, inequalitieswrite a corresponding real-world problem when given a one-variable equation or inequality
Key skills: contextualizing math, problem creationmodel and solve one-variable equations with variables on both sides of the equal sign
Key skills: solving equations, modelinguse informal arguments to establish facts about angle sums, exterior angles, and parallel lines
Key skills: angle relationships, geometric logicidentify and verify the values of x and y that satisfy two linear equations from their intersection
Key skills: systems of equations, graphical solutionsgeneralize properties of orientation and congruence of rotations, reflections, translations, and dilations
Key skills: transformations, congruencedifferentiate between transformations that preserve congruence and those that do not
Key skills: congruence, rigid motionexplain the effect of translations, reflections, and rotations on a coordinate plane using algebraic representations
Key skills: algebraic transformations, coordinate geometrymodel the effect on linear and area measurements of dilated two-dimensional shapes
Key skills: dilation effects, measurement changeconstruct a scatterplot and describe the observed data to address questions of association
Key skills: scatterplots, data associationdetermine the mean absolute deviation and use it as a measure of average distance from the mean
Key skills: mean absolute deviation, data variabilitysimulate generating random samples to develop the notion of a sample statistic being a random variable
Key skills: random sampling, statisticssolve real-world problems comparing how interest rate and loan length affect the cost of credit
Key skills: credit cost, interest ratescalculate the total cost of repaying a loan under various rates of interest using an online calculator
Key skills: loan repayment, financial toolsexplain how small amounts of money invested regularly grow over time
Key skills: investment growth, savingscalculate and compare simple interest and compound interest earnings
Key skills: simple interest, compound interestidentify and explain the advantages and disadvantages of different payment methods
Key skills: payment methods, financial literacyanalyze situations to determine if they represent financially responsible decisions
Key skills: financial responsibility, decision makingestimate the cost of college and devise a periodic savings plan for attendance
Key skills: college planning, savings plansapply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvinguse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and evaluating the process
Key skills: Problem-solving model, Evaluationselect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques to solve problems
Key skills: Tool selection, Mental mathcommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language
Key skills: Communication, Representationscreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: Organization, Modelinganalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: Analysis, Connectionsdisplay, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication
Key skills: Justification, Mathematical languagedetermine the domain and range of a linear function in mathematical problems and represent domain and range using inequalities
Key skills: Domain and range, Inequalitieswrite linear equations in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description
Key skills: Writing equations, Multiple representationswrite linear equations in two variables given the graph of a line, two points on the line, or a point and the slope
Key skills: Slope-intercept form, Point-slope formwrite and solve equations involving direct variation
Key skills: Direct variation, Proportionalitywrite the equation of a line that contains a given point and is parallel to a given line
Key skills: Parallel lines, Linear equationswrite the equation of a line that contains a given point and is perpendicular to a given line
Key skills: Perpendicular lines, Linear equationswrite an equation of a line that is parallel or perpendicular to the X or Y axis and determine if the slope is zero or undefined
Key skills: Horizontal lines, Vertical lineswrite linear inequalities in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description
Key skills: Linear inequalities, Modelingwrite systems of two linear equations given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description
Key skills: Systems of equations, Modelingdetermine the slope of a line given a table, graph, two points, or an equation in various forms
Key skills: Slope calculation, Rate of changecalculate the rate of change of a linear function represented tabularly, graphically, or algebraically in context
Key skills: Rate of change, Contextual analysisgraph linear functions and identify key features, including x-intercept, y-intercept, zeros, and slope
Key skills: Graphing, Key featuresgraph the solution set of linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane
Key skills: Graphing inequalities, Solution setsdetermine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx)
Key skills: Transformations, Parent functionsgraph systems of two linear equations in two variables and determine the solutions if they exist
Key skills: Systems of equations, Graphing solutionsestimate graphically the solutions to systems of two linear equations with two variables in real-world problems
Key skills: Estimation, Systems of equationsgraph the solution set of systems of two linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane
Key skills: Systems of inequalities, Graphingcalculate, using technology, the correlation coefficient and interpret it as a measure of linear association strength
Key skills: Correlation coefficient, Data analysiscompare and contrast association and causation in real-world problems
Key skills: Association vs causation, Critical thinkingwrite linear functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions
Key skills: Linear regression, Trend linessolve linear equations in one variable, including those with distributive property and variables on both sides
Key skills: Solving equations, Distributive propertysolve linear inequalities in one variable, including those with distributive property and variables on both sides
Key skills: Solving inequalities, Algebraic manipulationsolve systems of two linear equations with two variables for mathematical and real-world problems
Key skills: Systems of equations, Substitution/Eliminationdetermine the domain and range of quadratic functions and represent them using inequalities
Key skills: Domain and range, Quadratic functionswrite equations of quadratic functions given the vertex and another point in vertex and standard forms
Key skills: Vertex form, Standard formwrite quadratic functions when given real solutions and graphs of their related equations
Key skills: Writing quadratics, Roots/Zerosgraph quadratic functions and identify key attributes, including vertex, intercepts, zeros, and axis of symmetry
Key skills: Graphing quadratics, Key attributesdescribe the relationship between the linear factors of quadratic expressions and the zeros of their associated functions
Key skills: Factoring, Zero product propertydetermine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x^2 when transformed by a, b, c, and d
Key skills: Transformations, Quadratic parent functionsolve quadratic equations having real solutions by factoring, square roots, completing the square, and quadratic formula
Key skills: Solving quadratics, Quadratic formulawrite quadratic functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions
Key skills: Quadratic regression, Modelingdetermine the domain and range of exponential functions of the form f(x) = ab^x and represent using inequalities
Key skills: Domain and range, Exponential functionsinterpret the meaning of the values of a and b in exponential functions in real-world problems
Key skills: Growth/Decay factors, Initial valuewrite exponential functions in the form f(x) = ab^x to describe growth and decay in real-world situations
Key skills: Writing exponentials, Growth and decaygraph exponential functions and identify key features, including y-intercept and asymptote
Key skills: Graphing exponentials, Asymptoteswrite exponential functions that provide a reasonable fit to data and make predictions
Key skills: Exponential regression, Modelingadd and subtract polynomials of degree one and degree two
Key skills: Polynomial addition, Polynomial subtractionmultiply polynomials of degree one and degree two
Key skills: Polynomial multiplication, FOIL methoddetermine the quotient of a polynomial of degree one and degree two when divided by a polynomial of degree one
Key skills: Polynomial division, Simplificationrewrite polynomial expressions of degree one and degree two in equivalent forms using the distributive property
Key skills: Equivalent expressions, Distributive propertyfactor trinomials with real factors in the form ax^2 + bx + c, including perfect square trinomials
Key skills: Factoring trinomials, Perfect squaresdecide if a binomial can be written as the difference of two squares and rewrite it
Key skills: Difference of squares, Factoringsimplify numerical radical expressions involving square roots
Key skills: Radical simplification, Square rootssimplify numeric and algebraic expressions using the laws of exponents, including integral and rational exponents
Key skills: Exponent laws, Simplificationdecide whether relations represented verbally, tabularly, graphically, and algebraically are functions
Key skills: Function identification, Vertical line testevaluate functions, expressed in function notation, given one or more elements in their domains
Key skills: Function notation, Evaluationidentify terms of arithmetic and geometric sequences when given in function form using recursive processes
Key skills: Sequences, Recursionwrite a formula for the nth term of arithmetic and geometric sequences, given several terms
Key skills: Sequence formulas, Arithmetic/Geometricsolve mathematic and real-world problems involving prior knowledge of linear and quadratic functions
Key skills: Problem solving, Function applicationdetermine the coordinates of a point that is a given fractional distance from one end of a line segment
Key skills: Partitioning segments, Coordinatesderive and use the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas to verify geometric relationships
Key skills: Distance formula, Midpoint formuladetermine an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point
Key skills: Parallel/Perpendicular, Linear equationsdescribe and perform transformations of figures in a plane using coordinate notation
Key skills: Transformations, Coordinate notationdetermine the image or pre-image of a figure under a composition of rigid and non-rigid transformations
Key skills: Compositions, Dilationsidentify the sequence of transformations that will carry a given figure onto itself
Key skills: Symmetry, Transformationsidentify image and pre-image of a figure under reflection across x-axis, y-axis, and y = x
Key skills: Reflections, Coordinate geometrydistinguish between undefined terms, definitions, postulates, conjectures, and theorems
Key skills: Geometric logic, Terminologyidentify and determine the validity of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement
Key skills: Conditional statements, Logical validityverify that a conjecture is false using a counterexample
Key skills: Conjectures, Counterexamplescompare and contrast Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries, including spherical geometry
Key skills: Euclidean geometry, Spherical geometryinvestigate patterns to make conjectures about geometric relationships using a variety of tools
Key skills: Conjectures, Geometric patternsconstruct congruent segments, angles, bisectors, and parallel/perpendicular lines using compass and straightedge
Key skills: Geometric constructions, Compass/Straightedgeuse constructions to make conjectures about geometric relationships
Key skills: Constructions, Geometric reasoningverify the Triangle Inequality theorem using constructions and apply it to solve problems
Key skills: Triangle Inequality, Problem solvingverify and prove theorems about angles formed by intersecting lines and parallel lines cut by a transversal
Key skills: Angle theorems, Geometric proofprove two triangles are congruent by applying SAS, ASA, SSS, AAS, and HL conditions
Key skills: Triangle congruence, Proofsapply the definition of congruence, in terms of rigid transformations, to identify congruent figures
Key skills: Congruence, Rigid transformationsverify and apply theorems about relationships in triangles, including Pythagorean Theorem and angle sums
Key skills: Triangle theorems, Pythagorean Theoremprove a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, square, or rhombus using sides, angles, or diagonals
Key skills: Quadrilateral proofs, Properties of shapesapply the definition of similarity in terms of a dilation to identify similar figures
Key skills: Similarity, Dilationsapply the Angle-Angle criterion to verify similar triangles and solve proportionality problems
Key skills: AA similarity, Proportionalityverify and apply theorems about similarity in triangles, including the Triangle Proportionality theorem
Key skills: Similarity theorems, Triangle proportionalityprove theorems about similar triangles and apply them to solve problems
Key skills: Similarity proofs, Problem solvingidentify and apply relationships when an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse, including geometric mean
Key skills: Geometric mean, Right trianglesdetermine side lengths and angle measures in right triangles using sine, cosine, and tangent
Key skills: Trigonometry, Right trianglesapply the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles to solve problems
Key skills: Complementary angles, Trig identitiesidentify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects
Key skills: Cross-sections, 3D visualizationidentify three-dimensional objects generated by rotations of two-dimensional shapes
Key skills: Solids of revolution, 3D shapesapply the formula for the area of regular polygons to solve problems
Key skills: Area, Regular polygonsdetermine the area of composite two-dimensional figures comprised of triangles, quadrilaterals, and sectors
Key skills: Composite area, Sectorsapply formulas for total and lateral surface area of prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, and spheres
Key skills: Surface area, 3D formulasapply formulas for the volume of prisms, pyramids, cones, cylinders, and spheres
Key skills: Volume, 3D formulasapply theorems about circles, including relationships among angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants
Key skills: Circle theorems, Angle relationshipsapply the proportional relationship between arc length and circumference to solve problems
Key skills: Arc length, Circumferenceapply the proportional relationship between the area of a sector and the area of the circle
Key skills: Sector area, Proportionalitydescribe radian measure of an angle as the ratio of arc length to radius
Key skills: Radians, Arc lengthderive the equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r using the Pythagorean Theorem
Key skills: Circle equation, Coordinate geometrydevelop strategies to use permutations and combinations to solve contextual problems
Key skills: Permutations, Combinationsdetermine probabilities based on area to solve contextual problems
Key skills: Geometric probability, Area modelsidentify whether two events are independent and compute the probability of their intersection
Key skills: Independence, Intersection probabilityapply conditional probability and independence of events to solve problems
Key skills: Conditional probability, Independenceapply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), and interpret the answer
Key skills: Addition Rule, Probability modelsgraph and analyze key attributes of square root, rational, cubic, absolute value, and log functions
Key skills: Graphing, Key attributesgraph and write the inverse of a function using notation such as f^-1(x)
Key skills: Inverse functions, Notationdescribe and analyze the relationship between a function and its inverse, including domain restrictions
Key skills: Inverses, Domain/Rangeuse the composition of two functions to determine if the functions are inverses of each other
Key skills: Function composition, Verifying inversesformulate systems of three linear equations and systems of a linear and a quadratic equation
Key skills: Modeling, Systems of equationssolve systems of three linear equations in three variables using Gaussian elimination, matrices, or substitution
Key skills: Gaussian elimination, Matricessolve algebraically systems of two equations consisting of a linear and a quadratic equation
Key skills: Linear-Quadratic systems, Algebraic solvingdetermine the reasonableness of solutions to systems of a linear and a quadratic equation
Key skills: Reasonableness, Verificationformulate systems of at least two linear inequalities in two variables
Key skills: Modeling, Systems of inequalitiessolve systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables
Key skills: Solving inequalities, Graphing systemsdetermine possible solutions in the solution set of systems of two or more linear inequalities
Key skills: Solution sets, Inequalitieswrite the quadratic function given three specified points in the plane
Key skills: Writing quadratics, System of equationswrite the equation of a parabola using given attributes, including vertex, focus, and directrix
Key skills: Parabola attributes, Conic sectionsdetermine the effect on the graph of f(x) = √x when transformed by a, b, c, and d
Key skills: Transformations, Square root functionstransform a quadratic function from standard form to vertex form to identify attributes
Key skills: Completing the square, Vertex formformulate quadratic and square root equations that model real-world situations
Key skills: Modeling, Inverse variationsolve quadratic and square root equations
Key skills: Solving equations, Algebraic methodsidentify extraneous solutions of square root equations
Key skills: Extraneous solutions, Verificationsolve quadratic inequalities
Key skills: Quadratic inequalities, Interval notationdetermine effects on key attributes of exponential and log graphs when transformed
Key skills: Transformations, Logarithmic functionsformulate exponential and logarithmic equations that model real-world situations
Key skills: Modeling, Compound interestrewrite exponential equations as logarithmic equations and vice versa
Key skills: Log-Exp conversion, Inverse propertiessolve exponential and logarithmic equations using properties of logarithms
Key skills: Solving equations, Log propertiesdetermine the reasonableness of a solution to a logarithmic equation
Key skills: Verification, Domain restrictionsanalyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = x^3 and f(x) = 3√x when transformed
Key skills: Transformations, Cubic functionssolve cube root equations that have real roots
Key skills: Solving equations, Cube rootsanalyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = |x| when transformed
Key skills: Transformations, Absolute valueformulate absolute value linear equations
Key skills: Modeling, Absolute valuesolve absolute value linear equations
Key skills: Solving equations, Absolute valuesolve absolute value linear inequalities
Key skills: Solving inequalities, Absolute valueanalyze the effect on the graphs of f(x) = 1/x when transformed
Key skills: Transformations, Rational functionsformulate rational equations that model real-world situations
Key skills: Modeling, Rational equationssolve rational equations that have real solutions
Key skills: Solving equations, Rational expressionsdetermine the reasonableness of a solution to a rational equation
Key skills: Verification, Extraneous solutionsdetermine asymptotic restrictions on the domain of a rational function
Key skills: Asymptotes, Domain/Rangeformulate and solve equations involving inverse variation
Key skills: Inverse variation, Modelingadd, subtract, and multiply complex numbers
Key skills: Complex numbers, Imaginary unitadd, subtract, and multiply polynomials
Key skills: Polynomial operations, Algebraic manipulationdetermine the quotient of a polynomial of degree three and four when divided by degree one and two
Key skills: Polynomial division, Synthetic divisiondetermine the linear factors of a polynomial function of degree three and four using algebraic methods
Key skills: Factoring, Polynomial rootsdetermine linear and quadratic factors of a polynomial expression, including sum/difference of cubes
Key skills: Factoring cubes, Groupingdetermine the sum, difference, product, and quotient of rational expressions
Key skills: Rational operations, Simplificationrewrite radical expressions that contain variables to equivalent forms
Key skills: Radical simplification, Rational exponentssolve equations involving rational exponents
Key skills: Rational exponents, Solving equationswrite the domain and range of a function in interval notation, inequalities, and set notation
Key skills: Notation, Domain/Rangeanalyze data to select the appropriate model from among linear, quadratic, and exponential models
Key skills: Model selection, Data analysisuse regression methods to write linear, quadratic, and exponential functions from data
Key skills: Regression, Technology usagepredict and make decisions from data using linear, quadratic, and exponential models
Key skills: Prediction, Decision makingApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvingUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and evaluating the process.
Key skills: Problem-solving models, Critical thinkingSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques to solve problems.
Key skills: Tool selection, EstimationCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, and graphs.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, Multiple representationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Data organization, ModelingAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Connection makingDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Justification, Mathematical languageDetermine the domain and range of a linear function in mathematical problems and real-world situations, and represent using inequalities.
Key skills: Domain and range, InequalitiesWrite linear equations in two variables in various forms, including y = mx + b, Ax + By = C, and y - y1 = m(x - x1).
Key skills: Equation writing, Linear formsWrite linear equations in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description.
Key skills: Linear modeling, Data translationWrite and solve equations involving direct variation.
Key skills: Direct variation, Problem solvingWrite the equation of a line that contains a given point and is parallel to a given line.
Key skills: Parallel lines, Equation writingWrite the equation of a line that contains a given point and is perpendicular to a given line.
Key skills: Perpendicular lines, Equation writingWrite an equation of a line that is parallel or perpendicular to the x- or y-axis and determine if the slope is zero or undefined.
Key skills: Horizontal/Vertical lines, Slope analysisWrite linear inequalities in two variables given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description.
Key skills: Inequality writing, Representing constraintsWrite systems of two linear equations given a table of values, a graph, and a verbal description.
Key skills: Systems of equations, ModelingDetermine the slope of a line given a table, a graph, two points, and an equation written in various forms.
Key skills: Slope determination, Linear analysisCalculate the rate of change of a linear function represented tabularly, graphically, or algebraically in context.
Key skills: Rate of change, Slope calculationGraph linear functions and identify key features, including x-intercept, y-intercept, zeros, and slope.
Key skills: Graphing, Key featuresGraph the solution set of linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane.
Key skills: Graphing inequalities, Solution setsDetermine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx).
Key skills: Transformations, Parent functionsGraph systems of two linear equations in two variables and determine the solutions if they exist.
Key skills: System graphing, Solution identificationEstimate graphically the solutions to systems of two linear equations with two variables in real-world problems.
Key skills: Estimation, Graphical solutionsGraph the solution set of systems of two linear inequalities in two variables on the coordinate plane.
Key skills: System inequalities, Shading solutionsCalculate, using technology, the correlation coefficient and interpret it as a measure of the strength of the linear association.
Key skills: Correlation coefficient, Data interpretationCompare and contrast association and causation in real-world problems.
Key skills: Association vs Causation, Statistical analysisWrite, using technology, linear functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions.
Key skills: Linear regression, Trend predictionSolve linear equations in one variable, including those with the distributive property and variables on both sides.
Key skills: Equation solving, Algebraic manipulationSolve linear inequalities in one variable, including those with the distributive property and variables on both sides.
Key skills: Inequality solving, Algebraic manipulationSolve systems of two linear equations with two variables for mathematical and real-world problems.
Key skills: System solving, Substitution/EliminationDetermine the domain and range of quadratic functions and represent the domain and range using inequalities.
Key skills: Domain and range, Quadratic analysisWrite equations of quadratic functions in vertex form and rewrite from vertex form to standard form.
Key skills: Vertex form, Standard formWrite quadratic functions when given real solutions and graphs of their related equations.
Key skills: Equation writing, Root analysisGraph quadratic functions and identify key attributes, including intercepts, zeros, vertex, and axis of symmetry.
Key skills: Graphing quadratics, Key attributesDescribe the relationship between the linear factors of quadratic expressions and the zeros of their associated functions.
Key skills: Factorization, Zeros/RootsDetermine the effects on the graph of the parent function f(x) = x^2 when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(x - c), f(bx).
Key skills: Transformations, Quadratic graphsSolve quadratic equations having real solutions by factoring, square roots, completing the square, and the quadratic formula.
Key skills: Quadratic solving, FactoringWrite, using technology, quadratic functions that provide a reasonable fit to data to estimate solutions and make predictions.
Key skills: Quadratic regression, ModelingDetermine the domain and range of exponential functions of the form f(x) = ab^x and represent using inequalities.
Key skills: Domain and range, Exponential analysisInterpret the meaning of the values of a and b in exponential functions of the form f(x) = ab^x in real-world problems.
Key skills: Parameter interpretation, Contextual analysisWrite exponential functions in the form f(x) = ab^x to describe problems involving growth and decay.
Key skills: Growth and decay, Exponential modelingGraph exponential functions that model growth and decay and identify key features, including y-intercept and asymptote.
Key skills: Graphing exponentials, AsymptotesWrite, using technology, exponential functions that provide a reasonable fit to data and make predictions.
Key skills: Exponential regression, ForecastingAdd and subtract polynomials of degree one and degree two.
Key skills: Polynomial addition, Polynomial subtractionMultiply polynomials of degree one and degree two.
Key skills: Polynomial multiplication, FOIL methodDetermine the quotient of a polynomial of degree one and degree two when divided by a polynomial of degree one and degree two.
Key skills: Polynomial division, QuotientsRewrite polynomial expressions of degree one and degree two in equivalent forms using the distributive property.
Key skills: Distributive property, Equivalent expressionsFactor, if possible, trinomials with real factors in the form ax^2 + bx + c, including perfect square trinomials.
Key skills: Trinomial factoring, Perfect squaresDecide if a binomial can be written as the difference of two squares and use the structure to rewrite it.
Key skills: Difference of squares, FactoringSimplify numerical radical expressions involving square roots.
Key skills: Radical simplification, Square rootsSimplify numeric and algebraic expressions using the laws of exponents, including integral and rational exponents.
Key skills: Exponent laws, Expression simplificationDecide whether relations represented verbally, tabularly, graphically, and symbolically define a function.
Key skills: Function identification, Vertical line testEvaluate functions, expressed in function notation, given one or more elements in their domains.
Key skills: Function evaluation, Function notationIdentify terms of arithmetic and geometric sequences when given in function form using recursive processes.
Key skills: Sequences, Recursive processesWrite a formula for the nth term of arithmetic and geometric sequences, given the value of several of their terms.
Key skills: Sequence formulas, nth termSolve mathematic and scientific formulas, and other literal equations, for a specified variable.
Key skills: Literal equations, Variable isolationApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvingUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing information, formulating a plan, and justifying the solution.
Key skills: Problem-solving model, JustificationSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, to solve problems.
Key skills: Tool selection, Technology useCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations.
Key skills: Communication, Multiple representationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Representations, OrganizationAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, ConnectionsDisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language.
Key skills: Precise language, JustificationDetermine the coordinates of a point that is a given fractional distance from one end of a line segment to the other.
Key skills: Partitioning segments, Midpoint formulaDerive and use the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas to verify geometric relationships.
Key skills: Distance formula, Slope and midpointDetermine an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point.
Key skills: Linear equations, Parallel/Perpendicular linesDescribe and perform transformations of figures in a plane using coordinate notation.
Key skills: Transformations, Coordinate notationDetermine the image or pre-image of a figure under a composition of rigid and non-rigid transformations.
Key skills: Compositions, DilationsIdentify the sequence of transformations that will carry a given pre-image onto an image.
Key skills: Transformation sequences, Mapping figuresIdentify and distinguish between reflectional and rotational symmetry in a plane figure.
Key skills: Reflectional symmetry, Rotational symmetryDistinguish between undefined terms, definitions, postulates, conjectures, and theorems.
Key skills: Geometric terminology, Logical structureIdentify and determine the validity of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement.
Key skills: Conditional statements, Logical validityVerify that a conjecture is false using a counterexample.
Key skills: Counterexamples, ConjecturesCompare geometric relationships between Euclidean and spherical geometries.
Key skills: Non-Euclidean geometry, Spherical geometryInvestigate patterns to make conjectures about geometric relationships using a variety of tools.
Key skills: Pattern investigation, ConjecturesConstruct congruent segments, angles, bisectors, and parallel/perpendicular lines using a compass and straightedge.
Key skills: Geometric constructions, Compass and straightedgeUse constructions to make conjectures about geometric relationships.
Key skills: Construction analysis, ConjecturesVerify theorems about angles formed by intersecting lines and parallel lines cut by a transversal.
Key skills: Angle theorems, Parallel linesProve theorems about triangles, including interior angles, isosceles base angles, and medians.
Key skills: Triangle proofs, Interior anglesProve theorems about quadrilaterals, including properties of parallelograms and rectangles.
Key skills: Quadrilateral proofs, Parallelogram propertiesVerify theorems about relationships in triangles, including the Pythagorean Theorem and exterior angle theorem.
Key skills: Pythagorean Theorem, Exterior angle theoremProve a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, square, or rhombus using sides, angles, or diagonals.
Key skills: Quadrilateral classification, Formal proofApply the definition of similarity in terms of a dilation to identify similar figures and their attributes.
Key skills: Similarity definition, DilationsApply the Angle-Angle criterion to verify similarity and solve problems using similarity properties.
Key skills: AA criterion, Similarity propertiesProve theorems about similar triangles, including the Triangle Proportionality theorem.
Key skills: Similarity proofs, Triangle ProportionalityIdentify and apply relationships that exist when an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle.
Key skills: Geometric mean, Right triangle altitudeDetermine side lengths and angle measures in right triangles using trigonometric ratios.
Key skills: Trigonometric ratios, Right triangle solvingApply relationships in special right triangles and the Pythagorean theorem to solve problems.
Key skills: Special right triangles, Pythagorean theoremIdentify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects.
Key skills: Cross-sections, 3D visualizationDescribe how changes in linear dimensions affect perimeter, area, surface area, or volume.
Key skills: Dimensional change, Proportional relationshipsApply the formula for the area of regular polygons to solve problems.
Key skills: Area formulas, Regular polygonsDetermine the area of composite two-dimensional figures comprised of various shapes.
Key skills: Composite area, Geometric decompositionApply formulas for total and lateral surface area of three-dimensional figures.
Key skills: Surface area, 3D figuresApply formulas for the volume of three-dimensional figures and composite figures.
Key skills: Volume formulas, 3D figuresApply theorems about circles, including relationships among angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants.
Key skills: Circle theorems, Angle/Segment relationshipsApply the proportional relationship between arc length and the circumference of a circle.
Key skills: Arc length, CircumferenceApply the proportional relationship between the area of a sector and the area of a circle.
Key skills: Sector area, Circle areaDescribe radial distance as the definition of a circle and use the distance formula to write its equation.
Key skills: Circle equation, Distance formulaShow that all circles are similar.
Key skills: Circle similarity, Geometric proofDevelop strategies to use permutations and combinations to solve contextual problems.
Key skills: Permutations, CombinationsDetermine probabilities based on area to solve contextual problems.
Key skills: Geometric probability, Area modelsIdentify independent events and compute the probability of events occurring together.
Key skills: Independent events, Compound probabilityApply conditional probability in contextual problems.
Key skills: Conditional probability, Contextual applicationApply independence in contextual problems.
Key skills: Independence, Contextual applicationApply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace.
Key skills: Real-world application, Problem solvingUse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and justifying the solution.
Key skills: Problem-solving models, Solution justificationSelect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques to solve problems.
Key skills: Tool selection, Computational techniquesCommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, Multiple representationsCreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Representational organization, Idea recordingAnalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas.
Key skills: Relationship analysis, Mathematical connectionsDisplay, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication.
Key skills: Precise language, Argument justificationGraph the functions f(x)=√x, f(x)=1/x, f(x)=x^3, f(x)=³√x, f(x)=b^x, f(x)=|x|, and f(x)=log_b(x) and analyze key attributes.
Key skills: Parent functions, Attribute analysisGraph and write the inverse of a function using notation such as f^-1(x).
Key skills: Inverse functions, Function notationDescribe and analyze the relationship between a function and its inverse, including the restriction(s) on domain.
Key skills: Inverse relationships, Domain restrictionsUse the composition of two functions to determine if the functions are inverses of each other.
Key skills: Function composition, Inverse verificationFormulate systems of equations, including systems consisting of three linear equations and systems of one linear and one quadratic equation.
