Social Studies Answer Key & Explanations — Age 15 | Pacific Studies: Urbanisation, Migration, Cooperatives, SPREP, EU & UN

Instructions

This worksheet is divided into two sections. Please read the instructions for each section carefully before you begin answering the questions.

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Read each question or statement carefully and then circle the letter with the best possible answer.

1. Which modern city is located on the site of the former Aztec empire capital?
1. Mexico
2. Texcoco
3. Tenochtitlan
4. Cortes
2. What is 'belt development' in a town?
1. A place where several communication lines intersect
2. When a town or part of it grows in a narrow strip along a main road
3. An area around a town where no building is allowed
4. A distinct zone different from other belts in the town

Read the notice in the box below and then answer question 3.

3. This notice is an example of a:
1. Rule
2. Manner
3. Regulation
4. Norm
4. Which of these is NOT a basic rule for running a cooperative?
1. Anyone can join regardless of age, gender, or race
2. Every shareholder has an equal right to vote
3. Some profits are reinvested in running the store
4. Members are allowed to buy goods on credit
5. What is the best definition of a Trade Union?
1. An organization that advocates for workers’ rights and better working conditions.
2. An organization responsible for finding jobs for unskilled workers.
3. A group of people who all perform the same type of work, such as teachers.
4. Different groups of workers with similar complaints but doing different jobs.
6. Which of the following is the best example of a traditional Pacific value?
1. Relying on extended family networks.
2. Clan members acting as caretakers of the land.
3. Social status determined by wealth.
4. Success measured by education and financial achievement.
7. What is the most common type of migration worldwide?
1. Movement from one region to another.
2. Migration from rural areas to urban centers.
3. Migration from urban areas back to rural areas.
4. Moving from cities to farms.
8. How do demographers apply the “push-pull” theory?
1. To explain why people immigrate.
2. To describe changes in climate.
3. To explain political changes.
4. To describe geographical changes.
9. Which of the following is an example of a push factor that causes people to leave a place?
1. Religious tolerance.
2. Stable government.
3. Plenty of job opportunities.
4. War or famine.
10. Which of these is NOT a requirement for a place to be considered a city?
1. Having an agricultural surplus.
2. Urban production that is exchanged for food.
3. A transportation system.
4. A traditional social structure.
11. Among these Pacific Island cities, which has the largest population?
1. Suva, Fiji.
2. Noumea, New Caledonia.
3. Port Vila, Vanuatu.
4. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
12. Which was NOT a characteristic of early towns?
1. High walls built for protection against enemies.
2. Large community buildings used for leisure and entertainment.
3. Presence of law enforcement officers.
4. Streets arranged in iron grid patterns.
13. Imagine you are shipwrecked with friends on an uninhabited Pacific Island for one year. Which type of rules would you need to create?
1. Family council rules.
2. Rules for survival.
3. Rules for swimming.
4. Rules for worship.
14. The ACP organization is made up of countries from which regions?
1. America, China, and the Pacific.
2. Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.
3. Asia, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.
4. Asia, Central America, and the Pacific.
15. Why were cooperatives formed?
1. To protect consumers from being cheated by landlords and shopkeepers.
2. To provide members with opportunities to buy shares and save money.
3. To encourage a spirit of cooperation among consumers.
4. To give members extra money for Christmas.
16. What does the term “rural” mean?
1. City.
2. Countryside.
3. Chicago.
4. Dhaka.

Study the logo described below and answer questions 17 and 18.

17. SPREP was established in which year and where is its headquarters?
1. 1957, Suva, Fiji
2. 1993, Apia, Samoa
3. 1972, Honiara, Solomon Islands
4. 1970, Noumea, New Caledonia
18. How does the SPREP logo represent the closeness between population and the environment?
1. The coconut palm
2. The Southern Cross
3. The human figure on the island
4. The waves representing the sea
19. What is the term for parts of a town outside the central business district (C.B.D.)?
1. Residential areas
2. Suburbs
3. Rural areas
4. Administrative zone

Read the extract below and answer questions 20 and 21.

