Detailed Lesson Plan in TLE Topic: Calculate cost of production Lesson Objectives 1.Calculate cost of production 2.Discuss the principles of costing 3.Compute peso mark-up and percentage mark-up / Lesson Plan

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Become a Costing Pro: Pricing Your Creations!

Ever wondered how businesses decide how much to charge for their products? It's not magic, it's math! Today, we'll dive into the world of calculating production costs and figuring out how to price things fairly (and make a profit!). This is super useful if you ever want to sell things you make, start a small business, or just understand how the business world works.

Part 1: What Goes Into the Cost? (Principles of Costing)

Imagine you're baking amazing cookies to sell. What do you actually pay for?

  • Direct Costs: These are costs you can directly trace to making ONE specific product (or one batch).
    • Direct Materials: The ingredients! Flour, sugar, chocolate chips, eggs, butter. You know exactly how much went into that batch.
    • Direct Labor: If you paid someone (or valued your own time) specifically to mix, bake, and package those cookies, that's direct labor cost for that batch. For small projects, we often focus mostly on materials first.
  • Indirect Costs (Overhead): These are costs needed to run your 'business' but aren't tied to a single cookie.
    • Examples: Part of your electricity bill (for the oven), the cost of the mixer used over time, packaging (like boxes or bags if bought in bulk), maybe even a small budget for advertising flyers.
    • Overhead is often trickier to calculate per item. For simple projects, we might estimate it or add a small percentage to the direct costs.

Part 2: Let's Calculate! (Cost of Production)

The basic formula is:

Total Cost of Production = Direct Material Cost + Direct Labor Cost + Overhead Cost

Example: One Batch of Deluxe Cookies

  • Flour: ₱20
  • Sugar: ₱15
  • Chocolate Chips: ₱50
  • Eggs & Butter: ₱35
  • Total Direct Material Cost: ₱20 + ₱15 + ₱50 + ₱35 = ₱120
  • Direct Labor: Let's say you value your time at ₱30 for this batch.
  • Overhead: Let's estimate ₱10 for electricity and packaging per batch.
  • Total Cost per Batch: ₱120 (Materials) + ₱30 (Labor) + ₱10 (Overhead) = ₱160

If this batch makes 20 cookies, the cost per cookie is ₱160 / 20 = ₱8 per cookie.

Part 3: Making a Profit! (Mark-up)

You need to sell your product for more than it cost to make, otherwise, why bother? This extra amount is called the mark-up. The final price is the selling price.

Selling Price = Total Cost + Mark-up

There are two main ways to think about mark-up:

  1. Peso Mark-up (PMU): This is the exact peso amount you add to the cost.
    Formula: PMU = Selling Price - Total Cost
    Example: If you decide to sell the batch of cookies for ₱240, the Peso Mark-up is ₱240 - ₱160 = ₱80 for the batch.
  2. Percentage Mark-up (%MU): This expresses the mark-up as a percentage of the *cost*.
    Formula: %MU = (Peso Mark-up / Total Cost) * 100%
    Example: Using the figures above, the Percentage Mark-up is (₱80 / ₱160) * 100% = 0.5 * 100% = 50%. This means you added 50% of the cost back onto the cost to get your selling price.

You can also use %MU to find the Selling Price:

Selling Price = Total Cost + (Total Cost * %MU)

Example: If you want a 50% mark-up on your ₱160 cookie batch:
Selling Price = ₱160 + (₱160 * 50%) = ₱160 + (₱160 * 0.5) = ₱160 + ₱80 = ₱240.

Activity: Your Turn to Price!

Choose one of these simple product ideas (or think of your own!):

  • A custom-painted plant pot
  • A batch of 10 homemade cupcakes
  • A handcrafted friendship bracelet

On your paper or notebook:

  1. List the likely Direct Materials and estimate their cost.
  2. Estimate a simple Overhead Cost (e.g., ₱5-₱10 or maybe 10% of material cost).
  3. Calculate the Total Cost of Production (let's skip direct labor for this activity unless you want to estimate your time!).
  4. Decide on a Percentage Mark-up you think is fair (e.g., 40%, 60%, 100%?).
  5. Calculate the Peso Mark-up based on your chosen percentage.
  6. Calculate the final Selling Price.

Wrap-up & Discussion

Why is it important for someone selling products to accurately calculate their costs? What might happen if they underestimate their costs? What factors might influence the percentage mark-up a business chooses?

Understanding these calculations is the first step towards running a successful little business or project! Keep practicing!