Key skills: System formulation, Linear-quadratic systemsSolve systems of three linear equations in three variables by using Gaussian elimination, technology with matrices, and substitution.
Key skills: Matrix solutions, Gaussian eliminationSolve, algebraically, systems of two equations in two variables consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation.
Key skills: Algebraic solving, Linear-quadratic systemsDetermine the reasonableness of solutions to systems of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables.
Key skills: Solution reasonableness, VerificationFormulate systems of at least two linear inequalities in two variables.
Key skills: Inequality formulation, System modelingSolve systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables.
Key skills: Solving inequalities, Graphical solutionsDetermine possible solutions in the solution set of systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables.
Key skills: Solution sets, Feasible regionsWrite the quadratic function given three specified points in the plane.
Key skills: Quadratic modeling, Curve fittingWrite the equation of a parabola using given attributes, including vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry.
Key skills: Parabola attributes, Conic sectionsDetermine the effect on the graph of f(x) = √x when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + d, f(bx), and f(x - c).
Key skills: Function transformations, Square root graphsTransform a quadratic function f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c to the form f(x) = a(x - h)^2 + k to identify attributes.
Key skills: Completing the square, Vertex formFormulate quadratic and square root equations using technology given a table of data.
Key skills: Data modeling, Regression technologySolve quadratic and square root equations.
Key skills: Equation solving, Radical equationsIdentify extraneous solutions of square root equations.
Key skills: Extraneous solutions, VerificationSolve quadratic inequalities.
Key skills: Inequality solving, Interval notationDetermine the effects on the key attributes on the graph of f(x) = b^x and f(x) = log_b(x) under transformations.
Key skills: Logarithmic transformations, Exponential graphsFormulate exponential and logarithmic equations that model real-world situations, including recursive notation.
Key skills: Real-world modeling, Recursive notationSolve exponential equations of the form y = ab^x and single logarithmic equations having real solutions.
Key skills: Exponential solving, Logarithmic solvingDetermine and interpret the meaning of the values of a and b in exponential functions of the form f(x) = ab^x.
Key skills: Parameter interpretation, Growth/decay ratesWrite the inverse of exponential and logarithmic functions.
Key skills: Inverse functions, Log-exp conversionAnalyze the effect on the graph of f(x) = x^3 under transformations.
Key skills: Cubic transformations, Graph analysisSolve equations involving rational exponents.
Key skills: Rational exponents, Equation solvingAnalyze the effect on the graph of f(x) = ³√x under transformations.
Key skills: Cube root graphs, TransformationsSolve cube root equations that have real roots.
Key skills: Cube root solving, Real rootsSolve absolute value equations.
Key skills: Absolute value, Equation solvingSolve absolute value inequalities.
Key skills: Absolute value, Inequality solvingAnalyze the effect on the graph of f(x) = 1/x under transformations.
Key skills: Rational transformations, Reciprocal functionsFormulate rational equations that model real-world situations.
Key skills: Rational modeling, Problem formulationSolve rational equations that have real solutions.
Key skills: Rational solving, Real solutionsDetermine the reasonable domain and range values of rational functions in real-world situations.
Key skills: Domain and range, Contextual interpretationDetermine the asymptotic restrictions on the domain of a rational function and represent using notation.
Key skills: Asymptotes, Set notationFormulate and solve equations involving inverse variation.
Key skills: Inverse variation, Equation solvingAdd, subtract, and multiply polynomials.
Key skills: Polynomial operations, Algebraic simplificationAdd, subtract, and multiply complex numbers.
Key skills: Complex numbers, Imaginary unitsDetermine the quotient of a polynomial of degree three and four when divided by degree one and two.
Key skills: Polynomial division, Synthetic divisionDetermine the linear factors of a polynomial function of degree three and four using algebraic methods.
Key skills: Factoring polynomials, Linear factorsDetermine linear and quadratic factors of a polynomial, including sum/difference of cubes and grouping.
Key skills: Advanced factoring, Cubic factoringDetermine the sum, difference, product, and quotient of rational expressions.
Key skills: Rational operations, Expression simplificationRewrite radical expressions that contain variables to equivalent forms.
Key skills: Radical simplification, Equivalent formsSolve equations involving rational exponents.
Key skills: Rational exponents, Equation solvingWrite the domain and range of a function in interval notation, inequalities, and set notation.
Key skills: Interval notation, Set notationAnalyze data to select the appropriate model from among linear, quadratic, and exponential models.
Key skills: Model selection, Data analysisUse regression methods available through technology to write linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
Key skills: Regression analysis, Technology usePredict a value and interpret the reasonableness of the value from a given model.
Key skills: Prediction, ReasonablenessAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Questioning, Problem definitionApply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions.
Key skills: Investigation planning, Engineering designUse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards.
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment useUse appropriate tools such as microscopes, slides, Petri dishes, laboratory glassware, metric rulers, digital balances, pipets, and PCR apparatuses.
Key skills: Tool selection, Scientific measurementCollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence.
Key skills: Data collection, SI unitsOrganize quantitative and qualitative data using scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, digital tools, and scientific drawings.
Key skills: Data organization, GraphingDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems.
Key skills: Modeling, RepresentationDistinguish among scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific terminology, Conceptual distinctionIdentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials.
Key skills: Model evaluation, Critical analysisAnalyze data by identifying significant statistical features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations.
Key skills: Data analysis, Error identificationUse mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data.
Key skills: Mathematical assessment, Quantitative analysisEvaluate experimental and engineering designs.
Key skills: Design evaluation, Process critiqueDevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories.
Key skills: Explanation development, Evidence-based solutionsCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Scientific communication, CollaborationEngage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific practices and a combination of factual information and data.
Key skills: Scientific argumentation, Respectful discourseRespond at appropriate levels of complexity to relevant scientific questions in a variety of settings.
Key skills: Question response, Complexity managementIdentify and apply patterns to understand natural phenomena, use properties to classify objects or phenomena, and make predictions.
Key skills: Pattern recognition, ClassificationIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems.
Key skills: Causality, Phenomena explanationAnalyze systems in terms of their components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole, and to the external environment.
Key skills: Systems analysis, Component relationshipsExamine and model the flow of energy and matter through systems and how energy and matter are conserved.
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter conservationRelate the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, to the structure and function of a cell.
Key skills: Biomolecule function, Cellular structureCompare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their complexity, and compare and contrast scientific explanations for cellular complexity.
Key skills: Cell comparison, Evolutionary complexityInvestigate homeostasis through the cellular transport of molecules.
Key skills: Homeostasis, Cell transportCompare the structures of viruses to cells and explain how viruses spread and cause disease.
Key skills: Viral structure, Disease mechanismsExplain the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms, including an overview of the stages and DNA replication models.
Key skills: Cell cycle, DNA replicationExplain the process of cell specialization through cell differentiation, including the role of environmental factors.
Key skills: Cell specialization, DifferentiationRelate disruptions of the cell cycle to how they lead to the development of diseases such as cancer.
Key skills: Cell cycle disruption, Cancer biologyIdentify components of DNA, explain how the nucleotide sequence specifies traits, and examine scientific explanations for the origin of DNA.
Key skills: DNA structure, Genetic codingExplain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.
Key skills: Transcription, TranslationRecognize that gene expression is a regulated process.
Key skills: Gene regulation, Expression controlIdentify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.
Key skills: Mutation, Genetic variationPredict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-Mendelian inheritance.
Key skills: Genetic prediction, Punnett squaresRecognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction and explain how meiosis contributes to genetic variation.
Key skills: Meiosis, Genetic variationAnalyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies.
Key skills: Evolutionary evidence, Common ancestryExamine and explain the relationship between environmental changes and the evolution of a species.
Key skills: Environmental adaptation, SpeciationExplain how natural selection produces change in populations and not in individuals.
Key skills: Natural selection, Population changeExplain how other evolutionary mechanisms, such as genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation, result in changes in populations.
Key skills: Genetic drift, Gene flowAnalyze and evaluate how natural selection produces adaptations that improve the reproductive success of organisms.
Key skills: Adaptation, Reproductive successAnalyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection result in differential reproductive success.
Key skills: Selection elements, FitnessExplain how matter is conserved and energy is transferred during photosynthesis and cellular respiration using models.
Key skills: Photosynthesis, Cellular respirationInvestigate and explain the role of enzymes in facilitating cellular processes.
Key skills: Enzyme function, CatalysisAnalyze the interactions that occur among systems that perform functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense in animals.
Key skills: Animal systems, System interactionsExplain how the interactions that occur among systems that perform functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants are facilitated.
Key skills: Plant systems, Structure-functionAnalyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic levels using various models, including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids.
Key skills: Trophic levels, Energy flowDescribe the role of ecological succession in an ecosystem.
Key skills: Ecological succession, Ecosystem changeExplain how environmental change affects biodiversity and analyze how changes in biodiversity impact ecosystem stability.
Key skills: Biodiversity, Ecosystem stabilityAnalyze the impact of human activity on environmental systems and design and evaluate solutions to help maintain biodiversity.
Key skills: Human impact, Conservation solutionsAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Questioning, Problem definitionApply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems.
Key skills: Investigation planning, Engineering designUse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards.
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment usageUse appropriate tools such as Safety Data Sheets (SDS), scientific or graphing calculators, computers and probes, electronic balances, and sufficient scientific glassware.
Key skills: Tool selection, Data collectionCollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence.
Key skills: Data collection, SI unitsOrganize quantitative and qualitative data using scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, digital tools, diagrams, scientific notations, and student-prepared models.
Key skills: Data organization, GraphingDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems.
Key skills: Modeling, System representationDistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific terminology, Conceptual distinctionIdentify and understand the nature of science, including that scientific explanations are tentative and are subject to change as new evidence becomes available.
Key skills: Nature of science, Evidence evaluationAnalyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing.
Key skills: Critical thinking, Evidence analysisRelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including research methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and ethical considerations.
Key skills: Research impact, EthicsUse appropriate terminology and symbols to communicate effectively about scientific topics.
Key skills: Scientific communication, TerminologyAnalyze, evaluate, and refine models to explain phenomena or design solutions.
Key skills: Model evaluation, RefinementIdentify and describe the advantages and limitations of models of various types in terms of accuracy and precision.
Key skills: Model limitations, Accuracy and precisionAnalyze the contributions of diverse scientists and engineers to the development of relevant scientific theories and biological concepts.
Key skills: Historical contributions, Diverse perspectivesEvaluate the impact of scientific research and technology on society and the environment.
Key skills: Societal impact, Environmental impactIdentify and apply patterns to understand and connect scientific phenomena or to design solutions.
Key skills: Pattern recognition, Problem solvingIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems.
Key skills: Causality, Phenomena explanationAnalyze how differences in scale, proportion, or quantity affect a system's structure or performance.
Key skills: Scale analysis, Proportional reasoningExamine the relationship between structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Structure and function, System analysisAnalyze how energy and matter flow through systems and can be conserved.
Key skills: Energy flow, Conservation of matterAnalyze and explain how systems change and remain constant.
Key skills: System stability, Change analysisAnalyze and explain how models are used to represent and understand systems.
Key skills: Modeling, System understandingDifferentiate between physical and chemical properties of matter.
Key skills: Property identification, ClassificationAnalyze and interpret data to identify the state of matter, density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, and conductivity of unknown substances.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Substance identificationCompare and contrast the properties of pure substances and mixtures.
Key skills: Pure substances, MixturesClassify matter as pure substances or mixtures through investigation of their properties.
Key skills: Classification, InvestigationDescribe the experimental design and conclusions used in the development of modern atomic theory, including Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr.
Key skills: Atomic history, Experimental designDescribe the mathematical relationships between energy, frequency, and wavelength of light using the electromagnetic spectrum and Planck's constant.
Key skills: Light properties, Mathematical calculationCalculate the average atomic mass of an element using isotopic composition.
Key skills: Atomic mass, IsotopesConstruct models to express the arrangement of electrons in atoms of representative elements using electron configurations and Lewis dot structures.
Key skills: Electron configuration, Lewis structuresAnalyze and interpret data to explain periodic trends, including atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity.
Key skills: Periodic trends, Data analysisConstruct Lewis dot structures and use the Valence Shell Electron Pair Resulsion (VSEPR) theory to predict the molecular geometry and polarity of simple molecules.
Key skills: VSEPR theory, Molecular geometryExplain how the type of bond (ionic, covalent, or metallic) is determined by the difference in electronegativity and the properties of the elements.
Key skills: Bond types, ElectronegativityDescribe the nature of metallic bonding and its effect on the properties of metals.
Key skills: Metallic bonding, Metal propertiesIdentify and write balanced chemical equations for synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion reactions.
Key skills: Equation balancing, Reaction typesPredict the products of synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion reactions.
Key skills: Product prediction, Reaction analysisUse the law of conservation of mass to balance chemical equations.
Key skills: Conservation of mass, BalancingDefine and use the concept of a mole.
Key skills: Mole concept, DefinitionCalculate the number of atoms, molecules, or formula units in a given mass of a substance.
Key skills: Mole calculations, Particle countingCalculate the mass of a reactant or product using stoichiometry and the law of conservation of mass.
Key skills: Stoichiometry, Mass calculationCalculate percent yield in a chemical reaction.
Key skills: Percent yield, Reaction efficiencyDescribe the behavior of gases in terms of the kinetic molecular theory.
Key skills: Kinetic molecular theory, Gas behaviorUse the gas laws (Boyle's, Charles', Gay-Lussac's, and the combined gas law) to calculate the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature.
Key skills: Gas law calculations, Variable relationshipsUse the ideal gas law to calculate the relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles.
Key skills: Ideal gas law, Molar calculationsDescribe the process of solvation and the factors that affect the rate of dissolution.
Key skills: Solvation, Dissolution rateCalculate the concentration of solutions in units of molarity.
Key skills: Molarity, ConcentrationUse solubility curves to determine the solubility of a solute at a given temperature.
Key skills: Solubility curves, Data interpretationDefine acids and bases using the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories.
Key skills: Acid-base theories, DefinitionsCalculate the pH and pOH of a solution.
Key skills: pH calculation, pOH calculationPerform a titration to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base.
Key skills: Titration, Concentration determinationDescribe the flow of energy in chemical reactions as exothermic or endothermic.
Key skills: Energy flow, Exothermic/EndothermicCalculate the heat of reaction using specific heat capacity and calorimetry data.
Key skills: Calorimetry, Specific heatDescribe the characteristics of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
Key skills: Radiation types, Nuclear propertiesWrite balanced nuclear equations for alpha and beta decay.
Key skills: Nuclear equations, Radioactive decayask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations
Key skills: Questioning, Problem definitionapply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions
Key skills: Experimental design, Engineering practicesuse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in TEA-approved safety standards
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment usageuse appropriate tools such as balances, ballistic carts, batteries, computers, constant velocity cars, and data acquisition probes
Key skills: Tool selection, Measurementcollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence
Key skills: Data collection, SI unitsorganize quantitative and qualitative data using scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, digital tools, and diagrams
Key skills: Data organization, Graphingdevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems
Key skills: Modeling, System representationdistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws
Key skills: Scientific terminology, Conceptual distinctionidentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials
Key skills: Model evaluation, Critical thinkinganalyze data by identifying significant positive and negative correlations, patterns, and outliers
Key skills: Data analysis, Pattern recognitionuse mathematical calculations to assess uncertainty and estimate the probability of success of a chosen solution
Key skills: Uncertainty analysis, Probabilityevaluate a solution or a design of a problem using a set of criteria and constraints
Key skills: Design evaluation, Problem solvingdevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories
Key skills: Scientific explanation, Evidence-based reasoningcommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats
Key skills: Communication, Collaborationlisten actively to and engage in scientific arguments to revise explanations and solutions based on new evidence or information
Key skills: Scientific argument, Active listeninganalyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing
Key skills: Critical evaluation, Logical reasoningrelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and ethics
Key skills: Research impact, Ethicscommunicate scientific information and solutions-based ideas in a variety of settings and formats
Key skills: Information sharing, Presentationidentify and apply patterns to understand and connect scientific phenomena or to design solutions
Key skills: Pattern application, Phenomena connectionidentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems
Key skills: Causality, Investigationanalyze systems in terms of their components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole, and to the environment
Key skills: Systems analysis, Component interactionanalyze and explain how energy and matter flow through systems and are conserved
Key skills: Conservation laws, Energy flowcalculate and analyze the motion of an object in one and two dimensions using equations of motion for constant acceleration
Key skills: Kinematics, Motion calculationinvestigate and describe Newton's first, second, and third laws of motion using force and mass
Key skills: Newton's laws, Force analysisapply Newton's laws to explain the motion of objects in situations including inclined planes and circular motion
Key skills: Dynamics, Circular motioninvestigate and calculate work, kinetic energy, and potential energy in a physical system
Key skills: Work-energy theorem, Energy calculationapply the law of conservation of energy to analyze and solve problems
Key skills: Energy conservation, Problem solvinginvestigate and calculate momentum and impulse in a physical system
Key skills: Momentum, Impulseapply the law of conservation of momentum to analyze and solve problems in one and two dimensions
Key skills: Momentum conservation, Collision analysisinvestigate and describe gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces
Key skills: Fundamental forces, Field descriptioncalculate gravitational and electric forces between two objects using Newton's law of universal gravitation and Coulomb's law
Key skills: Gravitation, Electrostaticsinvestigate and describe the nature of magnetic fields and their relationship to electric current
Key skills: Magnetism, Electromagnetisminvestigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic induction
Key skills: Induction, Field interactioninvestigate and describe the characteristics of waves, including frequency, period, amplitude, wavelength, and speed
Key skills: Wave properties, Frequency analysisinvestigate and describe the behavior of waves, including reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and resonance
Key skills: Wave behavior, Interferenceinvestigate and describe the Doppler effect in sound and light waves
Key skills: Doppler effect, Wave shiftsinvestigate and describe the relationship between electric current, resistance, and potential difference in a circuit
Key skills: Ohm's law, Circuit analysiscalculate current, resistance, and potential difference in series and parallel circuits
Key skills: Series circuits, Parallel circuitsinvestigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in motors and generators
Key skills: Motors, Generatorsinvestigate and describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields in electromagnetic waves
Key skills: EM waves, Field propagationinvestigate and describe the photoelectric effect and the dual nature of light
Key skills: Photoelectric effect, Wave-particle dualityinvestigate and describe the structure of the atom and the nucleus, including the four fundamental forces
Key skills: Atomic structure, Fundamental forcesinvestigate and describe the process of radioactive decay and the applications of nuclear physics
Key skills: Radioactivity, Nuclear applicationsThe student asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models.
Key skills: Ask questions, Plan investigationsask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;
Key skills: Define problems, Observe phenomenause scientific practices to plan and conduct simple descriptive investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;
Key skills: Descriptive investigations, Design solutionsidentify, describe, and demonstrate safe practices during classroom and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;
Key skills: Safe practices, Safety standardsuse tools, including hand lenses, goggles, trays, cups, bowls, sieves, notebooks, terrariums, aquariums, samples, windsock, thermometer, rain gauge, straws, ribbons, measuring items, and models;
Key skills: Use tools, Scientific equipmentcollect observations and measurements as evidence;
Key skills: Collect evidence, Take measurementsrecord and organize data using pictures, numbers, words, or symbols;
Key skills: Record data, Organize datadevelop and use models to represent objects, phenomena, or design solutions.
Key skills: Develop models, Represent phenomenaThe student analyzes and interprets data to derive meaning, identify features and patterns, and discover relationships or correlations to develop evidence-based arguments or evaluate designs.
Key skills: Analyze data, Identify patternsidentify meaning in constructive ways, such as making connections, patterns, or relationships from data;
Key skills: Identify meaning, Find relationshipsuse mathematical concepts as a tool with data;
Key skills: Mathematical tools, Data analysisevaluate a design or object using a set of criteria.
Key skills: Evaluate designs, Use criteriaThe student develops evidence-based explanations and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions.
Key skills: Develop explanations, Communicate findingsdevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models;
Key skills: Propose solutions, Support with datacommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats;
Key skills: Communicate solutions, Collaboratelisten actively to others' explanations to identify relevant evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion.
Key skills: Active listening, Scientific discussionThe student knows the contributions of scientists and recognizes the importance of scientific research and innovation on society.
Key skills: Scientist contributions, Research impactexplain how scientists and engineers are people who study the natural world and use creative processes to solve problems;
Key skills: Creative processes, Problem solvingidentify scientists and engineers such as Isaac Newton, Mae Jemison, and George Washington Carver and explore what they study and what they do.
Key skills: Identify scientists, Explore careersThe student uses recurring themes and concepts to make connections across disciplines.
Key skills: Recurring themes, Cross-disciplinary connectionsidentify and use patterns to describe phenomena or design solutions;
Key skills: Identify patterns, Describe phenomenainvestigate and predict cause-and-effect relationships in everyday life;
Key skills: Predict cause-and-effect, Everyday lifedescribe the properties of objects in terms of relative size (scale) and relative quantity;
Key skills: Relative size, Relative quantityexamine the parts of a whole to define or model a system;
Key skills: Define systems, Examine partsidentify the forms of energy in a system, including light and thermal;
Key skills: Forms of energy, Light and thermaldescribe the relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems;
Key skills: Structure and function, Systemsdescribe how factors or conditions can cause objects, organisms, and systems to either change or stay the same.
Key skills: Change and constancy, System factorsThe student knows that objects have physical properties that can be observed, measured, and described.
Key skills: Physical properties, Observationidentify and record observable physical properties of objects, including shape, color, texture, and material;
Key skills: Identify properties, Record observationsobserve and record how objects can be sorted by their physical properties.
Key skills: Sort objects, Physical propertiesThe student knows that energy is everywhere and can be observed in different forms.
Key skills: Energy forms, Observationidentify and describe light and thermal energy in everyday life;
Key skills: Light energy, Thermal energyobserve and describe how light and thermal energy can cause changes.
Key skills: Energy changes, Observe changesThe student knows that objects move in different ways.
Key skills: Object motion, Movement patternsobserve and describe the motion of objects, including straight, circular, and back-and-forth.
Key skills: Describe motion, Motion patternsThe student knows that there are recognizable patterns and objects in the sky.
Key skills: Sky patterns, Celestial objectsobserve and describe the appearance of the Sun and the Moon;
Key skills: Sun and Moon, Appearanceidentify and describe the patterns of day and night and the seasons of the year.
Key skills: Day and night, SeasonsThe student knows that the Earth provides resources that are used in everyday life.
Key skills: Earth resources, Everyday lifeidentify and describe how rocks, soil, and water are used in everyday life;
Key skills: Rocks and soil, Water useidentify and describe how plants and animals are used as resources;
Key skills: Plant resources, Animal resourcesidentify and describe ways to conserve and protect natural resources.
Key skills: Conservation, Protect resourcesThe student knows that weather can be observed and measured.
Key skills: Weather observation, Measurementobserve and describe weather changes from day to day and over seasons;
Key skills: Weather changes, Seasonsidentify and describe how weather affects everyday life;
Key skills: Weather effects, Everyday lifeuse tools to observe and record weather conditions, including temperature and precipitation.
Key skills: Weather tools, Record conditionsThe student knows that plants and animals have basic needs and depend on their environment.
Key skills: Basic needs, Environmental dependenceobserve and identify the dependence of plants on air, sunlight, water, nutrients in the soil, and space to grow;
Key skills: Plant needs, Dependenceobserve and identify the dependence of animals on air, water, food, and shelter;
Key skills: Animal needs, Dependenceidentify and describe how plants and animals depend on each other.
Key skills: Interdependence, Plants and animalsThe student knows that plants and animals have structures and behaviors that help them survive.
Key skills: Structures, Behaviorsidentify and describe the structures of plants, including roots, stems, leaves, and flowers;
Key skills: Plant structures, Roots and stemsidentify and describe the structures of animals, including legs, wings, and fins;
Key skills: Animal structures, Legs and wingsobserve and describe the behaviors of animals, including how they move and what they eat.
Key skills: Animal behaviors, Movement and eatingAsk questions based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Inquiry, ObservationUse scientific practices to plan and conduct simple descriptive investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions.
Key skills: Investigation, Engineering designIdentify, describe, and demonstrate safe practices during classroom and field investigations as outlined in TEA-approved safety standards.
Key skills: Lab safety, Field safetyUse tools, including hand lenses, goggles, magnets, and weather instruments, to support observations of habitats and object locations.
Key skills: Tool use, ObservationCollect observations and measurements as evidence.
Key skills: Data collection, MeasurementRecord and organize data using pictures, numbers, words, or symbols.
Key skills: Data organization, DocumentationDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution.
Key skills: Modeling, PrototypingIdentify and explain a problem and design a solution for the problem, considering possible constraints and outcomes.
Key skills: Problem solving, Design thinkingIdentify points of view from media and experts.
Key skills: Information literacy, Perspective identificationCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Communication, CollaborationListen actively to others' explanations to identify important evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion.
Key skills: Active listening, Scientific discourseExplain how scientists and engineers use resources in their work.
Key skills: Resource analysis, Professional practicesEvaluate design solutions and test with criteria and constraints.
Key skills: Evaluation, TestingExplain how scientific discoveries and innovative solutions to problems impact student lives.
Key skills: Impact analysis, Real-world applicationResearch and explore resources to investigate STEM careers.
Key skills: Career exploration, STEM researchIdentify and use patterns to describe phenomena or design solutions.
Key skills: Pattern recognition, DescriptionIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems.
Key skills: Cause and effect, AnalysisUse scale, proportion, and quantity to describe, compare, or measure data.
Key skills: Scale, Measurement comparisonExamine the parts of a whole to define or model a system.
Key skills: Systems thinking, ModelingIdentify forms of energy and properties of matter.
Key skills: Energy identification, Matter propertiesDescribe the relationship between structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Structure and function, Biological systemsDescribe how factors or conditions can cause objects, organisms, and systems to either change or stay the same.
Key skills: Stability and change, Environmental factorsClassify objects by observable properties such as size, mass, color, shape, temperature, texture, and flexibility.
Key skills: Classification, Physical propertiesPredict and identify changes to objects caused by heating and cooling.
Key skills: Prediction, Thermal changeDemonstrate and explain that a whole object is a system made of parts such as a tricycle.
Key skills: Systems, Part-whole relationshipsInvestigate and describe applications of heat in everyday life such as cooking food or using a clothes dryer.
Key skills: Heat application, Everyday scienceDescribe and predict how a magnet can be used to push or pull an object.
Key skills: Magnetism, Push and pullDescribe the location of an object relative to another object or its surroundings.
Key skills: Relative position, Spatial awarenessDescribe the change in the location of an object such as closer to, farther from, left of, and right of.
Key skills: Motion description, Directional termsDescribe and predict how a push or pull can change the shape or motion of an object.
Key skills: Force, Motion predictionDescribe and record observable characteristics of earth materials, including rocks, soil, and water.
Key skills: Earth materials, ObservationExplain how rocks, soil, and water are used to make products.
Key skills: Natural resources, Product originDescribe and record observable characteristics of the Sun, Moon, and stars.
Key skills: Celestial observation, Recording dataObserve and describe the seasonal patterns of day and night and the appearance of the Moon.
Key skills: Seasonal patterns, Lunar phasesDescribe and record observable characteristics of weather and explain the importance of weather information to make choices.
Key skills: Weather tracking, Decision makingIdentify and describe how plants and animals, including humans, use natural resources and the importance of conserving them.
Key skills: Resource use, ConservationDescribe how to help protect the environment by reducing, reusing, or recycling resources.
Key skills: Environmental protection, SustainabilityClassify living and non-living things based on whether they have basic needs and produce offspring.
Key skills: Classification, Living vs non-livingDescribe and record examples of how physical characteristics of animals help them meet their basic needs.
Key skills: Animal traits, Survival needsDescribe and record examples of how physical characteristics of plants help them meet their basic needs.
Key skills: Plant traits, Survival needsRecord and compare how the physical characteristics of plants help them survive and grow in different environments.
Key skills: Plant adaptation, ComparisonDescribe and record life cycles of animals such as a chicken, frog, or fish.
Key skills: Life cycles, Biological growthCompare ways that young animals resemble their parents.