20. How many bodies must a proposal for a new policy pass through?
1. 3
2. 1
3. 2
4. 4
21. What is the function of the European Parliament?
1. Law-making
2. Creating new policies and operating laws
3. Debating and enforcing laws
4. Creating debates and operating new laws
22. Why is the European Union important to Pacific countries?
1. It is the largest exporter of goods to the Pacific
2. Goods are imported from the EU at cheaper prices
3. It is an important trading and donor partner
4. It operates under the terms of the Lomé Convention
23. The headquarters of the United Nations Organization is situated in
1. New York
2. Paris
3. London
4. Tokyo
24. Manners are a part of norms of behaviour. They are usually
1. a set of written rules
2. behaviours used within the family.
3. behaviour used within society
4. rules for running a country.
25. Which of the following is an economic reason why people migrate?
1. They cannot find work
2. They are persecuted for their religion
3. They are fleeing from war
4. They do not like their government
26. What causes boredom in division of labour?
1. Increased efficiency
2. Doing the same work over and over again
3. Less time required to complete work
4. Excellent salary
27. Who has limited liability (legal responsibility) in the cooperative society?
1. Managing Committee
2. Registrar
3. Members
4. Secretary
28. Slaves in ancient cities had to live
1. outside the city
2. in warehouses
3. in large houses
4. in storeys
29. A _______ is a person who is trained to do only one kind of work
1. specialist
2. practitioner
3. medicine
4. Trainer

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

QUESTION 1: LIVING IN TOWNS

Read the extract below, and then answer questions a) to f):

a) Define the term ‘Urbanisation’. (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

b) Approximately what percentage of the world’s population now lives in cities? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

c) State two factors that will cause more than half of the Pacific’s population to live in urban cities by the year 2020? (2 marks)

(i)___________________________________________________________________

(ii)__________________________________________________________________

d) Explain one pull factor that causes rural to urban drift. (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

e) Name any two urban problems that might occur as a result of rapid urbanisation. (2 marks)

(i)___________________________________________________________________

(ii)__________________________________________________________________

f) For the above problems suggest a solution for each which would help to slow the problem down. (2 marks)

(i)___________________________________________________________________

(ii)__________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 2: LEARNING TO LIVE IN VANUATU

Study the picture described below and answer questions a) to e).

a) What was the practice of the past concerning “Arranging Marriage”? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

b) Suggest two reasons why arranged marriage was practised? (2 marks)

(i)___________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

(ii)__________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

c) Is this practice still common today? Give two reasons to support your answer. (2 marks)

Opinion: ________________________

Reason 1: ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Reason 2: ________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

d) “Some traditional customs are being commercialised.” Explain the statement and give two actual examples. (3 marks)

Explanation: _____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Example (1): ____________________________________________________________

Example (2): ____________________________________________________________

QUESTION 3

Look at the photograph described below and answer the questions.

a) Why do you think that land-diving has been commercialized? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

b) List two other examples of commercialisation of culture. (2 marks)

1) _____________________________________________________________________

2) _____________________________________________________________________

c) What activity is shown in the photograph? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

d) How do people learn the way in which this activity should be performed? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

e) State any one change that has taken place in your home area in relation to this activity: (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

f) Identify one factor that has contributed to this change. (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 4

Study the logo described below and answer the questions.

a) What organisation owns the above logo? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

b) In which city and country would you find the headquarters of this organisation? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

c) Why was this organisation formed? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

d) Name any two advantages of being a member of this organisation? (2 marks)

1) _____________________________________________________________________

2) _____________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5

Read this extract and then answer the questions below.

a) In what year was the Secretariat of the Pacific Community established? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

b) What was the major aim of the Secretariat when it was first formed? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

c) Name any one activity that has been done by the Pacific Forum? (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