Key skills: Inheritance, Resemblanceask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;
Key skills: ask questions, define problemsuse scientific practices to plan and conduct simple descriptive investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;
Key skills: plan investigations, design solutionsidentify, describe, and demonstrate safe practices during classroom and field investigations as outlined in TEA-approved safety standards;
Key skills: safety practices, demonstrate safetyuse tools to observe, measure, test, and compare;
Key skills: use tools, measure and comparecollect observations and measurements as evidence;
Key skills: collect evidence, measurerecord and organize data using pictures, numbers, words, symbols, and simple graphs;
Key skills: record data, organize datadevelop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution to a problem;
Key skills: develop models, design prototypesidentify basic advantages and limitations of models such as their size, properties, and materials;
Key skills: evaluate models, identify limitationsanalyze data by identifying significant features and patterns;
Key skills: analyze data, identify patternsuse mathematical concepts to compare two sets of data;
Key skills: compare data, math applicationevaluate a design or object using criteria to determine if it works as intended;
Key skills: evaluate design, test functionalitydevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models;
Key skills: develop explanations, propose solutionscommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats;
Key skills: communicate findings, collaboratelisten actively to others' explanations to identify relevant evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion;
Key skills: active listening, scientific discussionexplain how science and engineering are used in everyday life, including identifying the contributions of scientists and engineers;
Key skills: real-world application, identify contributionsidentify how scientific research and innovation can help people make informed decisions;
Key skills: research impact, informed decision-makingidentify and use patterns to describe phenomena or design solutions;
Key skills: identify patterns, describe phenomenainvestigate and predict cause-and-effect relationships in science;
Key skills: investigate cause-effect, predict outcomesmeasure and describe the properties of objects in terms of size and quantity;
Key skills: measure properties, describe sizeexamine the parts of a whole to define or model a system;
Key skills: examine systems, model partsidentify forms of energy and properties of matter;
Key skills: identify energy, matter propertiesdescribe the relationship between structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems;
Key skills: structure and function, describe relationshipsdescribe how factors or conditions can cause objects, organisms, and systems to either change or stay the same;
Key skills: stability and change, describe conditionsclassify matter by observable physical properties, including texture, flexibility, and relative temperature, and identify whether a material is a solid or liquid;
Key skills: classify matter, identify statesconduct a descriptive investigation to explain how physical properties can be changed through processes such as cutting, folding, sanding, melting, or freezing;
Key skills: investigate change, physical processesdemonstrate that a whole object can be disassembled and its units reassembled into a new object;
Key skills: disassemble/reassemble, object constructionexplain how objects push on each other and may change shape when they touch or collide;
Key skills: explain forces, collision effectsplan and conduct a descriptive investigation to demonstrate how the speed and direction of an object's motion can be changed by a push or pull;
Key skills: investigate motion, push and pulldemonstrate and explain that sound is made by vibrating matter and that vibrations can be caused by sound;
Key skills: sound production, vibrationexplain how sound energy, such as the volume and pitch of a sound, can be changed;
Key skills: sound energy, volume and pitchdescribe and compare the properties of different types of soil such as color, texture, and capacity to retain water;
Key skills: soil properties, compare soilidentify and describe how the physical properties of rocks and soil help to make products that are used to build objects;
Key skills: rock/soil uses, product identificationexplain how the use of natural resources can be conserved by reducing, reusing, or recycling;
Key skills: conservation, reduce/reuse/recycleobserve and describe the patterns of objects in the sky, including the appearance of the Sun and Moon;
Key skills: observe sky, describe patternsdescribe the patterns of the Sun and Moon, including the Sun's relative position in the sky and the Moon's changing appearance;
Key skills: Sun/Moon patterns, relative positionidentify and describe the patterns of weather, including temperature, wind, and precipitation;
Key skills: weather patterns, identify weatheridentify and describe the basic needs of plants and animals, including air, water, food, and space;
Key skills: basic needs, identify needsidentify and describe the parts of a plant, including the roots, stem, leaf, and flower;
Key skills: plant parts, describe structuresdescribe how living organisms depend on each other within an environment;
Key skills: interdependence, describe dependenceidentify and describe the roles of organisms in a food chain, including producers and consumers;
Key skills: food chains, producers/consumersidentify and describe the interactions between living organisms and nonliving components in an environment;
Key skills: living/nonliving, environmental interactionsidentify the external structures of different animals and compare how those structures help different animals live, move, and meet basic needs;
Key skills: animal structures, survival adaptationsrecord observations of and describe basic life cycles of animals, including a bird, a mammal, and a fish;
Key skills: life cycles, record observationscompare ways that young animals resemble their parents;
Key skills: offspring resemblance, compare traitsidentify and describe the life cycle of an insect;
Key skills: insect life cycle, describe stagesAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Asking questions, Defining problemsUse scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems.
Key skills: Planning investigations, Designing solutionsDemonstrate safe practices and the use of safety equipment during classroom and field investigations.
Key skills: Safety procedures, Equipment usageUse tools, including hand lenses, metric rulers, thermometers, wind vanes, rain gauges, graduated cylinders, beakers, and scales.
Key skills: Using tools, MeasurementCollect observations and measurements as evidence.
Key skills: Data collection, ObservationConstruct appropriate graphic organizers to collect data, including tables, bar graphs, line plots, and Venn diagrams.
Key skills: Organizing data, GraphingDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution to a problem.
Key skills: Modeling, PrototypingIdentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials.
Key skills: Evaluating models, Identifying limitationsAnalyze data by identifying any significant patterns, errors, or outliers.
Key skills: Data analysis, Pattern recognitionUse mathematical concepts as a tool to express relationships between variables and solve problems.
Key skills: Mathematical application, Problem solvingEvaluate a design or object using criteria to determine if it works as intended.
Key skills: Evaluation, Testing designsDevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models.
Key skills: Developing explanations, Proposing solutionsCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Communication, CollaborationListen actively to others' explanations to identify relevant evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion.
Key skills: Active listening, Scientific discussionExplain how scientific discoveries and innovative solutions to problems impact science and society.
Key skills: Impact analysis, Science and societyResearch and explore resources such as a variety of relevant data, information, and science careers.
Key skills: Research, Career explorationIdentify and use patterns to explain phenomena or make predictions.
Key skills: Pattern identification, PredictionIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems.
Key skills: Cause and effect, Scientific explanationUse scale, proportion, and quantity to describe, compare, or model aspects of the natural world.
Key skills: Scale and proportion, ComparisonExamine the parts of a whole to define or model a system.
Key skills: Systems thinking, ModelingInvestigate how energy flows and matter cycles through systems and how matter is conserved.
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter cyclingExplain the relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Structure and function, Systems analysisExplain how factors or conditions cause objects, organisms, and systems to change or stay the same.
Key skills: Stability and change, Condition analysisMeasure, test, and record physical properties of matter, including temperature, mass, magnetism, and buoyancy.
Key skills: Measuring properties, Testing matterInvestigate and describe how liquids and solids can be combined to form a mixture.
Key skills: Combining materials, Describing mixturesExplain that a mixture is formed when substances are combined and each keeps its individual physical properties.
Key skills: Defining mixtures, Physical propertiesPredict and investigate changes in state of matter caused by heating and cooling.
Key skills: Predicting changes, States of matterDemonstrate and explain that a force is a push or a pull that can cause an object to move or stop.
Key skills: Defining force, Pushes and pullsPlan and conduct an investigation to demonstrate how position and motion can be changed by pushing and pulling.
Key skills: Investigating motion, Changing positionIdentify everyday examples of energy, including light, sound, thermal, and mechanical.
Key skills: Identifying energy, Energy formsPlan and conduct investigations that demonstrate how the speed of an object is related to its mechanical energy.
Key skills: Speed and energy, Mechanical energyConstruct models and explain the orbits of the Sun, Earth, and Moon in relation to each other.
Key skills: Modeling orbits, Celestial relationshipsIdentify the order of the planets in relation to the Sun in the solar system.
Key skills: Planet ordering, Solar systemCompare and describe day-to-day weather in different locations at the same time.
Key skills: Comparing weather, Weather descriptionInvestigate and explain how soils such as sand and clay are formed by weathering and decomposition.
Key skills: Soil formation, WeatheringModel and describe rapid changes in Earth's surface such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides.
Key skills: Modeling changes, Rapid Earth processesExplain why most of Earth's water is in the ocean and how much is fresh water.
Key skills: Water distribution, Fresh vs salt waterIdentify and describe the importance of natural resources.
Key skills: Identifying resources, Resource importanceIdentify ways to conserve natural resources through reducing, reusing, or recycling.
Key skills: Conservation, RecyclingExplain how temperature and precipitation affect animal and plant structures and functions.
Key skills: Environmental impact, Structure and functionExplain and predict how environmental changes such as floods and droughts affect the survival of populations.
Key skills: Predicting survival, Environmental changeDescribe how natural changes to the environment such as fires and floods can be helpful or harmful.
Key skills: Helpful/harmful changes, Natural eventsIdentify fossils as evidence of past living organisms and environments, including common Texas fossils.
Key skills: Fossil identification, Evidence of past lifeExplore and explain how external structures and functions of animals enable them to survive in their environment.
Key skills: Animal structures, Survival adaptationsExplore, illustrate, and compare life cycles in organisms such as beetles, crickets, radishes, or lima beans.
Key skills: Comparing life cycles, Illustrating cyclesask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;
Key skills: ask questions, define problemsuse scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;
Key skills: plan investigations, design solutionsdemonstrate safe practices and the use of safety equipment during classroom and field investigations as outlined in TEA-approved safety standards;
Key skills: safety practices, safety equipmentuse tools, including hand lenses, metric rulers, thermometers, calculators, and digital scales to observe, measure, test, and analyze information;
Key skills: use tools, measure datacollect observations and measurements as evidence;
Key skills: collect observations, measurementsconstruct appropriate graphic organizers used to collect data, including tables, bar graphs, line graphs, and concept maps that show cause and effect;
Key skills: graphic organizers, data collectiondevelop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution to a problem;
Key skills: develop models, design prototypesidentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;
Key skills: model limitations, identify propertiesanalyze data by identifying any significant features, patterns, or sources of error;
Key skills: analyze data, identify patternsuse mathematical concepts and properties to describe and connect patterns and relationships in data;
Key skills: mathematical concepts, data relationshipsevaluate a design or object using criteria to determine if it works as intended;
Key skills: evaluate design, criteria testingdevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models;
Key skills: develop explanations, propose solutionscommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats;
Key skills: communicate findings, collaborationlisten actively to others' explanations to identify relevant evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion;
Key skills: active listening, scientific discussionexplain how scientific discoveries and innovative solutions to problems impact science and society;
Key skills: scientific impact, innovationresearch and explore resources to investigate STEM careers;
Key skills: STEM research, career explorationidentify and use patterns to explain phenomena or design solutions;
Key skills: identify patterns, explain phenomenaidentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems;
Key skills: cause and effect, analyze problemsuse scale, proportion, and quantity to describe, compare, or model aspects of the natural world;
Key skills: scale and proportion, modelingexamine the parts of a whole to define or model a system;
Key skills: system modeling, part-whole relationshipsidentify the forms of energy in a system, reveal how the energy moves and changes, and describe the conservation of energy;
Key skills: energy forms, energy conservationexplain the relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems;
Key skills: structure and function, biological systemsexplain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems;
Key skills: stability and change, system impactclassify and describe matter using observable physical properties, including temperature, mass, magnetism, relative density, and physical state;
Key skills: classify matter, physical propertiesinvestigate and compare a variety of mixtures, including solutions that are composed of liquids in liquids and solids in liquids;
Key skills: compare mixtures, solutionsdemonstrate that matter is conserved when it changes form through processes such as dissolving in water or changing states of matter;
Key skills: conservation of matter, state changesplan and conduct descriptive investigations to explore the patterns of forces such as gravity, friction, or magnetism;
Key skills: investigate forces, gravity and frictioninvestigate and identify the transfer of energy by objects in motion, waves in water, and sound;
Key skills: energy transfer, waves and soundidentify conductors and insulators of thermal and electrical energy;
Key skills: conductors, insulatorsdemonstrate and describe how electrical energy travels in a closed circuit that can produce light and thermal energy;
Key skills: electrical circuits, energy productioncollect and analyze data to identify sequences and predict patterns of change in seasons such as change in temperature and length of daylight;
Key skills: seasonal patterns, predict changecollect and analyze data to identify sequences and predict patterns of change in the observable appearance of the Moon from Earth;
Key skills: moon phases, pattern predictiondescribe and illustrate the continuous movement of water above and on the surface of Earth through the water cycle;
Key skills: water cycle, illustrate movementmodel and describe how relevant natural processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition change Earth's surface over time;
Key skills: weathering and erosion, surface changesdifferentiate between weather and climate;
Key skills: weather vs climate, data analysisidentify and classify Earth's renewable and nonrenewable resources and explain the importance of conservation;
Key skills: classify resources, conservationexplain the critical role of energy resources and how they are used, including fossil fuels and alternative energy sources;
Key skills: energy resources, fossil fuelsidentify and explain how conservation, reclamation, and recycling impact the environment;
Key skills: environmental impact, recyclinginvestigate and explain how most producers can make their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide through the cycling of matter;
Key skills: producers, photosynthesis basicsdescribe the cycling of matter and flow of energy through food webs, including the roles of the Sun, producers, consumers, and decomposers;
Key skills: food webs, energy flowidentify and describe how fossils provide evidence of past organisms and environments;
Key skills: fossil evidence, past environmentsinvestigate and explain how structures and functions of plants and animals allow them to survive in a particular environment;
Key skills: survival structures, adaptationdifferentiate between inherited and acquired physical traits of organisms;
Key skills: inherited traits, acquired traitsAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Questioning, Problem definitionUse scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive and simple experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions.
Key skills: Investigation planning, Engineering designDemonstrate safe practices and the use of safety equipment during classroom and field investigations.
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment useUse tools such as calculators, microscopes, thermometers, and digital data collection devices to observe, measure, test, and analyze information.
Key skills: Tool usage, Data analysisCollect observations and measurements as evidence.
Key skills: Observation, MeasurementConstruct appropriate graphic organizers to collect data, including tables, graphs, and maps that show cause and effect.
Key skills: Data organization, Graphic organizersDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, objects, and processes or design a prototype for a solution to a problem.
Key skills: Modeling, PrototypingIdentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials.
Key skills: Model evaluation, Critical thinkingAnalyze data by identifying any significant features, patterns, or sources of error.
Key skills: Data analysis, Error identificationUse mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data.
Key skills: Computational thinking, Quantitative analysisEvaluate experimental and engineering designs.
Key skills: Design evaluation, TestingDevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models.
Key skills: Scientific explanation, Problem solvingCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Communication, CollaborationListen actively to others' explanations to identify relevant evidence and engage respectfully in scientific discussion.
Key skills: Active listening, Scientific discourseExplain how scientific discoveries and innovative solutions to problems impact science and society.
Key skills: Impact analysis, Science and societyResearch and explore resources to investigate STEM careers.
Key skills: Career research, STEM explorationIdentify and use patterns to explain scientific phenomena or to design solutions.
Key skills: Pattern recognition, ExplanationIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems.
Key skills: Cause and effect, Problem analysisUse scale, proportion, and quantity to describe, compare, or model different systems.
Key skills: Scale and proportion, System modelingExamine and model the parts of a system and their interdependence in the function of the system.
Key skills: System analysis, InterdependenceInvestigate how energy flows and matter cycles through systems and how matter is conserved.
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter cyclingExplain the relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Structure and function, Biological systemsExplain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Stability and change, System dynamicsCompare and contrast matter based on measurable, testable, or observable physical properties, including mass, magnetism, relative density, physical state, volume, and solubility.
Key skills: Physical properties, ClassificationDemonstrate and explain that some mixtures maintain physical properties of their substances such as iron filings and sand or sand and water.
Key skills: Mixtures, Property retentionCompare the properties of substances before and after they are combined into a solution and demonstrate that matter is conserved.
Key skills: Solutions, Conservation of matterIllustrate how matter is made up of particles that are too small to be seen such as air in a balloon.
Key skills: Particle theory, ModelingInvestigate and explain how equal and unequal forces acting on an object cause patterns of motion and transfer of energy.
Key skills: Force analysis, Energy transferDesign a simple experimental investigation that tests the effect of force on an object in a system.
Key skills: Experimental design, Force testingInvestigate and describe the transformation of energy in systems such as energy in a flashlight battery.
Key skills: Energy transformation, System analysisDemonstrate that electrical energy in complete circuits can be transformed into motion, light, sound, or thermal energy.
Key skills: Electrical circuits, Energy conversionDemonstrate and explain how light travels in a straight line and can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed.
Key skills: Light behavior, Reflection/RefractionDemonstrate that Earth rotates on its axis once approximately every 24 hours and explain day/night cycles and the Sun's apparent movement.
Key skills: Earth rotation, Celestial patternsIdentify and compare the physical characteristics of the Sun, Earth, and Moon.
Key skills: Comparative analysis, Celestial bodiesExplain how the Sun and the ocean interact in the water cycle and affect weather.
Key skills: Water cycle, Weather patternsModel and describe the processes that led to the formation of sedimentary rocks and fossil fuels.
Key skills: Rock formation, Fossil fuelsModel and identify how changes to Earth's surface by wind, water, or ice result in the formation of landforms.
Key skills: Erosion/Deposition, Landform formationDesign and explain solutions such as conservation, recycling, or proper disposal to minimize environmental impact.
Key skills: Resource management, Environmental solutionsObserve and describe how a variety of organisms survive by interacting with biotic and abiotic factors in a healthy ecosystem.
Key skills: Ecosystem interactions, Biotic/Abiotic factorsPredict how changes in the ecosystem affect the cycling of matter and flow of energy in a food web.
Key skills: Food webs, Energy flow predictionDescribe a healthy ecosystem and how human activities can be beneficial or harmful to an ecosystem.
Key skills: Human impact, Ecosystem healthAnalyze the structures and functions of different species to identify how organisms survive in the same environment.
Key skills: Adaptation analysis, Structure and functionExplain how instinctual behavioral traits and learned behavioral traits increase chances of survival.
Key skills: Behavioral traits, Survival strategiesask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations
Key skills: Asking questions, Defining problemsuse scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions
Key skills: Planning investigations, Designing solutionsuse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment useuse appropriate tools such as graduated cylinders, metric rulers, periodic tables, balances, scales, thermometers, and other laboratory ware
Key skills: Tool selection, Measurementcollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence
Key skills: Data collection, SI unitsorganize quantitative and qualitative data using scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, and digital tools
Key skills: Data organization, Graphingdevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems
Key skills: Modeling, Representationdistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws
Key skills: Scientific terminology, Critical thinkingidentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials
Key skills: Model analysis, Identifying limitationsanalyze data by identifying patterns, sources of error, and limitations
Key skills: Data analysis, Pattern recognitionuse mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data
Key skills: Mathematical assessment, Quantitative analysisevaluate experimental and engineering designs
Key skills: Design evaluation, Testingdevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models consistent with scientific evidence
Key skills: Constructing explanations, Proposing solutionscommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats
Key skills: Communication, Collaborationengage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence
Key skills: Scientific argumentation, Evidence useanalyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence and logical reasoning
Key skills: Critiquing explanations, Logical reasoningrelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including contributions of diverse scientists
Key skills: Historical context, Societal impactresearch and explore STEM resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, and online platforms
Key skills: Research, STEM explorationidentify and apply patterns to understand and connect scientific phenomena or to design solutions
Key skills: Pattern application, Phenomena connectionexamine phenomena to investigate cause-and-effect relationships and use these to predict phenomena
Key skills: Cause and effect, Predictionanalyze how scale, proportion, or quantity affect a system
Key skills: Scale analysis, Proportional reasoningexamine the behavior of a whole system and the role and interactions of its parts
Key skills: Systems thinking, Interaction analysisdescribe how energy flows and matter cycles through systems and how matter is conserved
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter cyclinganalyze and explain the complementary relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems
Key skills: Structure and function, Biological systemsanalyze and explain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems
Key skills: Stability analysis, Change assessmentcompare and contrast the states of matter in terms of the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules
Key skills: States of matter, Kinetic energydifferentiate between pure substances and mixtures and identify that elements and compounds are pure substances
Key skills: Pure substances, Mixturesclassify elements as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on physical properties and identify their location on the Periodic Table
Key skills: Element classification, Periodic Tablecompare and contrast the density of various substances
Key skills: Density comparison, Physical propertiesidentify the formation of a new substance by using evidence of a chemical change
Key skills: Chemical change, Evidence identificationidentify and describe the changes in position, direction, and speed of an object when acted upon by unbalanced forces
Key skills: Unbalanced forces, Motion descriptioncalculate net force on an object in a horizontal or vertical direction and determine if forces are balanced or unbalanced
Key skills: Net force calculation, Force diagramsidentify and describe Newton's third law of motion
Key skills: Newton's laws, Action-reactioncompare and contrast gravitational, elastic, and chemical potential energies with kinetic energy
Key skills: Potential energy, Kinetic energydescribe how energy is conserved and can be transformed in a system such as a roller coaster or photosynthesis
Key skills: Energy conservation, Energy transformationidentify and describe the characteristics of waves, including speed, frequency, and amplitude
Key skills: Wave properties, Wave technologymodel and illustrate how the tilt of Earth's axis and its revolution around the Sun cause seasons
Key skills: Modeling seasons, Earth's tiltpredict and describe how the position of the Moon and Sun relative to Earth cause tides
Key skills: Predicting tides, Celestial positionsdifferentiate between the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere and identify how they interact
Key skills: Earth's spheres, System interactionsmodel and describe the layers of Earth, including the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust
Key skills: Earth's layers, Modelingdescribe how metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks form and the processes of the rock cycle
Key skills: Rock formation, Rock cycleresearch and describe how human activity can impact the management of natural resources
Key skills: Resource management, Human impactcompare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of using various energy resources
Key skills: Energy resources, Comparative analysisinvestigate and describe how organisms compete for abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem
Key skills: Competition, Ecosystem factorsdescribe the ecological relationships between organisms, including producer/consumer, predator/prey, and parasite/host
Key skills: Ecological relationships, Symbiosisdescribe the levels of organization within an ecosystem, including organism, population, community, and ecosystem
Key skills: Biological organization, Ecosystem levelsidentify the components of the cell theory
Key skills: Cell theory, Biological principlescompare and contrast the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Key skills: Cell types, Cell structuredescribe how variations in traits within a population can impact the survival of individuals
Key skills: Trait variation, SurvivalAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Ask questions, Define problemsUse scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems.
Key skills: Plan investigations, Design solutionsUse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards.
Key skills: Safety equipment, Safe practicesUse appropriate tools such as graduated cylinders, metric rulers, periodic tables, balances, thermometers, probes, microscopes, and lab notebooks.
Key skills: Use tools, Data collectionCollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence.
Key skills: Collect data, SI unitsConstruct appropriate tables, graphs, maps, and charts using repeated trials and means to organize data.
Key skills: Organize data, Create graphsDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems.
Key skills: Develop models, Represent systemsDistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific theory, Scientific lawIdentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials.
Key skills: Evaluate models, Identify limitationsAnalyze data by identifying any significant patterns, errors, or outliers.
Key skills: Data analysis, Identify patternsUse mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data.
Key skills: Mathematical calculations, Quantitative analysisEvaluate experimental and engineering designs.
Key skills: Evaluate design, Experimental reviewDevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories.
Key skills: Develop explanations, Propose solutionsCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Communicate findings, CollaborateListen actively to and engage respectfully in scientific arguments to examine all sides of an issue using scientific evidence.
Key skills: Scientific argument, Evidence-based discussionAnalyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing.
Key skills: Critique explanations, Logical reasoningRelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including contributions of diverse scientists.
Key skills: Research impact, Scientific historyResearch and explore STEM resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, and mentors to investigate STEM careers.
Key skills: STEM careers, Resource researchIdentify and apply patterns to understand and connect scientific phenomena or to design solutions.
Key skills: Identify patterns, Apply patternsIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems.
Key skills: Cause and effect, Explain phenomenaAnalyze how differences in scale, proportion, or quantity affect a system's structure or performance.
Key skills: Scale and proportion, System analysisExamine and model the parts of a system and their interdependence in the function of the system.
Key skills: System modeling, InterdependenceAnalyze and explain how energy flows and matter cycles through systems and how energy and matter are conserved.
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter cyclingAnalyze and explain the complementary relationship between structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Structure and function, System explanationAnalyze and explain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Stability and change, Impact analysisCompare and contrast elements and compounds in terms of atoms and molecules, chemical symbols, and chemical formulas.
Key skills: Elements vs compounds, Chemical formulasUse the periodic table to identify the atoms and the number of each kind within a chemical formula.
Key skills: Periodic table, Identify atomsDistinguish between physical and chemical changes in matter.
Key skills: Physical change, Chemical changeDescribe aqueous solutions in terms of solute and solvent, concentration, and dilution.
Key skills: Aqueous solutions, Solute and solventInvestigate and model how temperature, surface area, and agitation affect the rate of dissolution of solid solutes in aqueous solutions.
Key skills: Rate of dissolution, Solubility factorsCalculate average speed using distance and time measurements from investigations.
Key skills: Calculate speed, Distance-timeDistinguish between speed and velocity in linear motion in terms of distance, displacement, and direction.
Key skills: Speed vs velocity, DisplacementMeasure, record, and interpret changes in speed or direction using distance-time graphs.
Key skills: Interpret graphs, Motion changesAnalyze the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on the state of motion of an object using Newton's First Law of Motion.
Key skills: Balanced forces, Newton's First LawInvestigate and model how thermal energy is transferred through systems by conduction, convection, and radiation.
Key skills: Heat transfer, Conduction/Convection/RadiationExplain the relationship between temperature and the kinetic energy of the particles within a substance.
Key skills: Temperature, Kinetic energyDescribe how thermal equilibrium is reached in a system.
Key skills: Thermal equilibrium, Heat flowDescribe the physical characteristics and locations of objects in the solar system, including the Sun, planets, moons, meteors, asteroids, and comets.
Key skills: Solar system objects, Physical characteristicsExplain how gravity and inertia work together to maintain the motion of objects in the solar system.
Key skills: Gravity, InertiaAnalyze the characteristics of Earth that allow life to exist such as the proximity of the Sun, presence of water, and composition of the atmosphere.
Key skills: Earth's habitability, Atmospheric compositionDescribe the evidence that supports that Earth has changed over time, including fossil evidence, plate tectonics, and superposition.
Key skills: Earth's history, Fossil evidenceDescribe how plate tectonics causes ocean basin formation, earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic eruptions.
Key skills: Plate tectonics, Geological eventsAnalyze the beneficial and harmful influences of human activity on groundwater and surface water in a watershed.
Key skills: Human impact, WatershedsDescribe human dependence and influence on ocean systems and explain how human activities impact these systems.
Key skills: Ocean systems, Human dependenceDiagram the flow of energy within trophic levels and describe how the available energy decreases in successive trophic levels in energy pyramids.
Key skills: Energy flow, Trophic levelsDescribe how ecosystems are sustained by the continuous flow of energy and the recycling of matter and nutrients within the biosphere.
Key skills: Ecosystem sustainability, Nutrient recyclingIdentify and model the main functions of the systems of the human organism, including the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, and digestive systems.
Key skills: Body systems, Human anatomyDescribe the hierarchical organization of organisms, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Key skills: Biological organization, Hierarchy of lifeCompare the results of asexual and sexual reproduction of plants and animals in relation to the diversity of offspring.
Key skills: Reproduction, Genetic diversityDescribe and give examples of how natural and artificial selection change the occurrence of traits in a population over generations.
Key skills: Natural selection, Artificial selectionDescribe the taxonomic system that categorizes organisms based on similarities and differences shared among groups.
Key skills: Taxonomy, ClassificationDescribe the characteristics of the recognized kingdoms and their importance in ecosystems.
Key skills: Kingdoms of life, Ecosystem rolesask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations;
Key skills: Asking questions, Defining problemsuse scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems;
Key skills: Planning investigations, Designing solutionsuse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards;
Key skills: Lab safety, Safety equipmentuse appropriate tools such as graduated cylinders, periodic tables, balances, thermometers, timing devices, pH indicators, hot plates, microscopes, magnets, force sensors, wave models, and weather maps;
Key skills: Using tools, Scientific measurementcollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence;
Key skills: Data collection, SI unitsconstruct appropriate tables, graphs, maps, and charts using repeated trials and means to organize data;
Key skills: Organizing data, Graphingdevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems;
Key skills: Modeling, Representing systemsidentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials;
Key skills: Evaluating models, Identifying limitationsanalyze data by identifying any significant descriptive statistical features, patterns, sources of error, or outliers;
Key skills: Data analysis, Identifying patternsuse mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data;
Key skills: Mathematical calculation, Quantitative analysisevaluate experimental and engineering designs;
Key skills: Evaluating designs, Design critiquedevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories;
Key skills: Developing explanations, Proposing solutionscommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats;
Key skills: Scientific communication, Collaborationengage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence;
Key skills: Scientific argumentation, Using evidencerelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including the process of science, cost-benefit analysis, and predictions based on data;
Key skills: Research impact, Cost-benefit analysismake informed decisions by evaluating evidence from multiple appropriate sources to assess the persuasiveness, combined with scientific, technical, and mathematical literacy;
Key skills: Informed decision-making, Evaluating evidenceresearch and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, and mentors in a STEM field to investigate STEM careers.
Key skills: Career exploration, STEM researchidentify and apply patterns to understand and connect scientific phenomena or to design solutions;
Key skills: Identifying patterns, Applying patternsidentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems;
Key skills: Cause and effect, Problem analysisanalyze how differences in scale, proportion, or quantity affect a system's structure or performance;
Key skills: Scale analysis, System performanceexamine and model the parts of a system and their interdependence in the function of the system;
Key skills: System modeling, Interdependenceanalyze and explain how energy flows and matter cycles through systems and how energy and matter are conserved through a variety of systems;
Key skills: Energy flow, Conservation of matteranalyze and explain the complementary relationship between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems;
Key skills: Structure and function, System analysisanalyze and explain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems;
Key skills: Stability and change, System factorsexplain by modeling how matter is classified as elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures;
Key skills: Classifying matter, Modeling mixturesuse the periodic table to identify the atoms and number of each element in a chemical formula;
Key skills: Periodic table use, Chemical formulasinvestigate the properties of water and identify its importance to living systems;
Key skills: Water properties, Biological importanceidentify and describe the properties of acids and bases and how they are used in everyday life;
Key skills: Acids and bases, Chemical propertiesinvestigate how mass is conserved in chemical reactions and relate conservation of mass to the rearrangement of atoms using chemical equations;
Key skills: Conservation of mass, Chemical equationscalculate and analyze how the acceleration of an object is dependent upon the net force acting on the object and the mass of the object using Newton's Second Law;
Key skills: Calculating acceleration, Newton's Second Lawinvestigate and describe how Newton's three laws of motion act within systems such as vehicle safety, sports, and Earth's tectonic processes;
Key skills: Newton's Laws, System analysiscompare the characteristics of amplitude, frequency, and wavelength in transverse waves, including the electromagnetic spectrum;
Key skills: Wave characteristics, Electromagnetic spectrumexplain the use of electromagnetic waves in applications such as medicine, communication, and weather forecasting;
Key skills: EM wave applications, Technology usedescribe the life cycle of stars and compare and classify stars using the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram;
Key skills: Star life cycle, H-R diagramcategorize galaxies as elliptical, spiral, or irregular and explain that they are composed of stars, gas, and dust;
Key skills: Galaxy classification, Galactic compositiondescribe the historical origins of the universe and the Big Bang Theory;
Key skills: Cosmology, Big Bang Theoryexplain how energy from the Sun, as the primary source of energy, drives the movement of water in the hydrosphere and air in the atmosphere;
Key skills: Solar energy, Atmospheric movementexplain how the interaction between the Sun and the Earth's atmosphere and oceans creates weather patterns and atmospheric movement;
Key skills: Weather patterns, Ocean-atmosphere interactionidentify and describe the factors that contribute to the formation and movement of tropical storms;
Key skills: Tropical storms, Storm formationexplain how natural events such as volcanic eruptions and changes in solar output can affect Earth's climate;
Key skills: Natural climate change, Volcanic impactexplain how human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation can affect Earth's climate;
Key skills: Human climate impact, Fossil fuelsdescribe the carbon cycle and its role in regulating Earth's climate;
Key skills: Carbon cycle, Climate regulationexplain how disruptions in ecosystems, such as habitat loss and invasive species, can affect the populations of organisms;
Key skills: Ecosystem disruptions, Population impactdescribe the process of ecological succession and how it leads to changes in species diversity over time;
Key skills: Ecological succession, Species diversityexplain how the sustainability of an ecosystem is dependent on its biodiversity;
Key skills: Sustainability, Biodiversityidentify the functions of cell organelles, including the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole;
Key skills: Cell organelles, Organelle functiondescribe the function of genes within chromosomes in determining inherited traits of offspring;
Key skills: Genetics, Inherited traitsdescribe how variations of traits within a population lead to structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations that increase survival and reproduction.
Key skills: Adaptation, Natural selectionAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Questioning, Problem definitionApply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions.
Key skills: Investigation planning, Engineering designUse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations.
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment useUse appropriate tools such as microscopes, slides, Petri dishes, laboratory glassware, metric rulers, and digital balances.
Key skills: Tool usage, Data collectionCollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence.
Key skills: Data collection, SI unitsOrganize quantitative and qualitative data using scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, and tables.
Key skills: Data organization, GraphingDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems.
Key skills: Modeling, Systems analysisDistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific terminology, Conceptual distinctionIdentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials.
Key skills: Model evaluation, Scale analysisAnalyze data by identifying significant positive and negative correlations and predicting trends.
Key skills: Data analysis, Trend predictionCompare theoretical and empirical data to support scientific claims.
Key skills: Data comparison, Evidence-based claimsExamine scientific explanations and predict outcomes of investigations.
Key skills: Scientific explanation, Outcome predictionDevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas.
Key skills: Explanation development, Problem solvingCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Communication, CollaborationEngage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.
Key skills: Argumentation, Evidence useAnalyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing.
Key skills: Critical evaluation, Logical reasoningRelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society.
Key skills: Historical context, Societal impactIdentify and apply patterns to understand natural phenomena and design solutions.
Key skills: Pattern recognition, ApplicationIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain natural phenomena and analyze problems.
Key skills: Cause and effect, Problem analysisAnalyze systems in terms of their components and how these components relate to each other and to the whole.
Key skills: Systems thinking, Component analysisExamine and model the flow of energy and matter into, out of, and within systems.
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter cyclingAnalyze how the structure of an object or system is related to its function.
Key skills: Structure and function, AnalysisAnalyze and model how factors affect the stability and change of systems.
Key skills: Stability, Change modelingAnalyze and model how scale, proportion, and quantity affect the structure and performance of systems.
Key skills: Scale, ProportionIdentify the role of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur in biological molecules.
Key skills: Elemental roles, BiomoleculesCompare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Key skills: Biomolecule comparison, Functional analysisIdentify and investigate the role of enzymes.
Key skills: Enzyme function, InvestigationDescribe the stages of the cell cycle, including DNA replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to growth.
Key skills: Cell cycle, MitosisExplain that when a cell is not in the cell cycle, it is in a non-dividing state called G0.
Key skills: G0 phase, Cell statesExplain the role of the cell cycle in the development of cancer.
Key skills: Cancer development, Cell cycle regulationIdentify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying traits is carried in the DNA.
Key skills: DNA structure, Genetic informationExplain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA.
Key skills: Transcription, TranslationIdentify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes.
Key skills: Mutations, Genetic changeExplain the purpose and process of meiosis.
Key skills: Meiosis, Gamete formationPredict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-Mendelian inheritance.
Key skills: Genetic prediction, Punnett squaresAnalyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies.
Key skills: Evolutionary evidence, Common ancestryExamine and illustrate the role of natural selection in differential reproductive success and its impact on a population.
Key skills: Natural selection, Reproductive successAnalyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals.
Key skills: Population evolution, Selection analysisAnalyze and evaluate how the process of evolution is affected by genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation.
Key skills: Evolutionary mechanisms, Genetic driftExplain how the process of evolution is affected by the recombination of genes.
Key skills: Gene recombination, Evolutionary impactInvestigate and evaluate how ecological relationships influence ecosystem stability.
Key skills: Ecological relationships, Ecosystem stabilityAnalyze how ecosystem stability is affected by disruptions to the cycling of matter and flow of energy using models.
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter cyclingExplain the significance of the carbon and nitrogen cycles to ecosystem stability.
Key skills: Biogeochemical cycles, Stability analysisExplain how environmental change, including change due to human activity, affects biodiversity and ecosystem stability.
Key skills: Human impact, BiodiversityAnalyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system.
Key skills: Biological organization, Systems analysisDescribe the role of internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis.
Key skills: Homeostasis, Feedback loopsExplain how interactions among systems that perform functions of transport, reproduction, and response in animals are facilitated by structures.
Key skills: Animal systems, Structure-functionExplain how interactions among systems that perform functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants are facilitated by structures.
Key skills: Plant systems, Structure-functionCompare physical and chemical properties of substances.
Key skills: Property comparison, Matter analysisClassify matter as pure substances or mixtures through investigation.
Key skills: Classification, InvestigationAnalyze the properties of solids, liquids, and gases using kinetic molecular theory.
Key skills: States of matter, Kinetic molecular theoryExplain the use of the Periodic Table to identify and describe properties of elements.
Key skills: Periodic Table, Element propertiesAnalyze periodic trends, including atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy.
Key skills: Periodic trends, Atomic propertiesDescribe the experimental design and conclusions used in the development of modern atomic theory.
Key skills: Atomic theory, Scientific historyDescribe the structure of atoms and ions, including the mass, charge, and location of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Key skills: Atomic structure, Subatomic particlesCalculate the average atomic mass of an element using isotopic composition.
Key skills: Atomic mass calculation, IsotopesConstruct electron configurations and Lewis dot structures.
Key skills: Electron configuration, Lewis structuresExplain the nature of chemical bonding, including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.
Key skills: Chemical bonding, Bond typesDefine and use the concept of a mole.
Key skills: Mole concept, StoichiometryCalculate the number of particles, moles, and mass of substances using Avogadro's number and molar mass.
Key skills: Stoichiometric calculations, Molar massCalculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Key skills: Formula calculation, Percent compositionDescribe the behavior of gases using the kinetic molecular theory.
Key skills: Gas behavior, Kinetic molecular theoryPerform stoichiometric calculations involving gas volumes at STP.
Key skills: Gas stoichiometry, STP calculationsApply the ideal gas law and other gas laws to calculate changes in gas properties.
Key skills: Gas laws, Ideal gas lawDescribe the process of solvation and the factors that affect the rate of dissolving.
Key skills: Solvation, Dissolving ratesCalculate the concentration of solutions in units of molarity.
Key skills: Molarity, Concentration calculationUse solubility curves to determine the saturation of a solution.
Key skills: Solubility curves, SaturationDefine acids and bases using Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry definitions.
Key skills: Acid-base definitions, Chemical classificationDistinguish between strong and weak acids and bases.
Key skills: Acid-base strength, IonizationDefine pH and calculate the pH of a solution using the hydrogen ion concentration.
Key skills: pH calculation, Hydrogen ion concentrationExplain everyday examples that illustrate the laws of thermodynamics.
Key skills: Thermodynamics, Energy transferInvestigate the process of heat transfer using calorimetry.
Key skills: Calorimetry, Heat transferClassify processes as exothermic or endothermic.
Key skills: Exothermic/Endothermic, Reaction classificationDescribe the characteristics of alpha, beta, and gamma radioactive decay.
Key skills: Radioactive decay, Nuclear radiationCompare fission and fusion reactions.
Key skills: Fission, FusionCalculate speed, velocity, and acceleration using appropriate equations.
Key skills: Motion calculation, KinematicsInvestigate and analyze forces such as gravity, friction, and magnetism.
Key skills: Force analysis, InvestigationCalculate net force using Newton's Second Law.
Key skills: Newton's laws, Force calculationInvestigate and evaluate the transfer of energy in systems.
Key skills: Energy transfer, Systems analysisInvestigate and analyze the relationship between work, force, and distance.
Key skills: Work, Force-distance relationshipInvestigate and analyze the relationship between power, work, and time.
Key skills: Power, Work-time relationshipInvestigate and analyze the relationship between kinetic and potential energy.
Key skills: Kinetic energy, Potential energyInvestigate and analyze the law of conservation of energy.
Key skills: Energy conservation, InvestigationInvestigate and analyze the properties of matter.
Key skills: Matter properties, AnalysisInvestigate and analyze the structure of the atom.
Key skills: Atomic structure, InvestigationInvestigate and analyze the periodic table.
Key skills: Periodic table, AnalysisInvestigate and analyze the properties of solutions.
Key skills: Solution properties, InvestigationInvestigate and analyze the properties of acids and bases.
Key skills: Acids and bases, AnalysisInvestigate and analyze the impact of energy resources on the environment.
Key skills: Energy resources, Environmental impactInvestigate and analyze linear motion in one dimension.
Key skills: Linear motion, AnalysisInvestigate and analyze projectile motion.
Key skills: Projectile motion, InvestigationInvestigate and analyze circular motion.
Key skills: Circular motion, AnalysisInvestigate and analyze gravitational forces.
Key skills: Gravity, Force analysisInvestigate and analyze electrical forces.
Key skills: Electrical forces, InvestigationInvestigate and analyze magnetic forces.
Key skills: Magnetic forces, AnalysisInvestigate and analyze the properties of waves.
Key skills: Wave properties, InvestigationInvestigate and analyze the behavior of waves.
Key skills: Wave behavior, AnalysisInvestigate and analyze the conservation of energy.
Key skills: Energy conservation, InvestigationInvestigate and analyze the conservation of momentum.
Key skills: Momentum conservation, Analysisapply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace
Key skills: real-world application, problem solvinguse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and evaluating the process
Key skills: problem-solving model, evaluationselect tools, including real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology as appropriate, and techniques to solve problems
Key skills: tool selection, estimationcommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations, including symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language
Key skills: communication, multiple representationscreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: representation, organizationanalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: analysis, connectionsdisplay, explain, and justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication
Key skills: justification, precise languagedetermine the coordinates of a point that is a given fractional distance less than one from one end of a line segment to the other
Key skills: partitioning segments, midpointderive and use the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas to verify geometric relationships
Key skills: distance formula, slope formuladetermine an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point
Key skills: parallel lines, perpendicular linesdescribe and perform transformations of figures in a plane using coordinate notation
Key skills: transformations, coordinate notationdetermine the image or pre-image of a figure under a composition of rigid and non-rigid transformations, including dilations
Key skills: compositions, dilationsidentify the sequence of transformations that will carry a given pre-image onto an image on and off the coordinate plane
Key skills: transformation sequences, mappingidentify and distinguish between reflectional and rotational symmetry in a plane figure
Key skills: reflectional symmetry, rotational symmetrydistinguish between undefined terms, definitions, postulates, conjectures, and theorems
Key skills: geometric terms, logicidentify and determine the validity of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement
Key skills: conditional statements, logical validityverify that a conjecture is false using a counterexample
Key skills: counterexamples, verificationcompare geometric relationships between Euclidean and spherical geometries
Key skills: Euclidean geometry, spherical geometryinvestigate patterns to make conjectures about geometric relationships, including angles, triangle congruence, and circle segments
Key skills: conjectures, pattern investigationconstruct congruent segments, angles, bisectors, perpendicular lines, and parallel lines using a compass and a straightedge
Key skills: geometric constructions, compass and straightedgeuse the constructions of congruent segments, angles, and bisectors to make conjectures about geometric relationships
Key skills: construction analysis, conjecturesverify the Triangle Inequality theorem using constructions and apply the theorem to solve problems
Key skills: Triangle Inequality, problem solvingverify theorems about angles formed by intersecting and parallel lines and prove equidistance on perpendicular bisectors
Key skills: angle theorems, perpendicular bisectorsprove two triangles are congruent by applying SAS, ASA, SSS, AAS, and HL congruence conditions
Key skills: triangle congruence, formal proofapply the definition of congruence, in terms of rigid transformations, to identify congruent figures and their corresponding parts
Key skills: rigid transformations, corresponding partsverify theorems about relationships in triangles, including Pythagorean Theorem, angle sums, midsegments, and medians
Key skills: triangle relationships, Pythagorean Theoremprove a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, rectangle, square, or rhombus and apply these relationships to solve problems
Key skills: quadrilateral proof, parallelogram propertiesapply the definition of similarity in terms of a dilation to identify similar figures and their proportional sides and angles
Key skills: similarity, dilationsapply the Angle-Angle criterion to verify the similarity of two triangles and justify proportionality
Key skills: AA similarity, proportionalityprove theorems about similar triangles, including the Triangle Proportionality theorem, and apply them to solve problems
Key skills: similarity theorems, Triangle Proportionalityidentify and apply the relationships that exist when an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle
Key skills: geometric mean, right triangle altitudedetermine the lengths of sides and measures of angles in a right triangle by applying trigonometric ratios
Key skills: trigonometry, sine/cosine/tangentapply the relationships in special right triangles and the Pythagorean theorem to solve problems
Key skills: special right triangles, Pythagorean triplesidentify the shapes of two-dimensional cross-sections of three-dimensional objects
Key skills: cross-sections, 3D visualizationdetermine and describe how changes in linear dimensions affect perimeter, area, surface area, or volume
Key skills: dimensional change, proportionalityapply the formula for the area of regular polygons to solve problems using appropriate units of measure
Key skills: regular polygons, area formuladetermine the area of composite two-dimensional figures comprised of triangles, quadrilaterals, semicircles, and sectors
Key skills: composite area, geometric decompositionapply the formulas for the total and lateral surface area of three-dimensional figures
Key skills: surface area, 3D figuresapply the formulas for the volume of three-dimensional figures, including composite figures
Key skills: volume, 3D figuresapply theorems about circles, including relationships among angles, radii, chords, tangents, and secants
Key skills: circle theorems, angle relationshipsapply the proportional relationship between the measure of an arc length and the circumference of the circle
Key skills: arc length, proportionalityapply the proportional relationship between the measure of the area of a sector and the area of the circle
Key skills: sector area, proportionalitydescribe radian measure of an angle as the ratio of the length of an arc to the radius of the circle
Key skills: radian measure, arc length ratioderive the equation of a circle with center (h, k) and radius r using the Pythagorean theorem
Key skills: circle equation, Pythagorean theoremdevelop strategies to use permutations and combinations to solve contextual problems
Key skills: permutations, combinationsdetermine probabilities based on area to solve contextual problems
Key skills: geometric probability, area-based probabilityidentify independent and dependent events and calculate their probabilities
Key skills: independent events, dependent eventsapply the Addition Rule, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), and interpret the answer
Key skills: Addition Rule, probability interpretationapply the Multiplication Rule, P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B|A), and interpret the answer
Key skills: Multiplication Rule, conditional probabilityapply mathematics to problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace
Key skills: real-world application, problem solvinguse a problem-solving model that incorporates analyzing given information, formulating a plan, determining a solution, and evaluating the process
Key skills: problem-solving model, solution evaluationselect appropriate tools such as real objects, manipulatives, paper and pencil, and technology and techniques to solve problems
Key skills: tool selection, computational techniquescommunicate mathematical ideas, reasoning, and their implications using multiple representations such as symbols, diagrams, graphs, and language
Key skills: mathematical communication, multiple representationscreate and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: organizing data, visual representationanalyze mathematical relationships to connect and communicate mathematical ideas
Key skills: relationship analysis, connecting conceptsdisplay, explain, or justify mathematical ideas and arguments using precise mathematical language in written or oral communication
Key skills: logical justification, precise languagegraph the functions f(x)=√x, f(x)=1/x, f(x)=x^3, f(x)=∛x, f(x)=b^x, f(x)=|x|, and f(x)=log_b(x) and analyze key attributes
Key skills: graphing functions, attribute analysisgraph and write the inverse of a function using notation such as f^-1(x)
Key skills: inverse functions, function notationdescribe and analyze the relationship between a function and its inverse, including the restriction(s) on domain and range
Key skills: inverse relationships, domain restrictionsuse the composition of two functions to determine if the functions are inverses of each other
Key skills: function composition, verifying inversesformulate systems of equations, including three linear equations in three variables and systems of one linear and one quadratic equation
Key skills: system formulation, linear-quadratic systemssolve systems of three linear equations in three variables by using Gaussian elimination, technology with matrices, and substitution
Key skills: Gaussian elimination, matrix solutionssolve, algebraically, systems of two equations in two variables consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation
Key skills: algebraic solving, nonlinear systemsdetermine the reasonableness of solutions to systems of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables
Key skills: solution verification, reasonableness checkformulate systems of at least two linear inequalities in two variables
Key skills: inequality formulation, modeling constraintssolve systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables
Key skills: solving inequalities, graphical solutionsdetermine possible solutions in the solution set of systems of two or more linear inequalities in two variables
Key skills: solution sets, feasibility regionswrite the quadratic function given three specified points in the plane
Key skills: quadratic modeling, coordinate geometrywrite the equation of a parabola using given attributes, including vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of symmetry
Key skills: parabola equations, conic attributesdetermine the effect on the graph of f(x) = x^2 when f(x) is replaced by af(x), f(x) + c, f(x - h), and f(bx)
Key skills: transformations, graphical analysistransform a quadratic function f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c to the form f(x) = a(x - h)^2 + k to identify attributes
Key skills: completing the square, vertex formsolve quadratic and square root equations
Key skills: equation solving, radical equationssolve quadratic inequalities
Key skills: inequality solving, interval notationanalyze the effect of attributes of f(x) = √x on the graph of g(x) = a√(x - h) + k
Key skills: square root transformations, graphical analysissolve square root equations and inequalities
Key skills: radical equations, radical inequalitiesdetermine the effects on the key attributes on the graphs of f(x) = b^x and f(x) = log_b(x) under transformations
Key skills: transformations, asymptotic behaviorformulate exponential and logarithmic equations that model real-world situations
Key skills: modeling, exponential growthrewrite exponential equations as logarithmic equations and vice versa
Key skills: logarithmic conversion, exponential formsolve exponential and logarithmic equations
Key skills: solving equations, log propertiesdetermine the reasonableness of a solution to a logarithmic equation
Key skills: solution verification, domain constraintsanalyze the effect of attributes of f(x) = x^3 and f(x) = ∛x on transformed graphs
Key skills: cubic transformations, cube root graphssolve cube root equations that have real roots
Key skills: solving equations, cube rootsanalyze the effect of attributes of f(x) = |x| on the graph of g(x) = a|x - h| + k
Key skills: absolute value, transformationssolve absolute value equations
Key skills: equation solving, absolute valuesolve absolute value inequalities
Key skills: inequality solving, absolute valueanalyze the effect of attributes of f(x) = 1/x on the graph of g(x) = a/(x - h) + k
Key skills: rational transformations, asymptotesdetermine the asymptotic restrictions on the domain and range of rational functions
Key skills: asymptotes, domain/rangeformulate and solve equations involving inverse variation
Key skills: inverse variation, modelingsolve rational equations that have real solutions
Key skills: rational equations, algebraic solvingdetermine the reasonableness of a solution to a rational equation
Key skills: solution verification, extraneous solutionsformulate and solve rational equations in real-world problems
Key skills: modeling, rational functionsformulate and solve equations involving joint variation
Key skills: joint variation, modelingadd, subtract, and multiply complex numbers
Key skills: complex numbers, arithmetic operationsadd, subtract, and multiply polynomials
Key skills: polynomial arithmetic, simplificationdetermine the quotient of a polynomial of degree three and four when divided by polynomials of degree one and two
Key skills: polynomial division, synthetic divisiondetermine the linear factors of a polynomial function of degree three and four using algebraic methods
Key skills: factoring, linear factorsdetermine linear and quadratic factors of a polynomial expression of degree three and four
Key skills: factoring, quadratic factorsdetermine the sum, difference, product, and quotient of rational expressions
Key skills: rational expressions, simplificationrewrite radical expressions that contain variables to equivalent forms
Key skills: radical simplification, equivalent formssolve equations involving rational exponents
Key skills: rational exponents, equation solvingwrite the domain and range of a function in interval notation, inequalities, and set notation
Key skills: notation, domain/rangeanalyze data to select the appropriate model from among linear, quadratic, and exponential models
Key skills: model selection, data analysisuse regression methods available through technology to write linear, quadratic, and exponential functions from data
Key skills: regression, technology usepredict and make decisions and critical judgments from a given set of data using linear, quadratic, and exponential models
Key skills: prediction, data interpretationDistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific terminology, Conceptual distinctionAnalyze the relationship between structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Structure and function, Biological analysisExplain how factors or conditions impact stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems.
Key skills: Stability and change, System dynamicsExplain how mutations in the DNA sequence may result in phenotypic change and how mutations in gametes result in inheritance.
Key skills: Mutation effects, Genetic inheritancePredict and explain the outcomes of genetic crosses that follow Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Key skills: Genetic crosses, Inheritance patternsExplain the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over, and how these result in genetic variation.
Key skills: Meiosis, Genetic variationExplain the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction and how it maintains the chromosome number.
Key skills: Sexual reproduction, Chromosome maintenanceAnalyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies.
Key skills: Evolutionary evidence, Common ancestryExamine and analyze the fossil record and other evidence to support the theory of evolution.
Key skills: Fossil record, Evolutionary theoryAnalyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations and not in individuals.
Key skills: Natural selection, Population changeAnalyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection result in differential reproductive success.
Key skills: Natural selection, Reproductive successAnalyze and evaluate how natural selection may lead to speciation.
Key skills: Speciation, Evolutionary mechanismsAnalyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination.
Key skills: Evolutionary mechanisms, Genetic driftInterpret relationships, including symbiosis, predation, parasitism, and competition, among organisms.
Key skills: Ecological relationships, Species interactionCompare variations and adaptations of organisms in different ecosystems.
Key skills: Adaptation, Ecosystem comparisonExplain the flow of matter and energy through food webs, including the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Key skills: Energy flow, Food websDescribe the role of carbon and nitrogen cycles in an ecosystem.
Key skills: Biogeochemical cycles, Ecosystem processesAnalyze the levels of organization in an ecosystem and their relationships to each other.
Key skills: Ecological organization, System relationshipsDescribe how environmental change, including climate change, can impact biodiversity and ecosystem stability.
Key skills: Environmental change, Biodiversity impactDescribe how human activities can impact the environment, including the use of resources and waste production.
Key skills: Human impact, Resource managementAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Questioning, Problem definitionApply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions.
Key skills: Investigation planning, Engineering designUse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in TEA-approved safety standards.
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment useUse appropriate tools such as Safety Data Sheets (SDS), calculators, computers, probes, balances, and glassware.
Key skills: Scientific tools, Data collectionCollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence.
Key skills: Measurement, Data collectionOrganize quantitative and qualitative data using lab reports, drawings, particle diagrams, charts, tables, graphs, or technology-based reports.
Key skills: Data organization, Scientific reportingDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems.
Key skills: Modeling, Systems analysisDistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific terminology, Conceptual distinctionIdentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials.
Key skills: Model evaluation, Critical thinkingAnalyze data by identifying significant statistical features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations.
Key skills: Data analysis, Error analysisUse mathematical calculations to assess quantitative relationships in data.
Key skills: Mathematical analysis, Quantitative reasoningEvaluate experimental and engineering designs.
Key skills: Design evaluation, Process improvementDevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories.
Key skills: Scientific explanation, Evidence-based reasoningCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Communication, CollaborationEngage respectfully in scientific argumentation using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.
Key skills: Argumentation, Peer reviewAnalyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations and solutions by using empirical evidence and logical reasoning.
Key skills: Critical evaluation, Logical reasoningRelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including contributions of diverse scientists.
Key skills: Historical context, Societal impactResearch and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, and mentors to investigate careers.
Key skills: Career exploration, Resource researchIdentify and apply patterns to understand natural phenomena and design solutions.
Key skills: Pattern recognition, Problem solvingIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain natural phenomena and analyze problems.
Key skills: Causality, Scientific analysisAnalyze systems in terms of their components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole, and to the external environment.
Key skills: Systems thinking, Component interactionExamine and explain how the structure and function of objects and systems are related.
Key skills: Structure-function, System analysisAnalyze and explain how energy flows and matter cycles through systems and how they are conserved.
Key skills: Energy flow, Conservation of massAnalyze and explain the stability and change of systems.