Answer Key

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A. Mexico
   Explanation: The ancient Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan was conquered by the Spanish, who then built modern-day Mexico City directly on top of its ruins. Texcoco was a different city-state. Cortes was the Spanish conquistador who led the expedition.
2. B. When a town or part of it grows in a narrow strip along a main road
   Explanation: Belt development, or ribbon development, describes urban growth that follows transportation routes like roads or railways, creating a long, narrow pattern.
3. A. Rule
   Explanation: A rule is a specific instruction about what must or must not be done. "Please keep off the grass" is a direct rule for that specific area. A regulation is often a more official rule made by an authority, a norm is an unwritten social expectation, and a manner is a way of behaving.
4. D. Members are allowed to buy goods on credit
   Explanation: The fundamental principles of cooperatives include open membership, democratic member control (one member, one vote), and economic participation like reinvesting profits. Offering credit is a business decision that can pose a financial risk and is not a foundational rule for all cooperatives.
5. A. An organization that advocates for workers’ rights and better working conditions.
   Explanation: This is the primary definition of a trade union. They use collective bargaining to negotiate with employers on behalf of workers for better wages, safety, and benefits.
6. B. Clan members acting as caretakers of the land.
   Explanation: Traditional Pacific values are deeply rooted in community, kinship, and a connection to the land (vanua/whenua). Stewardship of the land is a collective responsibility. Relying on family (A) is also a value, but B specifically links people to the environment, a core Pacific concept. Status by wealth (C and D) are more associated with modern, individualistic societies.
7. B. Migration from rural areas to urban centers.
   Explanation: This is the most significant and common pattern of migration globally, driven by industrialization and the search for economic opportunities and services found in cities.
8. A. To explain why people immigrate.
   Explanation: The "push-pull" theory is a fundamental model in demography used to understand migration. "Push" factors (like poverty, war) drive people away from their home, while "pull" factors (like jobs, safety) attract them to a new location.
9. D. War or famine.
   Explanation: War and famine are negative conditions that force or "push" people to leave a place in search of safety and survival. The other options are positive "pull" factors that attract migrants.
10. D. A traditional social structure.
    Explanation: The rise of cities often leads to the breakdown of traditional social structures and the creation of new, more complex social hierarchies. The other three options—agricultural surplus (to feed non-farmers), trade, and transportation—are essential preconditions for a city to develop and thrive.
11. D. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
    Explanation: As the capital of Papua New Guinea, the most populous Pacific Island nation, Port Moresby has the largest population among the cities listed.
12. D. Streets arranged in iron grid patterns.
    Explanation: While some ancient cities (like Roman ones) had grid patterns, many early towns grew organically without a planned layout. High walls for defense and some form of law enforcement were common characteristics for safety and order.
13. B. Rules for survival.
    Explanation: In a shipwreck situation, the immediate priority is survival. This would involve creating rules for rationing food and water, building shelter, assigning tasks, and ensuring group safety. All other types of rules would be secondary.
14. B. Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.
    Explanation: ACP stands for the Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States, an organization created to coordinate activities related to their cooperation with the European Union.
15. A. To protect consumers from being cheated by landlords and shopkeepers.
    Explanation: The cooperative movement began in the 19th century as a way for working-class people to pool their resources, buy goods in bulk at a fair price, and avoid exploitation by private merchants who often charged high prices for poor quality goods.
16. B. Countryside.
    Explanation: "Rural" refers to areas outside of towns and cities, often characterized by farms, open land, and low population density. Chicago and Dhaka are examples of urban areas (cities).
17. B. 1993, Apia, Samoa
    Explanation: SPREP (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme) was formally established as an independent intergovernmental organisation by treaty in 1993, with its headquarters located in Apia, Samoa.
18. C. The human figure on the island
    Explanation: The logo's central image of a person standing on an island, surrounded by the sea and sky, directly symbolizes the intimate and dependent relationship between the people of the Pacific and their island environment.
19. B. Suburbs
    Explanation: Suburbs are the outlying areas of a city, often primarily residential, that are located outside the central business district (C.B.D.).
20. C. 2
    Explanation: The text states that a proposal from the Commission "must be debated and passed by both the Parliament and the Council". This means it must pass through these two bodies.
21. A. Law-making
    Explanation: The text describes the Parliament's role, along with the Council, as debating and passing policies to become law. This is the process of law-making.
22. C. It is an important trading and donor partner
    Explanation: The European Union is a major global economic power. For many Pacific countries, it is a key partner for trade (exporting goods to and importing from) and a significant source of development aid (a donor).
23. A. New York
    Explanation: The main headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City, USA.
24. C. behaviour used within society
    Explanation: Manners are the unwritten, socially accepted codes of conduct and politeness that govern interactions between people in a society. They are a type of social norm.
25. A. They cannot find work
    Explanation: An inability to find work is a direct economic reason (a "push" factor) that causes people to migrate in search of employment and a better livelihood. The other options are political or social reasons.
26. B. Doing the same work over and over again
    Explanation: Division of labour involves breaking a complex task into smaller, repetitive steps. While this can increase efficiency, performing the same simple action repeatedly can lead to monotony and boredom for the worker.
27. C. Members
    Explanation: A key principle of a cooperative society is "limited liability." This means that the members (or shareholders) are only legally responsible for the debts of the cooperative up to the value of their shares; their personal assets are protected.
28. A. outside the city
    Explanation: While conditions varied, large groups of slaves, particularly those working in agriculture or mines, were often housed in barracks or quarters located outside the main residential areas of a city. Domestic slaves might live within their owner's house.
29. A. specialist
    Explanation: A specialist is a person who has deep knowledge and skills in one particular area of work or study.