Key skills: System stability, Change analysisUnderstand and apply the concepts of scale, proportion, and quantity within and across systems.
Key skills: Scale and proportion, Quantitative analysisConstruct models using Dalton's Postulates, Thomson's discovery, Rutherford's nuclear atom, Bohr's nuclear atom, and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.
Key skills: Atomic modeling, Historical theoryDescribe the structure of atoms and ions, including masses, charges, and locations of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Key skills: Atomic structure, Subatomic particlesInvestigate the mathematical relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength of light and relate it to the emission spectrum.
Key skills: Electromagnetic spectrum, Energy quantizationCalculate average atomic mass of an element using isotopic composition.
Key skills: Isotopic calculation, Atomic massConstruct models to express the arrangement of electrons using electron configurations and Lewis dot structures.
Key skills: Electron configuration, Lewis structuresConstruct an argument to support how periodic trends such as electronegativity can predict bonding between elements.
Key skills: Periodic trends, Bonding predictionName and write the chemical formulas for ionic and covalent compounds using IUPAC nomenclature rules.
Key skills: Nomenclature, Formula writingClassify and draw electron dot structures for molecules with various geometries as explained by VSEPR theory.
Key skills: Molecular geometry, VSEPR theoryAnalyze the properties of ionic, covalent, and metallic substances in terms of intramolecular and intermolecular forces.
Key skills: Chemical properties, Intermolecular forcesDefine mole and apply the concept of molar mass to convert between moles and grams.
Key skills: Mole concept, Unit conversionCalculate the number of atoms or molecules in a sample of material using Avogadro's number.
Key skills: Avogadro's number, Particle calculationCalculate percent composition of compounds.
Key skills: Percent composition, Chemical analysisDifferentiate between empirical and molecular formulas.
Key skills: Formula types, Chemical identificationInterpret, write, and balance chemical equations, including synthesis, decomposition, replacement, and combustion reactions.
Key skills: Equation balancing, Reaction typesDifferentiate among acid-base reactions, precipitation reactions, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
Key skills: Reaction classification, Chemical processesPerform stoichiometric calculations, including determination of mass relationships, gas volume relationships, and percent yield.
Key skills: Stoichiometry, Yield calculationDescribe the concept of limiting reactants in a balanced chemical equation.
Key skills: Limiting reactants, Reaction analysisDescribe the postulates of the kinetic molecular theory.
Key skills: Kinetic theory, Gas behaviorDescribe and calculate the relationships among volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an ideal gas.
Key skills: Ideal gas law, Gas calculationsDefine and apply Dalton's law of partial pressure.
Key skills: Partial pressure, Gas mixturesDescribe the unique role of water in solutions in terms of polarity.
Key skills: Water polarity, SolubilityDistinguish among types of solutions, including electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, and saturation levels.
Key skills: Solution types, SaturationInvestigate how solid and gas solubilities are influenced by temperature and how rates of dissolution are influenced by agitation and surface area.
Key skills: Solubility curves, Dissolution ratesInvestigate general rules regarding solubility and predict the solubility of products in double replacement reactions.
Key skills: Solubility rules, Precipitation predictionCalculate the concentration of solutions in units of molarity.
Key skills: Molarity, Concentration calculationCalculate the dilutions of solutions using molarity.
Key skills: Dilution formula, Solution preparationName and write the chemical formulas for acids and bases using IUPAC nomenclature rules.
Key skills: Acid-base naming, Formula writingDefine acids and bases and distinguish between Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry definitions.
Key skills: Acid-base definitions, Chemical theoryDifferentiate between strong and weak acids and bases.
Key skills: Acid-base strength, DissociationPredict products in acid-base reactions that form water.
Key skills: Neutralization, Reaction predictionDefine pH and calculate the pH of a solution using the hydrogen ion concentration.
Key skills: pH calculation, Logarithmic scalesExplain everyday examples that illustrate the four laws of thermodynamics.
Key skills: Thermodynamics, Energy lawsInvestigate the process of heat transfer using calorimetry.
Key skills: Calorimetry, Heat transferClassify processes as exothermic or endothermic and represent energy changes using thermochemical equations.
Key skills: Enthalpy, Energy diagramsPerform calculations involving heat, mass, temperature change, and specific heat.
Key skills: Specific heat, Thermal calculationsDescribe the characteristics of alpha, beta, and gamma radioactive decay processes in terms of balanced nuclear equations.
Key skills: Radioactive decay, Nuclear equationsCompare fission and fusion reactions.
Key skills: Fission vs Fusion, Nuclear energyGive examples of applications of nuclear phenomena such as nuclear stability, radiation therapy, and nuclear power.
Key skills: Nuclear applications, Societal impactextract patterns and trends as evidence to support or refute explanations and design solutions.
Key skills: pattern recognition, evidence extractionevaluate symbols, explanations, and data to extract and communicate relevant scientific information from notes, diagrams, and other sources.
Key skills: information extraction, media literacycalculate and analyze the effect of magnetic forces on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire.
Key skills: magnetism, Lorentz forcecalculate and analyze the behavior of light, including reflection, refraction, and the formation of images using mirrors and lenses.
Key skills: optics, image formationThe student understands traditional historical points of reference in world history.
Key skills: Identify major eras, Analyze periodizationThe student understands how early civilizations developed from 8000 BC to 500 BC.
Key skills: Neolithic Revolution, River valley civilizationsThe student understands the contributions and influence of classical civilizations from 500 BC to AD 600.
Key skills: Classical Greece/Rome, Han China/Gupta IndiaThe student understands how, after the collapse of classical empires, new political, economic, and social systems evolved and expanded from 600 to 1450.
Key skills: Mongol Empire, Spread of IslamThe student understands the causes, characteristics, and impact of the European Renaissance and the Reformation from 1450 to 1750.
Key skills: Renaissance art, Protestant ReformationThe student understands the characteristics and impact of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations and the effects of European exploration on the Americas.
Key skills: Mesoamerican empires, Columbian ExchangeThe student understands the causes and impact of the Global Age of Revolutions from 1750 to 1914.
Key skills: French Revolution, Industrial RevolutionThe student understands the causes and effects of World War I.
Key skills: WWI causes, Treaty of VersaillesThe student understands the causes and effects of the Second World War.
Key skills: WWII causes, The HolocaustThe student understands the impact of the development of atomic weapons and the Cold War.
Key skills: Nuclear proliferation, Cold War conflictsThe student understands the development of independence movements and democratization in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Key skills: Decolonization, Fall of CommunismThe student understands the causes and effects of major political and social changes in the contemporary world.
Key skills: Global terrorism, Human rights issuesThe student understands the impact of geographic factors on major historic events and processes.
Key skills: Physical geography, Human migrationThe student understands the impact of geographic factors on major historic events and processes.
Key skills: Resource distribution, GeopoliticsThe student understands the impact of the Neolithic Revolution and the development of agriculture on human societies.
Key skills: Subsistence farming, Economic specializationThe student understands the impact of the Industrial Revolution on human societies.
Key skills: Factory system, UrbanizationThe student understands the impact of the Great Depression on the world economy.
Key skills: Global trade, Economic instabilityThe student understands the historic origins of contemporary economic systems and the benefits of the free enterprise system.
Key skills: Capitalism vs Socialism, Free market principlesThe student understands the characteristics of major political systems throughout history.
Key skills: Monarchy, TotalitarianismThe student understands how constitutional government evolved and the ideas from historic documents that influenced that process.
Key skills: Magna Carta, Enlightenment ideasThe student understands the significance of political and legal ideas from historic documents and people.
Key skills: Rule of law, Individual rightsThe student understands the evolution of rights and responsibilities of citizens in various political systems.
Key skills: Civic participation, Suffrage movementsThe student understands the history and impact of major religious and philosophical traditions.
Key skills: World religions, Ethical systemsThe student understands the roles of women, children, and families in different historical eras.
Key skills: Social structures, Gender rolesThe student understands how major developments in the arts and architecture reflect the values of societies.
Key skills: Artistic expression, Cultural identityThe student understands the relationship between the arts and the times during which they were created.
Key skills: Historical context, Artistic movementsThe student understands how major scientific and mathematical discoveries and technological innovations affected societies prior to 1750.
Key skills: Scientific Revolution, Early inventionsThe student understands how major scientific and mathematical discoveries and technological innovations have affected societies from 1750 to the present.
Key skills: Medical advances, Digital revolutionThe student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of valid sources.
Key skills: Source analysis, Bias detectionThe student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.
Key skills: Historical writing, Presentation skillsThe student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others.
Key skills: Conflict resolution, Collaborative researchThe student understands that holidays are celebrations of special events.
Key skills: Understand holidays, Recognize celebrationsidentify national patriotic holidays such as Constitution Day, Presidents' Day, Veterans Day, and Independence Day
Key skills: Identify holidays, Patriotic recognitionidentify customs associated with national patriotic holidays such as parades and fireworks on Independence Day
Key skills: Identify customs, Holiday traditionsThe student understands how historical figures helped shape the state and nation.
Key skills: Historical figures, State and nationidentify contributions of historical figures, including Stephen F. Austin, George Washington, Christopher Columbus, and José Antonio Navarro
Key skills: Identify contributions, Historical impactThe student understands the concept of location.
Key skills: Understand location, Spatial awarenessuse spatial terms, including over, under, near, far, left, and right, to describe relative location
Key skills: Spatial terms, Relative locationlocate places on the school campus and describe their relative locations
Key skills: Campus location, Describe placesidentify and use geographic tools that aid in determining location, including maps and globes
Key skills: Geographic tools, Maps and globesThe student understands physical and human characteristics of place to better understand self, home, family, classroom, and the world.
Key skills: Place characteristics, Human-environmentidentify the physical characteristics of place such as landforms, bodies of water, Earth's resources, and weather
Key skills: Physical characteristics, Natural featuresidentify how geographic location influences human characteristics of place such as shelter, clothing, food, and activities
Key skills: Location influence, Human adaptationThe student understands the difference between human needs and wants and how they are met.
Key skills: Needs vs wants, Meeting needsidentify basic human needs of food, clothing, and shelter
Key skills: Basic needs, Identify essentialsexplain the difference between needs and wants
Key skills: Differentiate needs, Explain wantsThe student understands the value of jobs.
Key skills: Value of jobs, Work rolesidentify jobs in the home, school, and community
Key skills: Identify jobs, Community rolesThe student understands the purpose of rules.
Key skills: Purpose of rules, Order and safetyidentify purposes for having rules
Key skills: Identify purposes, Rule importanceidentify rules that provide order, security, and safety in the home and school
Key skills: Safety rules, Orderly environmentThe student understands the role of authority figures.
Key skills: Authority figures, Enforcing rulesidentify authority figures in the home, school, and community
Key skills: Identify authority, Leadership rolesexplain how authority figures enforce rules
Key skills: Enforce rules, Authority actionsThe student understands important symbols, customs, and responsibilities that represent American beliefs and principles.
Key skills: American symbols, National identityidentify the flags of the United States and Texas
Key skills: Identify flags, State and nationalrecite the Pledge of Allegiance to the United States Flag and the Pledge to the Texas Flag
Key skills: Recite pledges, Civic dutyuse voting as a method for group decision making
Key skills: Voting, Decision makingThe student understands similarities and differences among individuals.
Key skills: Individual differences, Human similaritiesidentify similarities and differences among individuals such as kinship and religion
Key skills: Identify kinship, Cultural diversityThe student understands the importance of family traditions.
Key skills: Family traditions, Cultural heritagedescribe and explain the importance of family traditions
Key skills: Describe traditions, Tradition importancecompare traditions among families
Key skills: Compare traditions, Family customsThe student understands ways technology is used in the home and school and how technology affects people's lives.
Key skills: Technology use, Impact of techidentify examples of technology used in the home and school
Key skills: Identify technology, Tech examplesdescribe how technology helps accomplish specific tasks and meet people's needs
Key skills: Tech tasks, Meeting needsdescribe how his or her life might be different without modern technology
Key skills: Life without tech, Tech comparisonThe student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of valid sources.
Key skills: Critical thinking, Organize infoidentify and state facts based on relevant evidence
Key skills: Identify facts, Use evidenceidentify different kinds of historical sources and artifacts and explain how they can be used to study the past
Key skills: Historical sources, Study pastgather information about a topic using a variety of valid oral and visual sources with adult assistance
Key skills: Gather info, Source varietysequence and categorize information
Key skills: Sequence info, Categorize dataThe student communicates in oral and visual forms.
Key skills: Communication, Oral and visualplace events in chronological order
Key skills: Chronological order, Sequence eventsuse social studies terminology related to time and chronology correctly
Key skills: Time terminology, Chronology vocabcommunicate information visually, orally, or in writing based on knowledge and experiences
Key skills: Communicate info, Express ideascreate and interpret visuals, including pictures and maps
Key skills: Create visuals, Interpret mapsapply and practice classroom rules and procedures for listening and responding respectfully
Key skills: Respectful listening, Classroom rulesThe student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others.
Key skills: Problem solving, Decision makinguse democratic procedures to collaborate with others when making decisions
Key skills: Collaborate, Democratic processuse problem-solving and decision-making processes to identify a problem, gather information, and evaluate solutions
Key skills: Identify problems, Evaluate solutionsDescribe the origins of customs, holidays, and celebrations of the community, state, and nation such as Constitution Day, Independence Day, and Veterans Day.
Key skills: Identify origins, Explain holidaysCompare the observance of holidays and celebrations.
Key skills: Compare traditions, Analyze celebrationsIdentify contributions of historical figures, including Sam Houston, George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Martin Luther King Jr., who have influenced the state and nation.
Key skills: Identify figures, Describe contributionsCompare the lives of historical figures who have influenced the state and nation.
Key skills: Compare biographies, Analyze influenceDescribe the location of self and objects relative to other locations in the classroom and school using spatial terms.
Key skills: Use spatial terms, Describe locationLocate places using the four cardinal directions.
Key skills: Use cardinal directions, Identify orientationCreate and use simple maps such as maps of the home, classroom, school, and community.
Key skills: Create maps, Interpret mapsLocate and explore the community, Texas, and the United States on maps and globes.
Key skills: Locate places, Use globesIdentify and describe the physical characteristics of place such as landforms, bodies of water, Earth's resources, and weather.
Key skills: Identify landforms, Describe weatherIdentify and describe how geographic location influences the human characteristics of place such as shelter, clothing, food, and activities.
Key skills: Analyze influence, Describe human traitsIdentify examples of goods and services in the home, school, and community.
Key skills: Identify goods, Identify servicesIdentify ways people exchange goods and services.
Key skills: Explain exchange, Identify tradeIdentify the role of markets in the exchange of goods and services.
Key skills: Define markets, Explain commerceIdentify examples of how people are both producers and consumers.
Key skills: Define producers, Define consumersDescribe the value of work.
Key skills: Explain work value, Analyze laborDescribe the condition of scarcity.
Key skills: Define scarcity, Explain choiceExplain the purpose of rules and laws.
Key skills: Explain rules, Analyze lawsIdentify the role of authority figures in the home, school, and community.
Key skills: Identify authority, Describe rolesIdentify United States and Texas symbols, anthems, and mottoes.
Key skills: Identify symbols, Recognize anthemsRecite the Pledge of Allegiance to the United States Flag and the Pledge to the Texas Flag.
Key skills: Recite pledges, Show respectIdentify the Constitution as the supreme law of the land.
Key skills: Identify Constitution, Understand lawIdentify characteristics of good citizenship, including truthfulness, justice, equality, respect, and responsibility.
Key skills: Identify traits, Define citizenshipIdentify historical figures such as Benjamin Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt who have exemplified good citizenship.
Key skills: Identify figures, Analyze citizenshipIdentify public officials in the community, state, and nation and their roles.
Key skills: Identify officials, Describe rolesExplain how public officials are selected by the community.
Key skills: Explain selection, Understand votingDescribe the importance of family customs and traditions.
Key skills: Describe customs, Explain traditionsDescribe how technology has changed family life.
Key skills: Analyze change, Describe technologyDescribe how technology has affected communication, transportation, and recreation.
Key skills: Analyze impact, Describe technologyDescribe how technology has affected the way people meet their basic needs.
Key skills: Analyze impact, Identify needsObtain information about a topic using a variety of valid oral sources such as conversations, interviews, and music.
Key skills: Gather information, Use oral sourcesObtain information about a topic using a variety of valid visual sources such as pictures, symbols, electronic media, print material, and artifacts.
Key skills: Gather information, Use visual sourcesSequence and categorize information.
Key skills: Sequence data, Categorize infoExpress ideas orally based on knowledge and experiences.
Key skills: Express ideas, Communicate orallyCreate and interpret visuals, including pictures and maps.
Key skills: Create visuals, Interpret mapsUse a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, and choose a solution.
Key skills: Solve problems, Gather infoUse a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, and generate options.
Key skills: Make decisions, Generate optionsExplain the significance of various community, state, and national celebrations such as Veterans Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Thanksgiving.
Key skills: Identify celebrations, Explain significanceIdentify and explain the significance of various community, state, and national landmarks such as monuments and government buildings.
Key skills: Identify landmarks, Explain significanceIdentify contributions of historical figures, including Thurgood Marshall, Irma Rangel, and Theodore Roosevelt, who have influenced the state and nation.
Key skills: Identify figures, Describe contributionsDescribe how people and events have influenced local community history.
Key skills: Analyze influence, Local historyIdentify and use information on maps and globes using basic map elements such as title, cardinal directions, and legend.
Key skills: Use map elements, Interpret mapsCreate maps to show places and routes within the home, school, and community.
Key skills: Create maps, Identify routesIdentify major landforms and bodies of water, including each of the seven continents and each of the oceans, on maps and globes.
Key skills: Identify landforms, Locate oceansLocate places, including the local community, Texas, the United States, the state capital, the U.S. capital, and bordering countries.
Key skills: Locate places, Use globesIdentify ways in which people have modified the physical environment such as clearing land, building roads, and using land for agriculture.
Key skills: Identify modifications, Environmental impactIdentify consequences of human modification of the physical environment.
Key skills: Analyze consequences, Human-environment interactionIdentify ways people can conserve and replenish Earth's resources.
Key skills: Conservation, Resource managementExplain how work provides income to purchase goods and services.
Key skills: Explain income, Goods and servicesExplain the choices people can make about earning, spending, and saving money.
Key skills: Financial choices, Economic decision-makingDistinguish between producing and consuming.
Key skills: Define producers, Define consumersIdentify ways in which people are both producers and consumers.
Key skills: Identify roles, Economic participationTrace the development of a product from a natural resource to a finished product.
Key skills: Trace production, Natural resourcesIdentify functions of governments such as establishing order, providing security, and managing conflict.
Key skills: Identify functions, Purpose of governmentIdentify governmental services in the community such as police and fire protection, libraries, schools, and parks.
Key skills: Identify services, Community valueName current public officials, including mayor, governor, and president.
Key skills: Identify officials, Political leadershipCompare the roles of public officials, including mayor, governor, and president.
Key skills: Compare roles, Analyze leadershipIdentify ways that public officials are selected, including election and appointment to office.
Key skills: Selection process, ElectionsIdentify how citizens participate in their own governance through staying informed, providing input, and volunteering.
Key skills: Civic participation, VolunteerismIdentify characteristics of good citizenship, including truthfulness, justice, equality, respect for oneself and others, and responsibility.
Key skills: Identify traits, Civic virtueIdentify historical figures who exemplified good citizenship such as Paul Revere, Abigail Adams, WASPs, Navajo Code Talkers, and Sojourner Truth.
Key skills: Identify figures, Analyze characterIdentify other individuals who exemplify good citizenship.
Key skills: Identify role models, Community serviceRecite the Pledge of Allegiance to the United States Flag and the Pledge to the Texas Flag.
Key skills: Recite pledges, PatriotismSing, recite, or identify selected patriotic songs, including 'The Star-Spangled Banner' and 'America the Beautiful'.
Key skills: Identify songs, Cultural heritageIdentify symbols such as state and national birds and flowers and Uncle Sam.
Key skills: Identify symbols, National identityIdentify how selected symbols, customs, and celebrations reflect an American love of individualism, inventiveness, and freedom.
Key skills: Analyze symbols, American valuesIdentify the significance of various ethnic and/or cultural customs and celebrations in the local community.
Key skills: Identify customs, Cultural significanceCompare ethnic and/or cultural customs and celebrations in the local community with other communities.
Key skills: Compare cultures, Community diversityDescribe how science and technology have changed communication, transportation, and recreation.
Key skills: Analyze change, Technological impactExplain how technological innovations have changed the way people work.
Key skills: Explain innovation, Workplace changeIdentify individuals who have exhibited individualism and inventiveness such as scientists and inventors.
Key skills: Identify inventors, Analyze characterIdentify and state facts based on relevant evidence.
Key skills: Identify facts, Use evidenceIdentify different kinds of historical sources and artifacts and explain how they can be used to study the past.
Key skills: Identify sources, Analyze artifactsGather information about a topic using a variety of valid oral and visual sources.
Key skills: Gather information, Use diverse sourcesInterpret oral, visual, and print material by sequencing, categorizing, identifying the main idea, and comparing.
Key skills: Interpret material, Critical thinkingDescribe the order of events by using designations of time periods such as historical and present times.
Key skills: Sequence events, Time periodsApply vocabulary related to chronology, including past, present, and future.
Key skills: Use vocabulary, ChronologyCreate and interpret timelines for events in the past and present.
Key skills: Create timelines, Interpret dataUse social studies terminology correctly.
Key skills: Use terminology, Academic languageCommunicate information visually, orally, or in writing based on knowledge and experiences in social studies.
Key skills: Communicate ideas, Multi-modal expressionCreate written and visual material such as stories, maps, and graphic organizers to express ideas.
Key skills: Create materials, Express ideasApply and practice classroom rules and procedures for listening and responding respectfully.
Key skills: Active listening, Respectful responseUse democratic procedures to collaborate with others when making decisions on issues in the classroom, school, or community.
Key skills: Collaborate, Democratic processUse problem-solving and decision-making processes to identify a problem, gather information, and evaluate solutions.
Key skills: Problem-solving, Decision-makingThe student understands how individuals, events, and ideas have influenced the history of various communities.
Key skills: Historical influence, Community changeDescribe how individuals, events, and ideas have changed communities, past and present.
Key skills: Historical analysis, Change over timeIdentify individuals, including Pierre-Charles L'Enfant, Benjamin Banneker, and Benjamin Franklin, who have helped to shape communities.
Key skills: Biographical identification, Community shapingDescribe how individuals, including Daniel Boone and the Founding Fathers, have contributed to the expansion or creation of communities.
Key skills: Expansion history, Founding contributionsThe student understands common characteristics of communities, past and present.
Key skills: Community characteristics, Comparative historyIdentify reasons why people have formed communities, including security, laws, religious freedom, and material well-being.
Key skills: Causal analysis, Community formationCompare ways in which people in the local community and other communities meet their needs for government, education, and recreation.
Key skills: Comparative analysis, Meeting needsCompare ways in which people in the local community and other communities solve problems.
Key skills: Problem solving, Community comparisonThe student understands how humans adapt to variations in the physical environment.
Key skills: Environmental adaptation, Human-environment interactionDescribe and explain variations in the physical environment, including climate, landforms, natural resources, and natural hazards.
Key skills: Physical geography, Environmental featuresIdentify and compare how people in different communities adapt to or modify the physical environment in which they live.
Key skills: Adaptation, ModificationDescribe the effects of human processes such as building new homes, conservation, and pollution in shaping the landscape.
Key skills: Human impact, Landscape changeThe student understands the concepts of location, distance, and direction on maps and globes.
Key skills: Map skills, Spatial awarenessUse cardinal and intermediate directions to locate places on maps and globes in relation to the local community.
Key skills: Directional skills, LocationUse a scale to determine the distance between places on maps and globes.
Key skills: Scale usage, Distance measurementIdentify, create, and interpret maps of communities that contain symbols, representations, and a legend.
Key skills: Map creation, Map interpretationThe student understands the purposes of earning, spending, saving, and donating money.
Key skills: Financial literacy, Money managementIdentify ways of earning, spending, saving, and donating money.
Key skills: Economic choices, Financial actionsCreate a simple budget that allocates money for spending and saving.
Key skills: Budgeting, Financial planningThe student understands the concept of the free enterprise system and how businesses operate in the U.S. free enterprise system.
Key skills: Free enterprise, Business operationsExplain how supply and demand affect the price of a good or service.
Key skills: Supply and demand, Price determinationExplain how the cost of production and selling price affect profits.
Key skills: Profit analysis, Business mathIdentify examples of scarcity and how it affects the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Key skills: Scarcity, Economic impactExplain how specialists and stockholders help businesses operate.
Key skills: Business roles, SpecializationThe student understands the basic structure and functions of local, state, and national government.
Key skills: Government structure, Civic functionsDescribe the basic structure of government (local, state, and national).
Key skills: Structural analysis, Levels of governmentIdentify local, state, and national government officials and explain how they are chosen.
Key skills: Official identification, Electoral processIdentify services commonly provided by local, state, and national governments.
Key skills: Public services, Government rolesExplain how local, state, and national government services are financed.
Key skills: Public finance, TaxationThe student understands important ideas in historical documents at various levels of government.
Key skills: Document analysis, Civic principlesIdentify the purposes of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, including the Bill of Rights.
Key skills: Founding documents, Constitutional purposeDescribe and explain the importance of the concept of 'consent of the governed' as it relates to the functions of local, state, and national government.
Key skills: Democratic principles, Consent of governedThe student understands characteristics of good citizenship as exemplified by historical and contemporary figures.
Key skills: Good citizenship, Role modelsIdentify characteristics of good citizenship, including truthfulness, justice, equality, respect, and responsibility.
Key skills: Civic virtues, Character traitsIdentify historical figures such as Helen Keller and Clara Barton and contemporary figures such as Ruby Bridges who exemplify good citizenship.
Key skills: Biographical identification, Exemplary citizenshipIdentify and explain the importance of individual acts of civic responsibility, including obeying laws and voting.
Key skills: Civic responsibility, Individual actionThe student understands the impact of individual and group decisions on communities in a constitutional republic.
Key skills: Decision making, Community impactGive examples of community changes that result from individual or group decisions.
Key skills: Cause and effect, Community changeIdentify examples of actions individuals and groups can take to improve the community.
Key skills: Community improvement, Civic actionIdentify examples of nonprofit and/or civic organizations such as the Red Cross and explain how they serve the common good.
Key skills: Organization identification, Common goodThe student understands the significance of ethnic and cultural celebrations in the local community and other communities.
Key skills: Cultural celebrations, Ethnic significanceExplain the significance of various ethnic and/or cultural celebrations in the local community and other communities.
Key skills: Cultural analysis, Celebration meaningCompare ethnic and/or cultural celebrations in the local community with other communities.
Key skills: Comparative culture, Celebration comparisonThe student understands the role of real and mythical heroes in shaping the culture of communities, the state, and the nation.
Key skills: Heroic roles, Cultural shapingIdentify and compare the heroic deeds of state and national heroes, including Hector P. Garcia and James A. Lovell.
Key skills: Hero identification, Comparative deedsIdentify and analyze the heroic deeds of individuals, including military and first responders such as the Four Chaplains.
Key skills: Service analysis, Heroic deedsThe student understands the importance of writers and artists to the cultural heritage of communities.
Key skills: Cultural heritage, Artistic contributionIdentify how various writers and artists such as Kadir Nelson and Tomie dePaola contribute to the cultural heritage of communities.
Key skills: Artist identification, Heritage contributionExplain the significance of various individual writers and artists such as Carmen Lomas Garza and Laura Ingalls Wilder.
Key skills: Significance analysis, Literary impactThe student understands how individuals have created or invented new technology and affected life in various communities.
Key skills: Invention impact, Technological changeIdentify scientists and inventors, including Jonas Salk, Maria Mitchell, and others who have discovered or invented new technology.
Key skills: Inventor identification, Scientific discoveryIdentify how science and technology have changed communication, transportation, and recreation.
Key skills: Technological impact, Societal changeThe student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of valid sources, including technology.
Key skills: Critical thinking, Information gatheringGather information, including historical and current events and geographic data, about the community using a variety of resources.
Key skills: Research skills, Data collectionInterpret and create visuals, including graphs, charts, tables, timelines, illustrations, and maps.
Key skills: Visual interpretation, Graphic creationIdentify the historical context of relevant primary and secondary sources.
Key skills: Source analysis, Historical contextThe student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.
Key skills: Communication, Terminology usageUse social studies terminology correctly.
Key skills: Vocabulary usage, Academic languageCreate written and visual material such as stories, pictures, maps, and graphic organizers to express ideas.
Key skills: Creative expression, Idea communicationApply the terms year, decade, and century to describe historical times.
Key skills: Chronological terms, Time measurementThe student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others.
Key skills: Problem solving, Decision makingUse a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, and evaluate the solution.
Key skills: Process application, Solution evaluationUse a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, and identify options.
Key skills: Decision process, Option identificationExplain the origins, similarities, and differences of American Indian groups in Texas before European exploration.
Key skills: Compare cultures, Analyze originsIdentify and compare the ways of life of American Indian groups in Texas before European exploration.
Key skills: Identify groups, Compare lifestylesDescribe the regions in which American Indians lived and identify American Indian groups remaining in Texas.
Key skills: Locate regions, Identify tribesCompare the ways of life of American Indian groups in Texas and North America.
Key skills: Cross-cultural comparison, Analyze environmentsSummarize the causes and effects of European exploration and colonization of Texas and North America.
Key skills: Summarize causes, Analyze effectsIdentify the accomplishments of significant explorers such as Columbus, Pineda, Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, and La Salle.
Key skills: Identify explorers, List accomplishmentsExplain when, where, and why the Spanish established settlements and Catholic missions in Texas.
Key skills: Explain settlement, Analyze missionsIdentify the accomplishments and explain the impact of significant empresarios such as Stephen F. Austin.
Key skills: Identify empresarios, Explain impactIdentify the impact of significant Mexican individuals such as Erasmo Seguín and Martín de León.
Key skills: Identify figures, Analyze contributionsAnalyze the causes of the Texas Revolution, including the Law of April 6, 1830, and the arrest of Stephen F. Austin.
Key skills: Analyze causes, Historical contextSummarize the significant contributions of individuals such as William B. Travis, James Bowie, and David Crockett.
Key skills: Summarize contributions, Identify heroesIdentify leaders important to the founding of Texas as a republic and state, including Sam Houston and Mirabeau Lamar.
Key skills: Identify leaders, Founding historyDescribe the successes, problems, and organizations of the Republic of Texas.
Key skills: Describe Republic, Analyze challengesExplain the events that led to the annexation of Texas to the United States and the impact of the U.S.-Mexican War.
Key skills: Explain annexation, Analyze war impactDescribe the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Texas.
Key skills: Describe impact, Analyze changeExplain the growth, development, and impact of the cattle industry, including contributions by Charles Goodnight.
Key skills: Explain industry, Identify figuresExplain the effects of the railroad industry on life in Texas, including changes to cities and major industries.
Key skills: Analyze railroads, Urban growthExplain the effects on American Indian life brought about by the Red River War and building of U.S. forts.
Key skills: Analyze conflict, Impact on IndiansExplain the impact of various events on life in Texas such as the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl, and World War II.
Key skills: Analyze events, Historical impactExplain the development and impact of the oil and gas industry upon industrialization and urbanization in Texas.
Key skills: Explain oil industry, UrbanizationIdentify the accomplishments of notable individuals such as Audie Murphy, Cleto Rodríguez, and Bessie Coleman.
Key skills: Identify figures, List accomplishmentsApply geographic tools, including grid systems, legends, symbols, scales, and compass roses, to construct and interpret maps.
Key skills: Use map tools, Interpret mapsTranslate geographic data, population distribution, and natural resources into a variety of formats such as graphs and maps.
Key skills: Data translation, Create visualsDescribe a variety of regions in Texas and the United States such as political, population, and economic regions.
Key skills: Describe regions, Analyze patternsIdentify, locate, and compare the geographic regions of Texas, including their landforms, climate, and vegetation.
Key skills: Locate regions, Compare landformsLocate and identify the major cities in Texas and explain their distribution.
Key skills: Locate cities, Analyze distributionIdentify and explain clusters of settlement in Texas and of where people live in regions of Texas and North America.
Key skills: Identify settlement, Explain locationDescribe and explain the location and distribution of various towns and cities in Texas, past and present.
Key skills: Describe distribution, Historical geographyExplain the geographic factors such as landforms and climate that influence the location of economic activities in Texas.
Key skills: Analyze factors, Economic geographyExplain how people in different regions of Texas earn their living, past and present.
Key skills: Explain livelihoods, Compare erasExplain how geographic factors such as resources and climate influence the location of economic activities in Texas.
Key skills: Analyze resources, Locate activitiesIdentify the effects of exploration and colonization on the economic development of Texas.
Key skills: Identify effects, Economic historyDescribe how the free enterprise system works, including supply and demand.
Key skills: Describe system, Supply and demandIdentify examples of the benefits of the free enterprise system such as choice and opportunity.
Key skills: Identify benefits, Economic choiceDescribe the development of the free enterprise system in Texas such as the growth of cash crops and the railroad boom.
Key skills: Describe development, Analyze growthDistinguish between fixed and variable expenses.
Key skills: Distinguish expenses, Financial literacyExplain the purpose of savings and identify the role of financial institutions.
Key skills: Explain savings, Identify institutionsExplain the importance of setting financial goals and identify the role of financial institutions in saving.
Key skills: Set goals, Analyze savingExplain the importance of setting financial goals and identify the role of financial institutions in saving.
Key skills: Financial planning, Goal settingDescribe the purpose of government and identify the three branches of government in Texas.
Key skills: Describe purpose, Identify branchesIdentify the services provided by state and local governments and explain how they are funded.
Key skills: Identify services, Explain fundingIdentify the role of the Texas Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Key skills: Identify role, Analyze documentsIdentify the role of the governor, the Texas Legislature, and the Texas courts.
Key skills: Identify roles, Analyze functionsIdentify the role of local government and the services it provides.
Key skills: Identify local role, List servicesIdentify the role of the Texas Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Key skills: Analyze Constitution, Identify rightsExplain the duty of the individual in state and local elections such as being informed and voting.
Key skills: Explain duty, Analyze votingExplain how individuals can participate voluntarily in civic affairs at state and local levels.
Key skills: Explain participation, Civic engagementExplain the importance of using voting as a method for group decision making.
Key skills: Analyze voting, Group decision makingIdentify the importance of historical figures such as Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston.
Key skills: Identify figures, Analyze importanceIdentify the importance of symbols, customs, and celebrations of Texas.
Key skills: Identify symbols, Analyze customsIdentify the importance of the Texas Declaration of Independence and the Texas Constitution.
Key skills: Analyze documents, Historical significanceExplain the importance of voluntary participation in civic affairs.
Key skills: Explain importance, Civic dutyExplain the importance of effective leadership in a democratic society.
Key skills: Analyze leadership, Democratic principlesIdentify the importance of various cultural groups in the development of Texas.
Key skills: Identify groups, Analyze developmentIdentify the contributions of various cultural groups to the arts and literature of Texas.
Key skills: Identify contributions, Analyze artsIdentify the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on life in Texas.
Key skills: Identify impact, Analyze innovationDescribe how scientific discoveries and technological innovations have modified the physical environment.
Key skills: Describe modification, Environmental impactDifferentiate between, locate, and use valid primary and secondary sources to acquire information.
Key skills: Differentiate sources, Locate infoAnalyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect, and summarizing.
Key skills: Analyze info, SummarizeOrganize and interpret information in outlines, reports, databases, and visuals.
Key skills: Organize info, Interpret visualsIdentify different points of view about an issue, topic, or historical event.
Key skills: Identify perspectives, Analyze biasUse appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.
Key skills: Use math skills, Interpret dataUse social studies terminology correctly.
Key skills: Use terminology, Academic languageIncorporate main and supporting ideas in verbal and written communication.
Key skills: Communicate ideas, Structure writingExpress ideas orally based on research and experiences.
Key skills: Oral expression, Present researchCreate written and visual material such as reports, graphic organizers, and outlines.
Key skills: Create materials, Visual designUse standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
Key skills: Use grammar, Writing mechanicsUse a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, and choose a solution.
Key skills: Problem solving, Gather infoUse a decision-making process to identify a situation, gather information, and take action.
Key skills: Decision making, Take actionexplain when, where, and why groups of people explored, colonized, and settled in the United States, including the search for religious freedom and economic gain
Key skills: Explain colonization, Identify motivationsdescribe the accomplishments of significant individuals during the colonial period, including William Penn, John Smith, and Roger Williams
Key skills: Describe accomplishments, Identify colonial leadersidentify and analyze the causes and effects of events prior to and during the American Revolution, including the French and Indian War and the Boston Tea Party
Key skills: Analyze causes/effects, Identify revolutionary eventsidentify the Founding Fathers and patriot groups, including the Sons of Liberty, the Daughters of Liberty, and the Committees of Correspondence
Key skills: Identify Founding Fathers, Recognize patriot groupsexplain the contributions of significant individuals during the revolutionary period, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin
Key skills: Explain contributions, Identify revolutionary leadersidentify the issues that led to the creation of the U.S. Constitution, including the Articles of Confederation
Key skills: Identify constitutional issues, Analyze Articles of Confederationidentify the contributions of individuals, including James Madison, and others such as George Mason, who helped create the U.S. Constitution
Key skills: Identify contributors, Explain constitutional rolesdescribe the causes and effects of the War of 1812
Key skills: Describe causes/effects, Analyze War of 1812identify and explain how changes resulting from the Industrial Revolution led to conflict among sections of the United States
Key skills: Explain Industrial Revolution, Analyze sectional conflictidentify significant events and concepts associated with U.S. territorial expansion, including the Louisiana Purchase, the expedition of Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny
Key skills: Identify expansion events, Explain Manifest Destinyexplain the central role of the expansion of slavery in causing the Civil War and the effects of the war on the United States
Key skills: Explain slavery's role, Analyze Civil War effectsexplain the effects of the Civil War on the United States, including the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Key skills: Explain war effects, Identify Reconstruction amendmentsanalyze various issues and events of the 20th century such as the Great Depression, World War I, World War II, and the Civil Rights Movement
Key skills: Analyze 20th-century events, Identify historical issuesanalyze various issues and events of the 21st century such as the 9/11 attacks and the impact of technology on society
Key skills: Analyze 21st-century events, Evaluate technology impactapply geographic tools, including grid systems, legends, symbols, scales, and compass roses, to construct and interpret maps
Key skills: Apply geographic tools, Interpret mapstranslate geographic data into a variety of formats such as raw data to graphs and maps
Key skills: Translate data, Create graphs/mapsdescribe a variety of regions in the United States such as political, population, and economic regions that result from physical characteristics
Key skills: Describe regions, Identify physical characteristicslocate on a map important political features such as the ten largest urban areas in the United States, the 50 states and their capitals, and regions
Key skills: Locate political features, Identify states/capitalslocate on a map important physical features such as the Rocky Mountains, Mississippi River, and Great Plains
Key skills: Locate physical features, Identify major landmarksidentify and describe the types of settlement and patterns of land use in the United States
Key skills: Identify settlement types, Describe land useexplain the geographic factors that influence patterns of settlement and the distribution of population in the United States, past and present
Key skills: Explain settlement factors, Analyze population distributionanalyze the reasons for the location of cities in the United States, including Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, New Orleans, and San Francisco
Key skills: Analyze city locations, Identify urban factorsdescribe how and why people have adapted to and modified their environment in the United States, past and present
Key skills: Describe adaptation, Analyze environmental modificationanalyze the positive and negative consequences of human modification of the environment in the United States, past and present
Key skills: Analyze consequences, Evaluate environmental impactexplain the economic patterns of early European colonization and the development of the free enterprise system in the United States
Key skills: Explain economic patterns, Trace free enterprise developmentidentify major industries of colonial America
Key skills: Identify colonial industries, Recognize economic activitiesdescribe the development of the free enterprise system in colonial America and the United States
Key skills: Describe system development, Analyze economic historydescribe how the free enterprise system works in the United States
Key skills: Describe system mechanics, Explain economic functionsgive examples of the benefits of the free enterprise system in the United States
Key skills: Identify system benefits, Provide economic examplesexplain how industry and the mechanization of agriculture changed the American way of life
Key skills: Explain industrial impact, Analyze agricultural changeidentify the challenges, opportunities, and contributions of people from various backgrounds to the economic growth of the United States
Key skills: Identify economic contributions, Analyze growth factorsidentify and compare the systems of government of early European colonists, including representative government and monarchy
Key skills: Compare government systems, Identify colonial governanceidentify examples of representative government in the American colonies, including the Mayflower Compact and the Virginia House of Burgesses
Key skills: Identify representative examples, Analyze early governanceidentify the purposes of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution as outlined in the Preamble
Key skills: Identify document purposes, Analyze the Preambleexplain the framework of government established by the U.S. Constitution, including the powers of the three branches and checks and balances
Key skills: Explain government framework, Identify branches/checksexplain the reasons for the creation of the Bill of Rights and its importance
Key skills: Explain Bill of Rights, Analyze its importanceexplain the importance of individual participation in the democratic process at the local, state, and national levels
Key skills: Explain civic participation, Analyze democratic processexplain how to contact elected and appointed leaders in local, state, and federal governments
Key skills: Explain leader contact, Identify government levelsexplain the importance of the right to vote
Key skills: Explain voting importance, Analyze civic rightsidentify important symbols, customs, celebrations, and landmarks that represent American beliefs and principles
Key skills: Identify national symbols, Recognize American principlesexplain the significance of important landmarks, including the White House, the Statue of Liberty, and Mount Rushmore
Key skills: Explain landmark significance, Identify national sitesidentify the accomplishments of individuals and groups who have made a difference in the United States, including Susan B. Anthony and Martin Luther King Jr.
Key skills: Identify civic leaders, Describe accomplishmentsidentify significant examples of art, music, and literature from various periods in U.S. history
Key skills: Identify cultural examples, Recognize historical artexplain how examples of art, music, and literature reflect the times during which they were created
Key skills: Explain cultural reflection, Analyze art/history linkidentify the similarities and differences within and among various racial, ethnic, and religious groups in the United States
Key skills: Identify group differences, Compare cultural groupsdescribe customs and traditions of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups in the United States
Key skills: Describe customs, Identify traditionssummarize the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity
Key skills: Summarize contributions, Identify national identityidentify the impact of various inventions and innovations on life in the United States, including the steamboat, cotton gin, and telegraph
Key skills: Identify invention impact, Recognize innovationsexplain how scientific discoveries and technological innovations in medicine, communication, and transportation have modified the way of life
Key skills: Explain tech modification, Analyze scientific impactdifferentiate between, locate, and use valid primary and secondary sources to acquire information about the United States
Key skills: Differentiate sources, Locate informationanalyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect, comparing, contrasting, and drawing conclusions
Key skills: Analyze information, Draw conclusionsorganize and interpret information in outlines, reports, databases, and visuals, including graphs, charts, timelines, and maps
Key skills: Organize information, Interpret visualsidentify different points of view about an issue, topic, or current event
Key skills: Identify points of view, Analyze perspectivesidentify the historical context of an event
Key skills: Identify historical context, Analyze event settinguse social studies terminology correctly
Key skills: Use terminology, Apply vocabularyincorporate main and supporting ideas in verbal and written communication
Key skills: Incorporate ideas, Communicate effectivelyexpress ideas orally based on research and experiences
Key skills: Express ideas orally, Present researchcreate written and visual material such as journal entries, reports, graphic organizers, and outlines
Key skills: Create materials, Design visualsuse standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation
Key skills: Use standard grammar, Apply writing mechanicsuse a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list options, and evaluate solutions
Key skills: Use problem-solving, Evaluate solutionsuse a decision-making process to identify a situation, gather information, identify options, and take action
Key skills: Use decision-making, Implement actionstrace characteristics of various contemporary societies in regions that resulted from historical events or factors such as colonization, immigration, and trade
Key skills: Historical tracing, Cultural analysisanalyze the historical background of various contemporary societies to evaluate relationships between past conflicts and current conditions
Key skills: Conflict analysis, Historical backgroundidentify and describe the historical influence of individuals or groups on contemporary societies
Key skills: Individual influence, Group influencedescribe the social, political, economic, and cultural contributions of individuals and groups from various societies, past and present
Key skills: Cultural contributions, Societal impactidentify and explain the geographic factors responsible for the location of economic activities in places and regions
Key skills: Economic location, Geographic factorsidentify and explain the geographic factors responsible for the location of population centers in places and regions
Key skills: Population centers, Geographic factorsexplain the impact of geographic factors on economic development and the domestic and foreign policies of societies
Key skills: Policy analysis, Economic developmentlocate various contemporary societies on maps and globes using latitude and longitude to determine absolute location
Key skills: Map skills, Absolute locationidentify and explain the geographic factors that influence a society's ability to produce and distribute goods and services
Key skills: Production factors, Distributionidentify and explain the geographic factors that influence a society's ability to participate in international trade
Key skills: International trade, Geographic influenceidentify and explain the geographic factors that influence a society's ability to provide for its citizens
Key skills: Citizen provision, Geographic factorsidentify and explain the geographic factors that influence a society's ability to maintain a stable government
Key skills: Government stability, Geographic factorsidentify and explain the geographic factors that influence a society's ability to protect its citizens
Key skills: Citizen protection, Geographic factorscompare ways in which various societies organize the production and distribution of goods and services
Key skills: Economic organization, Production/distributionidentify and explain the factors of production in various societies
Key skills: Factors of production, Economic systemsexplain the impact of the distribution of resources on international trade and economic interdependence among societies
Key skills: Resource distribution, Interdependencedescribe the role of the free enterprise system in various societies
Key skills: Free enterprise, Economic rolescompare the free enterprise system with other economic systems
Key skills: Economic comparison, System analysisidentify and explain the role of government in various economic systems
Key skills: Government role, Economic systemsidentify and explain the role of the individual in various economic systems
Key skills: Individual role, Economic systemsidentify and explain the role of technology in various economic systems
Key skills: Technology impact, Economic systemsidentify and explain the role of innovation in various economic systems
Key skills: Innovation role, Economic systemsidentify and explain the role of entrepreneurship in various economic systems
Key skills: Entrepreneurship, Economic systemsdescribe and compare examples of limited and unlimited governments
Key skills: Limited/unlimited government, Comparisonidentify and explain the characteristics of various types of government
Key skills: Government types, Characteristicsidentify and explain the reasons for the development of various types of government
Key skills: Government development, Causal factorsidentify and explain the role of the individual in various types of government
Key skills: Individual role, Government typesidentify and explain the role of the government in various types of government
Key skills: Government role, Power structuresidentify and explain the rights and responsibilities of citizens in various societies
Key skills: Rights/responsibilities, Citizenshipidentify and explain the role of the individual in the political process in various societies
Key skills: Political process, Individual roleidentify and explain the role of the individual in the legal process in various societies
Key skills: Legal process, Individual roleidentify and explain the role of the individual in the social process in various societies
Key skills: Social process, Individual roleidentify and explain the role of the individual in the cultural process in various societies
Key skills: Cultural process, Individual roleidentify and explain the characteristics of various cultures
Key skills: Cultural characteristics, Comparisonidentify and explain the reasons for the development of various cultures
Key skills: Cultural development, Causal factorsidentify and explain the impact of cultural diffusion on various societies
Key skills: Cultural diffusion, Societal impactidentify and explain the role of religion in various societies
Key skills: Religion role, Societal impactidentify and explain the role of the arts in various societies
Key skills: Arts role, Societal impactidentify and explain the impact of scientific discoveries on various societies
Key skills: Scientific discoveries, Societal impactidentify and explain the impact of technological innovations on various societies
Key skills: Technological innovation, Societal impactdifferentiate between, locate, and use valid primary and secondary sources such as computer software; interviews; biographies; oral, print, and visual material; and artifacts
Key skills: Source evaluation, Research skillsanalyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, finding the main idea, summarizing, making generalizations and predictions, and drawing inferences and conclusions
Key skills: Information analysis, Critical thinkingorganize and interpret information from outlines, reports, databases, and visuals, including graphs, charts, timelines, and maps
Key skills: Data interpretation, Visual analysisidentify different points of view about an issue or current topic
Key skills: Point of view, Issue analysisidentify the elements of frame of reference that influenced participants in an event
Key skills: Frame of reference, Event analysisuse social studies terminology correctly
Key skills: Terminology usage, Communicationincorporate main and supporting ideas in verbal and written communication
Key skills: Idea organization, Communicationexpress ideas orally based on research and experiences
Key skills: Oral expression, Research-basedcreate written and visual material such as journal entries, reports, graphic organizers, outlines, and bibliographies
Key skills: Material creation, Reportinguse standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation
Key skills: Grammar/mechanics, Writing skillsuse a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness
Key skills: Problem solving, Solution evaluationuse a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, identify options, predict consequences, and take action to implement a decision
Key skills: Decision making, Consequence predictionidentify the major eras in Texas history, describe their defining characteristics, and explain the purpose of dividing the past into eras.
Key skills: Identify eras, Describe characteristicsapply absolute and relative chronology through the sequencing of significant individuals, events, and time periods.
Key skills: Chronology, Sequencingexplain the significance of the following dates: 1519, 1718, 1821, 1836, 1845, 1861, 1876, and 1901.
Key skills: Historical dates, Significancecompare cultures of American Indians in Texas prior to European colonization such as Gulf, Plains, Puebloan, and Southeastern.
Key skills: Compare cultures, Native Americansidentify important individuals, events, and issues related to European exploration of Texas such as Alonso Álvarez de Pineda and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca.
Key skills: Exploration, Key individualsidentify important events and issues related to European colonization of Texas, including the establishment of Catholic missions, towns, and ranches.
Key skills: Colonization, Missionsidentify the individuals, issues, and events related to Mexico becoming an independent nation and its impact on Texas.
Key skills: Mexican independence, Impact on Texasidentify the contributions of significant individuals, including Moses Austin, Stephen F. Austin, Erasmo Seguín, Martín de León, and Green DeWitt.
Key skills: Empresarios, Settlementcontrast Spanish, Mexican, and Anglo purposes for and methods of settlement in Texas.
Key skills: Contrast settlement, Colonization methodstrace the development of events that led to the Texas Revolution, including the Law of April 6, 1830, and the Turtle Bayou Resolutions.
Key skills: Trace events, Causes of revolutionexplain the roles played by significant individuals during the Texas Revolution, including George Childress, Lorenzo de Zavala, and Sam Houston.
Key skills: Revolutionary leaders, Biographical rolesexplain the issues surrounding significant events of the Texas Revolution, including the Battle of Gonzales and the siege of the Alamo.
Key skills: Revolutionary events, Historical issuesidentify individuals, events, and issues during the administrations of Republic of Texas Presidents Houston, Lamar, and Jones.
Key skills: Republic of Texas, Presidential issuesanalyze the causes of and events leading to Texas annexation.
Key skills: Annexation, Causal analysisidentify individuals, events, and issues during early Texas statehood, including the U.S.-Mexican War and the Compromise of 1850.
Key skills: Early statehood, U.S.-Mexican Warexplain reasons for the involvement of Texas in the Civil War such as states' rights, slavery, sectionalism, and tariffs.
Key skills: Civil War causes, Sectionalismanalyze the political, economic, and social effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction in Texas.
Key skills: War effects, Reconstructionidentify significant individuals and events concerning Texas and the Civil War such as John Bell Hood and the Battle of Galveston.
Key skills: Civil War figures, Texas battlesidentify significant individuals, events, and issues from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20th century.
Key skills: Post-war Texas, Historical issuesidentify significant individuals, events, and issues from the close of the frontier, including the Red River War and the Texas Rangers.
Key skills: Frontier closing, Texas Rangersidentify significant individuals, events, and issues from the development of the cattle industry, including the myths and realities of the cowboy.
Key skills: Cattle industry, Cowboy cultureexplain the political, economic, and social impact of the agricultural industry and the development of the railroad system in Texas.
Key skills: Agriculture, Railroadsexplain the political, economic, and social impact of the oil industry on the industrialization of Texas.
Key skills: Oil industry, Industrializationdefine and trace the impact of "boom-and-bust" cycles of leading Texas industries throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries.
Key skills: Boom-and-bust, Economic cyclesdescribe and compare the impact of the Progressive and other reform movements in Texas in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Key skills: Reform movements, Progressivismanalyze the political, economic, and social impact of major events, including World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II, on Texas.
Key skills: World wars, Great Depressionanalyze the political, economic, and social impact of major events in the latter half of the 20th and early 21st centuries.
Key skills: Modern Texas, Social impactcreate and interpret thematic maps, graphs, charts, models, and databases representing various aspects of Texas.
Key skills: Map creation, Data interpretationanalyze and interpret geographic distributions and patterns in Texas during the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
Key skills: Geographic patterns, Distribution analysislocate the Mountains and Basins, Great Plains, North Central Plains, and Coastal Plains regions and places of importance in Texas.
Key skills: Texas regions, Location skillscompare places and regions of Texas in terms of physical and human characteristics.
Key skills: Compare regions, Physical geographyanalyze the effects of physical and human factors such as climate, weather, and natural resources on events in Texas.
Key skills: Environmental impact, Human-geographyidentify ways in which Texans have adapted to and modified the environment.
Key skills: Adaptation, Modificationexplain the ways in which geographic factors such as the Galveston Hurricane and the Dust Bowl have affected Texas.
Key skills: Natural disasters, Geographic impactanalyze why immigrant groups came to Texas and where they settled.
Key skills: Immigration, Settlement patternsanalyze how immigration and migration to Texas have influenced Texas society and culture.
Key skills: Cultural influence, Migrationdescribe how the free enterprise system works in Texas.
Key skills: Free enterprise, Economic systemsexplain the impact of the scarcity of resources and the development of the free enterprise system in Texas.
Key skills: Scarcity, Economic developmentanalyze the impact of significant industries in Texas such as oil and gas, aerospace, and computer technologies.
Key skills: Texas industries, Market impactidentify the council-manager and mayor-council forms of municipal government.
Key skills: Municipal government, City structureidentify the major sources of revenue for state and local governments such as property tax and sales tax.
Key skills: Government revenue, Taxationdescribe the structure and functions of government at municipal, county, and state levels.
Key skills: Government structure, Local governmentidentify how the Texas Constitution reflects the principles of limited government, checks and balances, and individual rights.
Key skills: Constitutional principles, Limited governmentcompare the principles and concepts of the Texas Constitution to the U.S. Constitution.
Key skills: Compare constitutions, Political conceptsexplain the rights of Texas citizens as outlined in the Texas Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Key skills: Citizen rights, Bill of Rightsexplain the civic responsibilities of Texas citizens and the importance of civic participation.
Key skills: Civic responsibility, Participationidentify different points of view of political parties and interest groups on important Texas issues.
Key skills: Political parties, Points of viewdescribe the importance of free speech and press in a democratic society.
Key skills: Free speech, Democratic valuesidentify the leadership qualities of elected and appointed leaders of Texas, past and present.
Key skills: Leadership qualities, Texas leadersidentify the contributions of Texas leaders such as Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross and Barbara Jordan.
Key skills: Leader contributions, Biographical studyexplain how the diversity of Texas is reflected in cultural activities, celebrations, and contributions to the arts.
Key skills: Cultural diversity, Arts and culturedescribe how people from various racial, ethnic, and religious groups have maintained their cultural heritage while adapting to Texas culture.
Key skills: Cultural heritage, Adaptationidentify examples of Spanish influence and the influence of other cultures on Texas.
Key skills: Spanish influence, Cultural exchangecompare types and uses of technology, past and present.
Key skills: Compare technology, Technological changeidentify Texas leaders in science and technology such as Michael DeBakey and Michael Dell.
Key skills: Science leaders, Innovationanalyze the effects of various scientific discoveries and technological innovations on the development of Texas.
Key skills: Scientific impact, Industry developmentevaluate the effects of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on the use of resources such as fossil fuels, water, and land.
Key skills: Resource use, Environmental impactanalyze how scientific discoveries and technological innovations have resulted in an interdependence among Texas, the United States, and the world.
Key skills: Interdependence, Global impactdifferentiate between, locate, and use valid primary and secondary sources to acquire information about Texas.
Key skills: Source analysis, Researchanalyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, and contrasting.
Key skills: Critical thinking, Data analysisorganize and interpret information from outlines, reports, databases, and visuals, including graphs, charts, timelines, and maps.
Key skills: Organize info, Visual analysisidentify points of view from the historical context surrounding an event and the frame of reference that influenced the participants.
Key skills: Historical context, Point of viewsupport a point of view on a social studies issue or event.