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

QUESTION 1: LIVING IN TOWNS

1. Define the term ‘Urbanisation’.
   Answer: Urbanisation is the process of a population shifting from rural (countryside) areas to urban (city) areas, leading to the growth of cities.
2. Approximately what percentage of the world’s population now lives in cities?
   Answer: More than 50% of the world's population now lives in cities.
3. State two factors that will cause more than half of the Pacific’s population to live in urban cities by the year 2020?
   Answer: (i) Increasing rural-to-urban migration. (ii) The region's high birth rates.
4. Explain one pull factor that causes rural to urban drift.
   Answer: A key pull factor is the prospect of better job opportunities. Cities are often centers of industry and commerce, offering more jobs with potentially higher wages than are available in rural areas.
5. Name any two urban problems that might occur as a result of rapid urbanisation.
   Answer: (i) Overcrowding and housing shortages. (ii) Increased pollution (air, water, noise). (Other valid answers: traffic congestion, strain on public services like water and sanitation, unemployment).
6. For the above problems suggest a solution for each which would help to slow the problem down.
   Answer: (i) For overcrowding: Invest in affordable public housing projects. (ii) For pollution: Improve public transportation to reduce the number of private cars on the road.

QUESTION 2: LEARNING TO LIVE IN VANUATU

1. What was the practice of the past concerning “Arranging Marriage”?
   Answer: Arranged marriage was a practice where parents or elder family members selected marriage partners for their children.
2. Suggest two reasons why arranged marriage was practised?
   Answer: (i) To strengthen alliances and ties between two families, clans, or villages. (ii) To ensure that the partners were from similar social and economic backgrounds and shared the same cultural values.
3. Is this practice still common today? Give two reasons to support your answer.
   Answer: Opinion: No, it is less common today. Reason 1: The influence of Western culture and education emphasizes individual choice and romantic love in selecting a partner. Reason 2: Young people have more independence and mobility, allowing them to meet and choose partners on their own.
4. “Some traditional customs are being commercialised.” Explain the statement and give two actual examples.
   Answer: Explanation: This means that cultural traditions, ceremonies, or crafts that once had deep social or spiritual meaning are now being sold as products or entertainment, primarily for tourists. Example (1): Traditional dances or ceremonies being performed for a fee at hotels or tourist venues. Example (2): The mass production and sale of traditional handicrafts like carvings or mats, often losing their original purpose and becoming souvenirs.

QUESTION 3

1. Why do you think that land-diving has been commercialized?
   Answer: Land-diving has been commercialized to attract tourists. It is a unique and spectacular event that people will pay to see, which generates income for the local community.
2. List two other examples of commercialisation of culture.
   Answer: 1) Fire-walking ceremonies performed for tourist audiences. 2) Selling tickets to observe traditional kava ceremonies.
3. What activity is shown in the photograph?
   Answer: The activity is Naghol, or land-diving.
4. How do people learn the way in which this activity should be performed?
   Answer: The skills and knowledge are passed down from elders to younger generations through observation, storytelling, and direct teaching (oral tradition).
5. State any one change that has taken place in your home area in relation to this activity.
   Answer: (Answer will vary based on location) A possible answer: The ceremony is now performed more frequently during the tourist season, rather than just at its traditional time (during the yam harvest).
6. Identify one factor that has contributed to this change.
   Answer: The main factor is tourism and the economic incentive to perform the ceremony for paying visitors.

QUESTION 4

1. What organisation owns the above logo?
   Answer: The European Union (EU).
2. In which city and country would you find the headquarters of this organisation?
   Answer: Brussels, Belgium (is the de facto capital/headquarters).
3. Why was this organisation formed?
   Answer: It was formed to promote peace, stability, and economic cooperation among European nations after World War II.
4. Name any two advantages of being a member of this organisation?
   Answer: 1) Access to a single market, allowing for the free movement of goods, services, and capital. 2) Citizens have the right to live, work, and study in any other member country.

QUESTION 5

1. In what year was the Secretariat of the Pacific Community established?
   Answer: 1947 (It was originally called the South Pacific Commission).
2. What was the major aim of the Secretariat when it was first formed?
   Answer: Its major aim was to assist in the economic and social development of the peoples of the Pacific islands.
3. Name any one activity that has been done by the Pacific Forum?
   Answer: According to the text, it has given funds to develop fishing, tourism, air transport, or agriculture.