Key skills: Argumentation, Support claimsevaluate a variety of historical and contemporary sources for validity, credibility, bias, and accuracy.
Key skills: Evaluate sources, Bias detectionuse social studies terminology correctly.
Key skills: Terminology, Academic languageanalyze and interpret geographic distributions and patterns in Texas during the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
Key skills: Geographic analysis, Pattern recognitionapply mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.
Key skills: Math application, Data interpretationuse standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, punctuation, and proper citation of sources.
Key skills: Writing skills, Citationtransfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and statistical to written or visual.
Key skills: Media transfer, Communicationcreate written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.
Key skills: Presentation, Communicationapply foundational language skills to engage in civil discourse about social studies topics.
Key skills: Civil discourse, Discussionuse a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, and evaluate the solution.
Key skills: Problem solving, Evaluationuse a decision-making process to identify a situation, gather information, identify options, and take action.
Key skills: Decision making, Action planningIdentify the major eras and events in U.S. history through 1877, including colonization, revolution, drafting of the Declaration of Independence, creation and ratification of the Constitution, and describe their causes and effects.
Key skills: Identify eras, Describe causes/effectsApply absolute and relative chronology through the sequencing of significant individuals, events, and time periods.
Key skills: Apply chronology, Sequence eventsExplain the significance of the following dates: 1607, 1620, 1776, 1787, 1803, and 1861-1865.
Key skills: Explain significance, Identify key datesIdentify reasons for English, Spanish, and French exploration and colonization of North America.
Key skills: Identify reasons, Analyze explorationCompare political, economic, religious, and social reasons for the establishment of the 13 English colonies.
Key skills: Compare reasons, Analyze colonizationExplain the reasons for the growth of representative government and institutions during the colonial period.
Key skills: Explain growth, Analyze governmentAnalyze the importance of the Mayflower Compact, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the Virginia House of Burgesses to the growth of representative government.
Key skills: Analyze documents, Evaluate impactDescribe how religion and virtue contributed to the growth of representative government in the American colonies.
Key skills: Describe influence, Analyze virtueAnalyze causes of the American Revolution, including the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act, mercantilism, lack of representation in Parliament, and British economic policies following the French and Indian War.
Key skills: Analyze causes, Evaluate policiesExplain the roles played by significant individuals during the American Revolution, including Abigail Adams, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington.
Key skills: Explain roles, Identify individualsExplain the issues surrounding important events of the American Revolution, including declaring independence; fighting the battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown; and signing the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
Key skills: Explain issues, Analyze eventsAnalyze the issues of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, including the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.
Key skills: Analyze issues, Evaluate compromisesAnalyze the arguments for and against ratification.
Key skills: Analyze arguments, Evaluate ratificationDescribe major domestic problems faced by the leaders of the new republic, including maintaining national security, creating a stable economic system, and setting up the court system.
Key skills: Describe problems, Analyze leadershipSummarize arguments regarding protective tariffs, taxation, and the banking system.
Key skills: Summarize arguments, Analyze economicsExplain the origin and development of American political parties.
Key skills: Explain origin, Analyze developmentExplain the causes, important events, and effects of the War of 1812.
Key skills: Explain causes, Analyze effectsIdentify the foreign policies of presidents Washington through Monroe and explain the impact of the Monroe Doctrine.
Key skills: Identify policies, Explain impactExplain the impact of the election of Andrew Jackson, including expanded suffrage and the spoils system.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze electionsAnalyze federal and state Indian policies and the removal and resettlement of Cherokee Indians during the Jacksonian Era.
Key skills: Analyze policies, Evaluate removalExplain how the Northwest Ordinance established principles and procedures for orderly expansion of the United States.
Key skills: Explain principles, Analyze expansionExplain the political, economic, and social roots of Manifest Destiny.
Key skills: Explain roots, Analyze ideologyAnalyze how the U.S. government policies and the use of the Mississippi River and the Oregon Trail contributed to westward expansion.
Key skills: Analyze policies, Evaluate impactExplain the causes and effects of the U.S.-Mexican War and their impact on the United States.
Key skills: Explain causes, Analyze effectsIdentify areas that were acquired to form the United States, including the Louisiana Purchase and the Mexican Cession.
Key skills: Identify areas, Analyze acquisitionAnalyze the impact of tariff policies on sections of the United States before the Civil War.
Key skills: Analyze impact, Evaluate policiesCompare the effects of political, economic, and social factors on slaves and free blacks.
Key skills: Compare effects, Analyze factorsAnalyze the impact of slavery on different sections of the United States.
Key skills: Analyze impact, Evaluate sectionalismIdentify the provisions and compare the effects of congressional conflicts and compromises prior to the Civil War.
Key skills: Identify provisions, Compare effectsExplain the roles played by significant individuals during the Civil War, including Jefferson Davis, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Abraham Lincoln.
Key skills: Explain roles, Identify individualsExplain the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states' rights, and slavery, and significant events of the Civil War.
Key skills: Explain causes, Analyze eventsAnalyze Abraham Lincoln's ideas about liberty, equality, union, and government as uttered in his first and second inaugural addresses and the Gettysburg Address.
Key skills: Analyze ideas, Evaluate speechesEvaluate legislative reform programs of the Radical Reconstruction Congress and reconstructed state governments.
Key skills: Evaluate programs, Analyze reformExplain the economic, political, and social problems during Reconstruction and evaluate their impact on different groups.
Key skills: Explain problems, Evaluate impactIdentify the effects of legislative acts such as the Homestead Act, the Dawes Act, and the Morrill Act.
Key skills: Identify effects, Analyze legislationLocate places and regions of importance in the United States during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
Key skills: Locate places, Identify regionsCompare places and regions of the United States in terms of physical and human characteristics.
Key skills: Compare places, Analyze characteristicsAnalyze the effects of physical and human geographic factors on major historical events and phenomena.
Key skills: Analyze effects, Evaluate factorsAnalyze how physical characteristics of the environment influenced population distribution, settlement patterns, and economic activities.
Key skills: Analyze influence, Evaluate patternsDescribe the positive and negative consequences of human modification of the physical environment of the United States.
Key skills: Describe consequences, Analyze modificationDescribe how different immigrant groups interacted with the environment in the United States during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
Key skills: Describe interaction, Analyze immigrationIdentify economic differences among different regions of the United States.
Key skills: Identify differences, Analyze regionsExplain reasons for the development of the plantation system, the transatlantic slave trade, and the spread of slavery.
Key skills: Explain reasons, Analyze developmentExplain the reasons for the increase in factories and urbanization.
Key skills: Explain reasons, Analyze urbanizationAnalyze the causes and effects of economic differences among different regions of the United States at selected times in U.S. history.
Key skills: Analyze causes/effects, Evaluate differencesAnalyze the historical origins of the free enterprise system in the United States.
Key skills: Analyze origins, Evaluate systemDescribe why a free enterprise system of economics developed in the new nation, including minimal government intrusion, taxation, and property rights.
Key skills: Describe development, Analyze factorsDescribe the characteristics and the benefits of the U.S. free enterprise system during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Key skills: Describe characteristics, Evaluate benefitsExplain the reasons for the increase in factories and urbanization.
Key skills: Explain reasons, Analyze growthIdentify the scientific discoveries and technological innovations that fueled the Industrial Revolution.
Key skills: Identify innovations, Analyze impactIdentify the influence of ideas from historic documents, including the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the Mayflower Compact, and the Declaration of Independence.
Key skills: Identify influence, Analyze documentsSummarize the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Key skills: Summarize strengths/weaknesses, Evaluate governmentIdentify colonial grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence and explain how those grievances were addressed in the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
Key skills: Identify grievances, Explain resolutionAnalyze how the U.S. Constitution reflects the principles of limited government, republicanism, checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and individual rights.
Key skills: Analyze principles, Evaluate ConstitutionSummarize the purposes for and process of amending the U.S. Constitution.
Key skills: Summarize purposes, Analyze processDescribe the impact of 19th-century amendments, including the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, on life in the United States.
Key skills: Describe impact, Analyze amendmentsAnalyze the arguments of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, including those of Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry, James Madison, and George Mason.
Key skills: Analyze arguments, Identify individualsExplain constitutional issues arising over the issue of states' rights, including the Nullification Crisis and the Civil War.
Key skills: Explain issues, Analyze states' rightsIdentify the origin of judicial review.
Key skills: Identify origin, Analyze judiciarySummarize the issues, decisions, and significance of landmark Supreme Court cases, including Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden.
Key skills: Summarize cases, Evaluate significanceEvaluate the impact of the landmark Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford.
Key skills: Evaluate impact, Analyze decisionDefine and give examples of unalienable rights.
Key skills: Define rights, Provide examplesSummarize rights guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.
Key skills: Summarize rights, Analyze Bill of RightsIdentify examples of responsible citizenship, including obeying laws, staying informed on public issues, voting, and serving on juries.
Key skills: Identify examples, Analyze responsibilityExplain the importance of personal liberty and the common good to a constitutional republic.
Key skills: Explain importance, Evaluate libertyExplain the role of significant individuals such as William Blackstone, John Locke, and Charles de Montesquieu in the development of self-government in colonial America.
Key skills: Explain role, Identify thinkersExplain the role of significant individuals who supported various rights and responsibilities of citizenship.
Key skills: Explain role, Analyze citizenshipExplain the importance of the expression of different points of view in a constitutional republic.
Key skills: Explain importance, Analyze viewpointsAnalyze the importance of the free speech and press of the First Amendment to the American way of life.
Key skills: Analyze importance, Evaluate First AmendmentIdentify different points of view of political parties and interest groups on important historical issues.
Key skills: Identify points of view, Analyze issuesDescribe the importance of free speech and press in a constitutional republic.
Key skills: Describe importance, Evaluate rightsSummarize a historical event in which compromise resulted in a peaceful resolution.
Key skills: Summarize event, Analyze compromiseAnalyze the leadership qualities of elected and appointed leaders of the United States such as George Washington, John Marshall, and Abraham Lincoln.
Key skills: Analyze leadership, Evaluate qualitiesDescribe the contributions of significant political, social, and military leaders of the United States such as Frederick Douglass, John Paul Jones, James Monroe, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Key skills: Describe contributions, Identify leadersIdentify the historical development of the abolitionist movement.
Key skills: Identify development, Analyze movementEvaluate the impact of reform movements, including educational reform, temperance, the women's rights movement, prison reform, and the care of the disabled.
Key skills: Evaluate impact, Analyze reformDescribe the historical development of the women's rights movement, including the Seneca Falls Convention.
Key skills: Describe development, Analyze movementExplain the relationship between the arts and the times during which they were created.
Key skills: Explain relationship, Analyze artsTrace the development of religious freedom in the United States.
Key skills: Trace development, Analyze freedomDescribe religious influences on social movements, including the impact of the First and Second Great Awakenings.
Key skills: Describe influences, Analyze movementsAnalyze the impact of the First Amendment guarantees of religious freedom on the American way of life.
Key skills: Analyze impact, Evaluate freedomIdentify examples of American art, music, and literature that transcend the time in which they were created and convey universal themes.
Key skills: Identify examples, Analyze themesAnalyze the relationship between fine arts and continuity and change in the American way of life.
Key skills: Analyze relationship, Evaluate changeExplain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, the cotton gin, the telegraph, and interchangeable parts.
Key skills: Explain effects, Analyze innovationsAnalyze how technological innovations changed the way goods were manufactured and marketed, nationally and internationally.
Key skills: Analyze change, Evaluate marketingAnalyze how technological innovations brought about economic growth such as the development of the factory system and the Erie Canal.
Key skills: Analyze growth, Evaluate impactCompare the effects of scientific discoveries and technological innovations that have influenced daily life in different periods in U.S. history.
Key skills: Compare effects, Analyze influenceIdentify examples of how industrialization changed life in the United States.
Key skills: Identify examples, Analyze changeDifferentiate between, locate, and use valid primary and secondary sources such as media and news services, biographies, interviews, and artifacts to acquire information about the United States.
Key skills: Differentiate sources, Locate informationAnalyze information by applying absolute and relative chronology through sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, and finding the main idea.
Key skills: Analyze information, Apply chronologyOrganize and interpret information from outlines, reports, databases, and visuals, including graphs, charts, timelines, and maps.
Key skills: Organize information, Interpret visualsIdentify bias and points of view created by the historical context surrounding an event.
Key skills: Identify bias, Analyze contextSupport a point of view on a social studies issue or event.
Key skills: Support point of view, Analyze issuesEvaluate the validity of a source based on corroboration with other sources and information about the author.
Key skills: Evaluate validity, Corroborate sourcesCreate a product on a contemporary government issue or topic using critical methods of inquiry.
Key skills: Create product, Apply inquiryUse appropriate mathematical skills to interpret social studies information such as maps and graphs.
Key skills: Use math skills, Interpret informationUse social studies terminology correctly.
Key skills: Use terminology, Communicate ideasUse standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
Key skills: Use grammar, Write effectivelyTransfer information from one medium to another, including written to visual and statistical to written or visual, using available technologies.
Key skills: Transfer information, Use technologyCreate written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.
Key skills: Create presentations, Communicate informationUse a problem-solving process to identify a problem, gather information, list and consider options, consider advantages and disadvantages, choose and implement a solution, and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.
Key skills: Use problem-solving, Evaluate solutionsUse a decision-making process to identify a situation that requires a decision, gather information, generate options, predict outcomes, take action to implement a decision, and reflect on the effectiveness of the decision.
Key skills: Use decision-making, Reflect on outcomesAnalyze the effects of physical and human geographic factors on major events and contemporary issues.
Key skills: Geographic analysis, Cause and effectIdentify the location of major world countries and cities and explain their historical development.
Key skills: Map identification, Historical developmentDescribe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time.
Key skills: Regional comparison, Temporal changeExplain the physical processes that shape the patterns in the physical environment.
Key skills: Physical processes, Environmental patternsExplain how elevation, latitude, wind systems, ocean currents, and position on a continent influence climate.
Key skills: Climate factors, Physical geographyAnalyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
Key skills: Place characterization, Human-environment interactionLocate and describe the physical and human characteristics of places and regions.
Key skills: Location, Regional characteristicsConstruct and interpret maps to answer geographic questions and solve geographic problems.
Key skills: Map construction, Problem solvingCompare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment.
Key skills: Environmental adaptation, ModificationIdentify physical and human factors that influence the power to control territory and resources.
Key skills: Territorial control, Resource managementDescribe the forces that determine the distribution of goods and services in free enterprise and command economies.
Key skills: Economic distribution, Market systemsIdentify major causes and describe the major effects of the following important turning points in world history.
Key skills: Historical turning points, CausalitySummarize the impact of the development of farming (Neolithic Revolution) on the creation of river valley civilizations.
Key skills: Neolithic Revolution, Civilization originsExplain the impact of the fall of Rome on Western Europe.
Key skills: Fall of Rome, Medieval EuropeExplain the political, intellectual, and religious causes of the Renaissance and the Reformation.
Key skills: Renaissance, ReformationAnalyze the causes of the American and French revolutions and their effects on the world.
Key skills: Revolutionary causes, Global impactExplain the roles of military technology, transportation, and communication in the development of European imperialism.
Key skills: Imperialism, Technological impactIdentify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system in causing World War I.
Key skills: WWI causes, Global conflictDescribe the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers and the onset of the Cold War.
Key skills: Cold War origins, Superpower emergenceAnalyze the text of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, including the Bill of Rights.
Key skills: Document analysis, Founding principlesIdentify the major characteristics of social issues such as urbanization, immigration, and the Social Gospel.
Key skills: Social issues, Gilded AgeExplain the impact of the Spanish-American War on the United States as a world power.
Key skills: Expansionism, World power statusAnalyze the causes of World War I and the reasons for U.S. entry.
Key skills: WWI entry, Neutrality vs interventionIdentify the causes of the Great Depression, including the stock market crash and bank failures.
Key skills: Economic collapse, Great DepressionExplain the reasons for U.S. involvement in World War II, including the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Key skills: WWII entry, Global conflictDescribe the U.S. response to Soviet aggression after World War II, including the Truman Doctrine.
Key skills: Containment, Cold War foreign policyAnalyze the impact of the Civil Rights Movement on American society.
Key skills: Civil Rights, Social changeExplain major political ideas in history, including the laws of nature and nature's God and unalienable rights.
Key skills: Political philosophy, Natural rightsAnalyze the impact of the Federalist Papers on the ratification of the Constitution.
Key skills: Federalist Papers, RatificationExplain how geographic factors influence the political process and government policy.
Key skills: Political geography, Policy influenceAnalyze how the U.S. government's role in the free enterprise system has changed over time.
Key skills: Economic policy, Free enterpriseExplain the structure and functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government.
Key skills: Separation of powers, Branch functionsAnalyze the system of checks and balances and its role in limiting the power of government.
Key skills: Checks and balances, Limited governmentExplain the concepts of scarcity and opportunity costs and their impact on decision making.
Key skills: Scarcity, Opportunity costAnalyze the interaction of supply, demand, and price in a market economy.
Key skills: Supply and demand, Price determinationDescribe the characteristics of different market structures, including perfect competition and monopoly.
Key skills: Market structures, CompetitionExplain the role of the Federal Reserve System in managing the nation's money supply.
Key skills: Monetary policy, Federal ReserveAnalyze the impact of fiscal policy on the economy, including government spending and taxation.
Key skills: Fiscal policy, Economic impactUse a variety of primary and secondary sources to acquire information about the United States.
Key skills: Source analysis, Information literacyCreate a product on a contemporary social studies issue using critical-thinking skills.
Key skills: Critical thinking, Product creationAnalyze the effects of physical and human geographic patterns and processes on the past and describe their impact on the present.
Key skills: Analyze geographic patterns, Describe historical impactTrace the spatial diffusion of phenomena such as the Columbian Exchange or the diffusion of American popular culture.
Key skills: Trace spatial diffusion, Analyze cultural exchangeDescribe the human and physical characteristics of the same regions at different periods of time to analyze change.
Key skills: Describe regional change, Analyze temporal shiftsExplain how changes in technology, transportation, and communication affect the location and patterns of economic activities.
Key skills: Explain technological impact, Analyze economic patternsExplain weather conditions and climate in relation to annual changes in Earth-Sun relationships.
Key skills: Explain weather conditions, Analyze Earth-Sun relationshipsDescribe the physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface, including the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
Key skills: Describe physical processes, Identify Earth's spheresExamine the physical processes that affect the environment of regions, including weather, tectonic forces, erosion, and soil-building processes.
Key skills: Examine environmental processes, Analyze tectonic forcesExplain how elevation, latitude, wind systems, ocean currents, position on a continent, and mountain barriers influence temperature and precipitation.
Key skills: Explain climate influences, Analyze precipitation patternsDescribe different landforms and the physical processes that cause their development.
Key skills: Describe landforms, Analyze landform developmentExplain the influence of climate on the distribution of biomes in different regions.
Key skills: Explain climate influence, Analyze biome distributionAnalyze how the character of a place is related to its political, economic, social, and cultural elements.
Key skills: Analyze place character, Identify regional elementsInterpret political, economic, social, and demographic indicators to determine the level of development and standard of living in nations.
Key skills: Interpret demographic indicators, Determine development levelsLocate and describe human and physical features that influence the size and distribution of settlements.
Key skills: Locate human features, Describe settlement distributionExplain the processes that have caused changes in settlement patterns, including urbanization, transportation, and access to resources.
Key skills: Explain settlement changes, Analyze urbanizationConstruct and analyze population pyramids and use other data, graphics, and maps to describe the population characteristics of different societies.
Key skills: Construct population pyramids, Analyze demographic dataExplain how physical and human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, and trade influence the distribution and density of population.
Key skills: Explain population distribution, Analyze density factorsDescribe trends in past and current population growth and distribution, including the effects of the demographic transition model.
Key skills: Describe population trends, Analyze demographic transitionExamine benefits and challenges of globalization, including connectivity, standard of living, pandemics, and loss of local culture.
Key skills: Examine globalization, Analyze cultural lossCompare ways that humans depend on, adapt to, and modify the physical environment, including the influences of culture and technology.
Key skills: Compare human adaptation, Analyze environmental modificationAnalyze the consequences of extreme weather and other natural disasters such as El Niño, floods, tsunamis, and volcanoes on people and their environment.
Key skills: Analyze disaster consequences, Evaluate environmental impactEvaluate the economic and political relationships between settlements and the environment, including sustainable development and renewable/non-renewable resources.
Key skills: Evaluate economic relationships, Analyze sustainable developmentIdentify physical and/or human factors such as climate, vegetation, language, trade networks, political units, river systems, and religion used to define regions.
Key skills: Identify regional factors, Define geographic regionsDescribe different types of regions, including formal, functional, and perceptual regions.
Key skills: Describe region types, Identify perceptual regionsDescribe the forces that determine the distribution of goods and services in free enterprise, socialist, and communist economic systems.
Key skills: Describe economic forces, Compare economic systemsClassify where specific countries fall along the economic spectrum between free enterprise and communism.
Key skills: Classify economic systems, Analyze economic spectrumCompare the ways people satisfy their basic needs through the production of goods and services such as subsistence agriculture versus commercial agriculture.
Key skills: Compare production methods, Analyze basic needsUnderstand the connections between levels of development and economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
Key skills: Understand development levels, Identify economic sectorsIdentify the factors affecting the location of different types of economic activities, including subsistence and commercial agriculture, manufacturing, and service industries.
Key skills: Identify location factors, Analyze industry placementAssess how changes in climate, resources, and infrastructure (communication, transportation, and energy) affect the location and patterns of economic activities.
Key skills: Assess climate impact, Analyze infrastructure effectsAnalyze how the creation, distribution, and management of key natural resources affects the location and patterns of movement of products, money, and people.
Key skills: Analyze resource management, Track movement patternsEvaluate the geographic and economic impact of policies related to the development, use, and scarcity of natural resources such as water and oil.
Key skills: Evaluate resource policies, Analyze resource scarcityInterpret maps to explain the division of Earth's surface into separate political units such as cities, states, or countries.
Key skills: Interpret political maps, Explain political divisionsCompare maps of voting patterns or political boundaries to make inferences about the distribution of political power.
Key skills: Compare voting patterns, Infer political powerAnalyze current events to infer the physical and human processes that lead to the formation of boundaries and other political divisions.
Key skills: Analyze current events, Infer boundary formationCompare how democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, republic, theocracy, and totalitarian systems operate in specific countries.
Key skills: Compare government systems, Analyze political operationsAnalyze the human and physical factors that influence control of territories and resources, conflict/cooperation, and the formation of international organizations.
Key skills: Analyze territorial control, Evaluate international cooperationIdentify and give examples of different points of view that influence the development of public policies and decision-making processes.
Key skills: Identify points of view, Analyze policy developmentExplain how citizenship practices, public policies, and decision making may vary among different European, Asian, African, and American societies.
Key skills: Explain civic practices, Compare global policiesDescribe distinctive cultural patterns and landscapes associated with different places in Texas, the United States, and other regions of the world.
Key skills: Describe cultural patterns, Identify cultural landscapesDescribe elements of culture, including language, religion, beliefs, institutions, and technologies.
Key skills: Describe cultural elements, Identify social institutionsExplain ways various groups of people also perceive the characteristics of their own and other cultures, places, and regions differently.
Key skills: Explain cultural perception, Analyze regional identityDescribe and compare patterns of culture such as language, religion, land use, education, and customs that make specific regions of the world distinctive.
Key skills: Describe cultural patterns, Compare global customsDescribe major world religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Sikhism, and their spatial distribution.
Key skills: Describe world religions, Analyze religious distributionCompare economic, political, or social opportunities in different cultures for women, ethnic and religious minorities, and other underrepresented populations.
Key skills: Compare social opportunities, Analyze minority rightsAnalyze the causes and effects of cultural contact such as diffusion, innovation, and convergence.
Key skills: Analyze cultural contact, Evaluate diffusion effectsIdentify examples of cultures that maintain traditional ways, including traditional economies.
Key skills: Identify traditional cultures, Analyze traditional economiesEvaluate the impact of cultural diffusion on the development of specific regions.
Key skills: Evaluate cultural diffusion, Analyze regional developmentEvaluate the significance of major technological innovations, including fire, steam power, electricity, and transportation, that have modified the physical environment.
Key skills: Evaluate technological innovation, Analyze environmental modificationAnalyze how technology affects human interaction with the environment such as the use of air conditioning and irrigation.
Key skills: Analyze human-environment interaction, Evaluate technology useExamine the environmental modifications that have resulted from the use of technology, including dams, desalination, and genetic engineering.
Key skills: Examine environmental modification, Analyze technological impactDescribe the impact of new information technologies such as the Internet, Global Positioning System (GPS), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Key skills: Describe information technology, Analyze GPS/GIS impactExamine the role of energy resources and technology in the development of societies.
Key skills: Examine energy resources, Analyze societal developmentAnalyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, comparing, contrasting, and finding the main idea.
Key skills: Analyze information, Identify cause-and-effectUse geographic tools such as grid systems, legends, symbols, scales, and compass roses to collect and interpret data.
Key skills: Use geographic tools, Interpret spatial dataCreate and interpret different types of maps to answer geographic questions and infer relationships.
Key skills: Create maps, Interpret geographic dataAnalyze and evaluate the validity and utility of multiple sources of geographic information such as primary and secondary sources, aerial photographs, and satellite images.
Key skills: Evaluate source validity, Analyze geographic sourcesIdentify different points of view of events in social studies and identify bias in written, oral, and visual material.
Key skills: Identify points of view, Detect biasUse social studies terminology correctly.
Key skills: Use academic terminology, Communicate effectivelyGenerate summaries, generalizations, and thesis statements supported by evidence.
Key skills: Generate summaries, Support with evidenceUse standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation.
Key skills: Apply grammar rules, Write clearlyCreate written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information.
Key skills: Create presentations, Communicate informationPlan and organize research projects that include formulating geographic questions, data collection, and analysis.
Key skills: Plan research, Analyze dataUse problem-solving and decision-making processes to identify a problem, gather information, list options, and evaluate solutions.
Key skills: Apply problem-solving, Evaluate solutionsAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Ask questions, Define problemsApply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions.
Key skills: Plan investigations, Design solutionsUse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in TEA-approved safety standards.
Key skills: Safety practices, Equipment useUse appropriate tools such as microscopes, slides, Petri dishes, glassware, metric rulers, digital balances, pipets, and PCR apparatuses.
Key skills: Tool usage, Data collectionCollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence.
Key skills: Collect data, SI unitsOrganize quantitative and qualitative data using scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, and digital tools.
Key skills: Organize data, GraphingDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to engineering problems.
Key skills: Develop models, Represent systemsDistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific theory, Hypothesis testingIdentify advantages and limitations of models such as their size, scale, properties, and materials.
Key skills: Model analysis, Identify limitationsAnalyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing.
Key skills: Analyze explanations, Empirical evidenceRelate the impact of past and current research on scientific thought and society, including methodology, cost-benefit analysis, and ethical considerations.
Key skills: Research impact, EthicsExplain that scientific knowledge is required for ethical and social decisions.
Key skills: Ethical decision-making, Social impactDevelop explanations and propose solutions supported by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories.
Key skills: Propose solutions, Data supportCommunicate explanations and solutions individually and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats.
Key skills: Communication, CollaborationExplain the role of consensus in the development of scientific theories.
Key skills: Scientific consensus, Theory developmentExplain the contributions of diverse scientists and people of all cultures who have made significant contributions to the field of biology.
Key skills: History of science, Diverse contributionsResearch and explore resources such as museums, libraries, professional organizations, and mentors employed in a STEM field.
Key skills: Career exploration, STEM resourcesRelate the functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, to cell structure and function.
Key skills: Biomolecules, Cell functionCompare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and compare scientific explanations for cellular complexity.
Key skills: Cell comparison, Cellular complexityInvestigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis and transport of molecules.
Key skills: Homeostasis, Cell transportCompare the structures of viruses to cells and explain how viruses spread and cause disease.
Key skills: Viral structure, Disease transmissionExplain the importance of the cell cycle to growth, including stages of the cell cycle and DNA replication models.
Key skills: Cell cycle, DNA replicationExplain the process of cell specialization through cell differentiation, including the role of environmental factors.
Key skills: Cell differentiation, SpecializationRelate disruptions of the cell cycle to how they lead to the development of diseases such as cancer.
Key skills: Cell cycle disruption, Cancer biologyIdentify components of DNA, explain how nucleotide sequences specify traits, and examine scientific explanations for the origin of DNA.
Key skills: DNA structure, Genetic traitsExplain the transcription and translation of gene sequences and how mRNA codons determine the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Key skills: Transcription, TranslationExplain the importance of gene expression and the role of environmental factors in gene expression.
Key skills: Gene expression, Environmental factorsIdentify and explain how mutations can result in changes in structure and function, including harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects.
Key skills: Mutations, Genetic variationPredict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses, and non-Mendelian inheritance.
Key skills: Genetic crosses, ProbabilityDescribe how variations of traits within a population lead to structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations.
Key skills: Trait variation, AdaptationAnalyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies.
Key skills: Common ancestry, Evolutionary evidenceExamine and explain the taxonomic system that categorizes organisms based on similarities and differences shared among groups.
Key skills: Taxonomy, ClassificationExplain how natural selection produces change in populations and not in individuals.
Key skills: Natural selection, Population changeExplain and analyze how elements of natural selection result in differential reproductive success.
Key skills: Reproductive success, Selection factorsExplain how other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination, result in changes in populations.
Key skills: Genetic drift, Gene flowExplain how matter is conserved and energy is transferred during photosynthesis and cellular respiration using models.
Key skills: Photosynthesis, Cellular respirationInvestigate and explain the role of enzymes in facilitating cellular processes.
Key skills: Enzyme function, CatalysisAnalyze the relationships and interactions among organisms, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition.
Key skills: Symbiosis, CompetitionDescribe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability and lead to ecological succession.
Key skills: Ecosystem stability, SuccessionExplain how matter is cycled through ecosystems and the role of organisms in the carbon and nitrogen cycles.
Key skills: Nutrient cycling, Biogeochemical cyclesExplain how energy flows through trophic levels in an ecosystem and the role of organisms in energy transfer.
Key skills: Energy flow, Trophic levelsDescribe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability.
Key skills: Environmental change, StabilityDescribe how human activities can impact ecosystem stability and evaluate solutions.
Key skills: Human impact, Environmental solutionsAsk questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations.
Key skills: Questioning, Problem definitionApply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems.
Key skills: Investigation planning, Engineering designUse appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards.
Key skills: Lab safety, Equipment useUse appropriate tools such as periodic tables, balances, glassware, temperature probes, and graphing technology to collect and analyze data.
Key skills: Tool selection, Data collectionCollect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence.
Key skills: SI units, Data collectionOrganize quantitative and qualitative data using scatter plots, line graphs, bar graphs, charts, data tables, digital tools, and diagrams.
Key skills: Data organization, GraphingDevelop and use models to represent phenomena, systems, processes, or solutions to problems.
Key skills: Modeling, System representationDistinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.
Key skills: Scientific theory, Hypothesis testingIdentify and apply patterns to understand and connect scientific phenomena or to design solutions.
Key skills: Pattern recognition, Phenomena analysisIdentify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems.
Key skills: Causality, Problem analysisAnalyze systems in terms of their components and how these components relate to each other, to the whole, and to the external environment.
Key skills: Systems thinking, Component analysisExamine and model the flow of energy and matter into, out of, and within a system.
Key skills: Energy flow, Matter cyclingAnalyze structures and functions of different components within a system.
Key skills: Structure analysis, Functional analysisAnalyze and explain stability and change in systems.
Key skills: System stability, Change analysisUnderstand that scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws are used to explain and predict natural phenomena.
Key skills: Scientific explanation, PredictionDifferentiate between physical and chemical changes and properties.
Key skills: Property identification, Change analysisClassify matter as pure substances or mixtures through investigation of their properties.
Key skills: Classification, Property testingAnalyze and interpret elemental data to determine the identity of an unknown element.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Element identificationDescribe the characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons, including their masses and charges.
Key skills: Subatomic particles, Atomic structureDescribe the mathematical relationships between energy, frequency, and wavelength of light using the electromagnetic spectrum.
Key skills: Electromagnetic spectrum, Wave calculationsCalculate average atomic mass of an element using isotopic composition.
Key skills: Isotope calculation, Atomic massWrite and interpret electron configurations using the Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund's rule.
Key skills: Electron configuration, Quantum rulesExplain the use of chemical and physical properties in the historical development of the Periodic Table.
Key skills: Periodic history, Property analysisInterpret periodic trends, including atomic radius, electronegativity, and ionization energy, using the Periodic Table.
Key skills: Trend analysis, Periodic propertiesIdentify and locate chemical families such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases, and transition metals.
Key skills: Family identification, Periodic locationConstruct Lewis dot structures for molecules and ions.
Key skills: Lewis structures, Molecular modelingUse Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory to predict the molecular geometry of simple molecules.
Key skills: VSEPR theory, Molecular geometryDescribe the nature of metallic bonding and apply it to explain the properties of metals.
Key skills: Metallic bonding, Metal propertiesDescribe the nature of ionic bonding and apply it to explain the properties of ionic compounds.
Key skills: Ionic bonding, Compound propertiesDescribe the nature of covalent bonding and apply it to explain the properties of covalent compounds.
Key skills: Covalent bonding, Compound propertiesName and write chemical formulas for ionic and covalent compounds using IUPAC nomenclature rules.
Key skills: Nomenclature, Formula writingName and write chemical formulas for acids and bases using IUPAC nomenclature rules.
Key skills: Acid nomenclature, Base nomenclatureClassify and balance chemical equations using the law of conservation of mass.
Key skills: Equation balancing, Reaction classificationDescribe the role of energy in chemical reactions using thermochemical equations.
Key skills: Energy analysis, ThermochemistryIdentify and describe evidence of chemical reactions such as color change, gas formation, and precipitate formation.
Key skills: Reaction evidence, ObservationCalculate the number of particles, moles, and mass of a substance using Avogadro's number and molar mass.
Key skills: Mole conversions, Molar massCalculate percent composition of a compound.
Key skills: Percent composition, Chemical analysisDetermine empirical and molecular formulas from experimental data.
Key skills: Formula determination, Data analysisPerform stoichiometric calculations, including mass-to-mass, mole-to-mole, and mass-to-mole conversions.
Key skills: Stoichiometry, Conversion factorsCalculate percent yield in a chemical reaction.
Key skills: Percent yield, Efficiency analysisIdentify limiting and excess reactants in a chemical reaction.
Key skills: Limiting reactants, Reaction analysisDescribe the postulates of kinetic molecular theory and apply them to explain gas behavior.
Key skills: Kinetic theory, Gas behaviorDescribe and calculate the relationships between volume, pressure, number of moles, and temperature for an ideal gas.
Key skills: Gas laws, Ideal gas equationDefine and apply Dalton's law of partial pressures.
Key skills: Partial pressure, Gas mixturesName and write chemical formulas for acids and bases using IUPAC nomenclature rules.
Key skills: Nomenclature, Formula writingDefine acids and bases and distinguish between Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry definitions.
Key skills: Acid-base theory, DefinitionsDifferentiate between strong and weak acids and bases.
Key skills: Strength analysis, DissociationPredict products in acid-base reactions that form water.
Key skills: Reaction prediction, NeutralizationDefine pH and calculate the pH of a solution using the hydrogen ion concentration.
Key skills: pH calculation, Concentration analysisExplain everyday examples that illustrate the four laws of thermodynamics.
Key skills: Thermodynamics, Real-world applicationInvestigate the process of heat transfer using calorimetry.
Key skills: Calorimetry, Heat transferClassify processes as exothermic or endothermic and represent energy changes using thermochemical equations.
Key skills: Enthalpy, Energy diagramsPerform calculations involving heat, mass, temperature change, and specific heat.
Key skills: Specific heat, Heat calculationsDescribe the characteristics of alpha, beta, and gamma radioactive decay processes in terms of balanced nuclear equations.
Key skills: Radioactive decay, Nuclear equationsCompare fission and fusion reactions.
Key skills: Fission vs fusion, Nuclear reactionsGive examples of applications of nuclear phenomena such as nuclear stability, radiation therapy, and nuclear power.
Key skills: Nuclear applications, Societal impactIdentify major causes and describe the major effects of the development of agriculture and river valley civilizations from 8000 BC to 500 BC.
Key skills: Identify causes, Describe effectsIdentify major causes and describe the major effects of the development of classical civilizations of Greece, Rome, Persia, India, and China from 500 BC to AD 600.
Key skills: Identify causes, Describe effectsIdentify major causes and describe the major effects of turning points from 600 to 1450, including the spread of Christianity and Islam, and Mongol invasions.
Key skills: Identify causes, Describe effectsIdentify major causes and describe the major effects of turning points from 1450 to 1750, including the Renaissance, Reformation, and European exploration.
Key skills: Identify causes, Describe effectsIdentify major causes and describe the major effects of turning points from 1750 to 1914, including the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and Industrial Revolution.
Key skills: Identify causes, Describe effectsIdentify major causes and describe the major effects of turning points from 1914 to the present, including world wars, the Cold War, and globalization.
Key skills: Identify causes, Describe effectsSummarize the impact of the development of farming (Neolithic Revolution) on the creation of river valley civilizations.
Key skills: Summarize impact, Analyze farmingIdentify the characteristics of civilization.
Key skills: Identify characteristics, Define civilizationExplain how major river valley civilizations influenced the development of the classical civilizations.
Key skills: Explain influence, Analyze developmentDescribe the major political, religious/philosophical, and cultural influences of Persia, India, China, Israel, Greece, and Rome.
Key skills: Describe influences, Analyze culturesExplain the impact of the fall of Rome on Western Europe.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze declineCompare the factors that led to the collapse of Rome and Han China.
Key skills: Compare factors, Analyze collapseExplain the development of Christianity as a unifying social and political factor in medieval Europe and the Byzantine Empire.
Key skills: Explain development, Analyze unificationExplain the characteristics of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
Key skills: Explain characteristics, Compare religionsDescribe the major characteristics of and factors contributing to the development of feudalism and manorialism.
Key skills: Describe characteristics, Analyze systemsExplain the political, economic, and social impact of Islam on Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze spreadDescribe the interactions among Muslim, Christian, and Jewish societies in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Key skills: Describe interactions, Analyze societiesDescribe the interactions between Muslim and Hindu societies in South Asia.
Key skills: Describe interactions, Analyze conflictExplain how the Crusades, the Black Death, and the Hundred Years' War contributed to the end of medieval Europe.
Key skills: Explain contribution, Analyze declineSummarize the major political, economic, and cultural developments in Tang and Song China and their impact on Eastern Asia.
Key skills: Summarize developments, Analyze impactExplain the development of the slave trade.
Key skills: Explain development, Analyze tradeAnalyze how the Silk Road and the African gold-salt trade facilitated the spread of ideas and trade.
Key skills: Analyze facilitation, Trace trade routesSummarize the changes resulting from the Mongol invasions of Russia, China, and the Islamic world.
Key skills: Summarize changes, Analyze invasionsExplain the causes and effects of the European Renaissance and the Reformation.
Key skills: Explain causes, Analyze effectsIdentify the impact of the printing press on the Renaissance and the Reformation.
Key skills: Identify impact, Analyze technologyCompare the major political, economic, social, and cultural developments of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations.
Key skills: Compare developments, Analyze civilizationsExplain how the Inca and Aztec empires were impacted by European exploration and colonization.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze colonizationAnalyze the causes of European expansion from 1450 to 1750.
Key skills: Analyze causes, Trace expansionExplain the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas and Europe.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze exchangeExplain the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on West Africa and the Americas.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze tradeExplain the impact of the Ottoman Empire on Eastern Europe and global trade.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze tradeExplain the effects of the Ming dynasty on world trade.
Key skills: Explain effects, Analyze tradeExplain the role of maritime empires in the development of a global economy.
Key skills: Explain role, Analyze economyExplain how the Enlightenment and the English, American, and French revolutions influenced the development of democratic-republican government.
Key skills: Explain influence, Analyze governmentDescribe the impact of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Napoleonic Wars.
Key skills: Describe impact, Analyze warsTrace the influence of the American and French revolutions on Latin American independence movements.
Key skills: Trace influence, Analyze independenceIdentify the influence of ideas from historical documents on the development of democratic-republican government.
Key skills: Identify influence, Analyze documentsExplain the causes of the Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of modern economic systems.
Key skills: Explain causes, Analyze impactDescribe the social and economic impact of the Industrial Revolution.
Key skills: Describe impact, Analyze societyExplain the causes and effects of European imperialism.
Key skills: Explain causes, Analyze effectsIdentify the major characteristics of the free enterprise system, communism, and socialism.
Key skills: Identify characteristics, Compare systemsIdentify the importance of imperialism, nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system in causing World War I.
Key skills: Identify importance, Analyze causesIdentify major characteristics of World War I, including total war, trench warfare, and modern military technology.
Key skills: Identify characteristics, Analyze warfareExplain the political and economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze treatyIdentify the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution.
Key skills: Identify causes, Analyze effectsDescribe the causes and effects of the Great Depression.
Key skills: Describe causes, Analyze effectsExplain the rise of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy.
Key skills: Explain rise, Analyze totalitarianismIdentify the causes and major events of World War II.
Key skills: Identify causes, Analyze eventsDescribe the causes and effects of the Cold War.
Key skills: Describe causes, Analyze effectsExplain the impact of the Cold War on various regions of the world.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze regionsDescribe the causes and effects of independence movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
Key skills: Describe causes, Analyze effectsExplain the factors that led to the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
Key skills: Explain factors, Analyze declineSummarize the development and impact of radical Islamic fundamentalism on events in the second half of the 20th century.
Key skills: Summarize development, Analyze impactExplain the ongoing conflict between Israel and the Arab world.
Key skills: Explain conflict, Analyze causesIdentify examples of politically motivated mass murders in Cambodia, China, Latin America, the Soviet Union, and Armenia.
Key skills: Identify examples, Analyze mass murderIdentify examples of genocide, including the Holocaust and genocide in the Balkans, Rwanda, and Darfur.
Key skills: Identify examples, Analyze genocideIdentify examples of individuals who led resistance to political oppression.
Key skills: Identify individuals, Analyze resistanceAssess the degree to which American ideals have advanced human rights and democratic forms of government in the world.
Key skills: Assess degree, Analyze idealsLocate places and regions of historical significance directly related to major eras and turning points in world history.
Key skills: Locate places, Identify regionsAnalyze the influence of human and physical geographic factors on major events in world history.
Key skills: Analyze influence, Identify factorsInterpret maps, charts, and graphs to explain how geography has influenced people and events in the past.
Key skills: Interpret maps, Explain influenceIdentify and describe the physical characteristics of places and regions.
Key skills: Identify characteristics, Describe regionsAnalyze the causes of human migration and its effects on the physical and human characteristics of places and regions.
Key skills: Analyze causes, Analyze effectsIdentify important changes in human life caused by the Neolithic Revolution.
Key skills: Identify changes, Analyze revolutionSummarize the role of economics in driving political changes as related to the Industrial Revolution.
Key skills: Summarize role, Analyze changesDescribe the economic impact of globalization.
Key skills: Describe impact, Analyze globalizationIdentify the historical origins and characteristics of the free enterprise system, communism, and socialism.
Key skills: Identify origins, Compare systemsExplain the role of the U.S. free enterprise system in the 20th century.
Key skills: Explain role, Analyze systemIdentify the role of the U.S. free enterprise system within the parameters of this course.
Key skills: Identify role, Analyze systemIdentify the historical origins of contemporary economic systems.
Key skills: Identify origins, Analyze systemsAnalyze the impact of the global economy on the United States and other nations.
Key skills: Analyze impact, Analyze interdependenceIdentify the characteristics of monarchies and theocracies as they developed in early civilizations.
Key skills: Identify characteristics, Analyze developmentExplain the development of democratic-republican government from its beginnings in Judeo-Christian tradition and classical Greece and Rome.
Key skills: Explain development, Analyze originsIdentify the impact of political and legal ideas from historical documents.
Key skills: Identify impact, Analyze documentsExplain the development of the rule of law from ancient to modern times.
Key skills: Explain development, Analyze rule of lawIdentify the influence of ideas regarding the right to a 'trial by a jury of one's peers' and 'innocent until proven guilty'.
Key skills: Identify influence, Analyze rightsIdentify the impact of political and legal ideas from historical documents.
Key skills: Identify impact, Analyze documentsExplain the impact of the Enlightenment on the development of democratic-republican government.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze developmentDescribe how people have participated in supporting or changing their governments.
Key skills: Describe participation, Analyze changeDescribe the rights and responsibilities of citizens and noncitizens in civic participation throughout history.
Key skills: Describe rights, Analyze participationIdentify examples of key persons who were successful in shifting political thought.
Key skills: Identify persons, Analyze thoughtSummarize the development of the rule of law from ancient to modern times.
Key skills: Summarize development, Analyze rule of lawIdentify the influence of ideas regarding the right to a 'trial by a jury of one's peers' and 'innocent until proven guilty'.
Key skills: Identify influence, Analyze rightsDescribe the historical origins, central ideas, and spread of major religious and philosophical traditions.
Key skills: Describe origins, Analyze spreadIdentify examples of religious influence on various events in world history.
Key skills: Identify examples, Analyze influenceDescribe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras of world history.
Key skills: Describe roles, Analyze changesDescribe the major influences of significant women in world history.
Key skills: Describe influences, Identify womenSummarize the fundamental ideas and institutions of Eastern civilizations that originated in China and India.
Key skills: Summarize ideas, Analyze institutionsSummarize the fundamental ideas and institutions of Western civilizations that originated in Greece and Rome.
Key skills: Summarize ideas, Analyze institutionsAnalyze examples of how art, architecture, literature, music, and drama reflect the history of the cultures in which they are produced.
Key skills: Analyze examples, Analyze reflectionDescribe the major developments in the arts and architecture of the Renaissance and the Reformation.
Key skills: Describe developments, Analyze artsIdentify examples of art and architecture that demonstrate cultural diffusion.
Key skills: Identify examples, Analyze diffusionIdentify the origin and diffusion of major ideas in mathematics, science, and technology in ancient and classical civilizations.
Key skills: Identify origin, Analyze diffusionSummarize the ideas in astronomy, mathematics, and architectural engineering in Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations.
Key skills: Summarize ideas, Analyze engineeringExplain the impact of the printing press on the Renaissance and the Reformation.
Key skills: Explain impact, Analyze technologyDescribe the origins of the Scientific Revolution and the role of significant scientists.
Key skills: Describe origins, Identify scientistsIdentify the contributions of significant scientists and inventors.
Key skills: Identify contributions, Identify inventorsAnalyze primary and secondary sources to determine frame of reference, historical context, and point of view.
Key skills: Analyze sources, Determine contextAnalyze information by sequencing, categorizing, identifying cause-and-effect relationships, and developing connections.
Key skills: Analyze information, Identify relationshipsUse the process of historical inquiry to research, interpret, and use multiple types of sources of evidence.
Key skills: Use inquiry, Interpret evidenceEvaluate the validity of a source based on bias, propaganda, and point of view.
Key skills: Evaluate validity, Identify biasIdentify and support different points of view on any historical event or contemporary issue.
Key skills: Identify points of view, Support claimsFormulate and communicate a claim supported by evidence and reasoning for an intended audience and purpose.
Key skills: Formulate claim, Communicate evidenceCreate written, oral, and visual presentations of social studies information using effective communication skills.
Key skills: Create presentations, Use communication skillsUse social studies terminology correctly.
Key skills: Use terminology, Apply vocabularyApply foundational language skills to engage in civil discourse about social studies topics.
Key skills: Apply skills, Engage in discourseCreate a visual representation of historical information such as thematic maps, graphs, and charts.
Key skills: Create visuals, Interpret dataPose and answer questions about geographic distributions and patterns shown on maps, graphs, and charts.
Key skills: Pose questions, Analyze patternsExplain governmental and democratic processes such as voting, due process, and caucuses using simulations and models.
Key skills: Explain processes, Use simulationsUse problem-solving and decision-making processes to identify a problem, gather information, and evaluate solutions.
Key skills: Use problem-solving, Evaluate solutionsThe student understands the principles included in the Celebrate Freedom Week program.
Key skills: Analyze founding documents, Evaluate founding principlesAnalyze and evaluate the text, intent, meaning, and importance of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
Key skills: Document analysis, Historical intentAnalyze and evaluate the application of these founding principles to historical events in U.S. history.
Key skills: Principle application, Historical evaluationExplain the contributions of the Founding Fathers such as Benjamin Rush, John Hancock, John Jay, and others.
Key skills: Biographical analysis, Historical contributionsThe student understands traditional historical points of reference in U.S. history from 1877 to the present.
Key skills: Identify eras, Chronological reasoningIdentify the major eras in U.S. history from 1877 to the present and describe their defining characteristics.
Key skills: Era identification, Historical descriptionExplain the significance of the following years as turning points: 1898, 1914-1918, 1929, 1939-1945, 1957, 1968, 1969, 1991, 2001, and 2008.
Key skills: Turning point analysis, ChronologyThe student understands the political, economic, and social changes in the United States from 1877 to 1898.
Key skills: Analyze Gilded Age, Evaluate industrializationAnalyze political issues such as Indian policies, the growth of political machines, and civil service reform.
Key skills: Political analysis, Policy evaluationAnalyze economic issues such as industrialization, the growth of railroads, labor unions, and big business.
Key skills: Economic analysis, Industrial growthAnalyze social issues affecting women, minorities, children, immigrants, and urbanization.
Key skills: Social analysis, Urbanization impactDescribe the optimism of the many immigrants who sought a better life in America.
Key skills: Immigration history, Cultural perspectiveThe student understands the emergence of the United States as a world power between 1898 and 1920.
Key skills: Analyze expansionism, Evaluate WWI impactExplain why significant events and individuals moved the United States into the position of a world power.
Key skills: Causal analysis, Global positioningEvaluate American expansionism, including acquisitions such as Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.
Key skills: Expansionism evaluation, Territorial acquisitionIdentify the causes of World War I and reasons for U.S. entry.
Key skills: Conflict causation, Foreign policyUnderstand the contributions of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by General John J. Pershing.
Key skills: Military history, Leadership analysisAnalyze the impact of military technologies of World War I.
Key skills: Technology impact, Warfare analysisAnalyze major issues raised by U.S. involvement in World War I, including isolationism and the Treaty of Versailles.
Key skills: Diplomatic analysis, Post-war issuesThe student understands the effects of reform and third-party movements in the early 20th century.
Key skills: Analyze Progressivism, Evaluate third partiesAnalyze the impact of Progressive Era reforms, including initiative, referendum, recall, and constitutional amendments.
Key skills: Reform analysis, Political changeEvaluate the impact of muckrakers and reform leaders such as Upton Sinclair, Susan B. Anthony, and Jane Addams.
Key skills: Social reform, Leadership impactEvaluate the impact of third parties, including the Populist and Progressive parties.
Key skills: Political evaluation, Third-party influenceThe student understands significant events, social issues, and individuals of the 1920s.
Key skills: Analyze Roaring 20s, Evaluate social changeAnalyze causes and effects of events and social issues such as immigration, Social Darwinism, and the Red Scare.
Key skills: Social analysis, Cause and effectAnalyze the impact of significant individuals such as Henry Ford, Marcus Garvey, and Charles A. Lindbergh.
Key skills: Biographical impact, Cultural changeThe student understands the causes and effects of the Great Depression and the New Deal.
Key skills: Analyze economic collapse, Evaluate New DealIdentify the causes of the Great Depression, including the stock market crash and bank failures.
Key skills: Economic causation, Financial historyAnalyze the effects of the Great Depression on the U.S. economy and society.
Key skills: Economic impact, Social effectsExplain how New Deal agencies and programs such as the FDIC, SEC, and SSA continue to affect the lives of U.S. citizens.
Key skills: Policy continuity, Government roleEvaluate the role of the U.S. government in the economy during the Great Depression.
Key skills: Government evaluation, Economic policyThe student understands the causes and effects of World War II.
Key skills: Analyze WWII causes, Evaluate war impactIdentify reasons for U.S. involvement in World War II, including the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Key skills: Conflict entry, Military historyEvaluate the domestic and international leadership of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman during World War II.
Key skills: Leadership evaluation, War-time governanceAnalyze the function of the U.S. Office of War Information.
Key skills: Information analysis, Propaganda studyAnalyze major issues of World War II, including the Holocaust and the development of conventional and atomic weapons.
Key skills: Human rights analysis, Technology impactThe student understands the impact of the American civil rights movement.
Key skills: Analyze civil rights, Evaluate social justiceTrace the historical development of the civil rights movement from the late 1800s through the 21st century.
Key skills: Historical tracing, Movement developmentExplain how Jim Crow laws and the Ku Klux Klan created obstacles to civil rights for minorities.
Key skills: Obstacle analysis, Legal historyDescribe the roles of political organizations that promoted African American, Chicano, American Indian, and women's civil rights.
Key skills: Organizational roles, Advocacy analysisThe student understands the impact of the Vietnam War and the Cold War on the United States.
Key skills: Analyze Cold War, Evaluate Vietnam impactDescribe U.S. responses to Soviet aggression after World War II, including the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan.
Key skills: Foreign policy, Containment strategyDescribe how Cold War tensions were intensified by McCarthyism and the arms race.
Key skills: Domestic impact, Tension analysisThe student understands the emerging political, economic, and social issues of the United States from the 1990s into the 21st century.
Key skills: Analyze modern issues, Evaluate global roleDescribe U.S. involvement in world affairs, including the end of the Cold War and the Global War on Terror.
Key skills: Global affairs, Modern conflictThe student understands the impact of geographic factors on major events.
Key skills: Geographic analysis, Event impactAnalyze the impact of physical and human geographic factors on the settlement of the Great Plains and the Klondike Gold Rush.
Key skills: Settlement analysis, Physical geographyThe student understands the causes and effects of migration and immigration on American society.
Key skills: Migration analysis, Immigration impactThe student understands the relationship between population growth and modernization on the physical environment.
Key skills: Environmental impact, UrbanizationThe student understands domestic and foreign issues related to U.S. economic growth from the 1870s to 1920.
Key skills: Economic growth, Policy analysisThe student understands significant economic developments between World War I and World War II.
Key skills: Economic development, Inter-war periodThe student understands the economic effects of World War II and the Cold War.
Key skills: War economics, Cold War impactThe student understands the economic effects of increased worldwide interdependence as the United States enters the 21st century.
Key skills: Global interdependence, Modern economicsThe student understands changes over time in the role of government.
Key skills: Government role, Policy changeThe student understands the changing relationships among the three branches of the federal government.
Key skills: Branch relationships, Checks and balancesThe student understands the impact of constitutional issues on American society.
Key skills: Constitutional impact, Legal analysisThe student understands the concept of American exceptionalism.
Key skills: Exceptionalism analysis, National identityThe student understands the importance of effective leadership in a constitutional republic.
Key skills: Leadership analysis, Civic virtueThe student understands the importance of the expression of different points of view in a constitutional republic.
Key skills: Point of view, Democratic processThe student understands the importance of the rights and responsibilities of citizens of the United States.
Key skills: Civic rights, ResponsibilitiesThe student understands how people from various groups contribute to our national identity.
Key skills: Cultural contribution, National identityThe student understands the relationship between the arts and the times during which they were created.
Key skills: Artistic analysis, Historical contextThe student understands the impact of science, technology, and society on the historical development of the United States.
Key skills: Technology impact, Scientific developmentThe student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of valid sources.
Key skills: Critical thinking, Source analysisThe student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.
Key skills: Communication, PresentationThe student uses geographic tools to collect, analyze, and interpret data.
Key skills: Geographic tools, Data interpretationThe student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others.
Key skills: Problem solving, Decision makingTEKS are implemented through local district curricula. Teachers use 'Scope and Sequence' documents to ensure all standards are covered before state testing windows. Implementation often includes 'Celebrate Freedom Week' and 'Constitution Day' as mandated by state law. New Science TEKS (Adopted 2021) and Social Studies TEKS (Revised 2022) are being fully integrated into classrooms for the 2024-2025 school year.
Student mastery is assessed via the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR). Testing occurs in Grades 3-8 for Math and Reading; Grades 5 and 8 for Science; Grade 8 for Social Studies; and via End-of-Course (EOC) exams for English I, English II, Algebra I, Biology, and U.S. History.
This standard was generated using AI with grounded search to find official, accurate information. While we strive for accuracy, please verify important details with official sources.
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