Listen and respond appropriately to adults and their peers

Ask relevant questions to extend their understanding and knowledge

Use relevant strategies to build their vocabulary

Articulate and justify answers, arguments and opinions

Give well-structured descriptions, explanations and narratives for different purposes, including for expressing feelings

Maintain attention and participate actively in collaborative conversations, staying on topic and initiating and responding to comments

Use spoken language to develop understanding through speculating, hypothesising, imagining and exploring ideas

Speak audibly and fluently with an increasing command of Standard English

Participate in discussions, presentations, performances, role play, improvisations and debates

Gain, maintain and monitor the interest of the listener(s)

Consider and evaluate different viewpoints, attending to and building on the contributions of others

Select and use appropriate registers for effective communication

Apply phonic knowledge and skills as the route to decode words

Respond speedily with the correct sound to graphemes (letters or groups of letters) for all 40+ phonemes

Read accurately by blending sounds in unfamiliar words containing GPCs that have been taught

Read common exception words, noting unusual correspondences between spelling and sound

Read words containing taught GPCs and –s, –es, –ing, –ed, –er and –est endings

Read other words of more than one syllable that contain taught GPCs

Read words with contractions [for example, I’m, I’ll, we’ll], and understand the apostrophe

Read aloud accurately books that are consistent with their developing phonic knowledge

Re-read these books to build up their fluency and confidence in word reading

Listen to and discuss a wide range of poems, stories and non-fiction beyond independent reading level

Link what they read or hear read to their own experiences

Become very familiar with key stories, fairy stories and traditional tales, retelling them

Recognise and join in with predictable phrases

Learn to appreciate rhymes and poems, and to recite some by heart

Discuss word meanings, linking new meanings to those already known

Draw on what they already know or on background information provided by the teacher

Check that the text makes sense to them as they read and correct inaccurate reading

Discuss the significance of the title and events

Make inferences on the basis of what is being said and done

Predict what might happen on the basis of what has been read so far

Participate in discussion about what is read to them, taking turns and listening to others

Spell words containing each of the 40+ phonemes already taught

Spell common exception words

Spell the days of the week

Name the letters of the alphabet in order

Use letter names to distinguish between alternative spellings of the same sound

Add prefixes and suffixes: using the prefix un-; using –s or –es for plurals and verbs

Apply simple spelling rules and guidance, as listed in English Appendix 1

Write from memory simple sentences dictated by the teacher

Sit correctly at a table, holding a pencil comfortably and correctly

Begin to form lower-case letters in the correct direction, starting and finishing in the right place

Form capital letters and digits 0-9

Understand which letters belong to which handwriting ‘families’

Compose a sentence orally before writing it

Sequence sentences to form short narratives

Re-read what they have written to check that it makes sense

Discuss what they have written with the teacher or other pupils

Read aloud their writing clearly enough to be heard by their peers and the teacher

Leave spaces between words

Join words and join clauses using ‘and’

Begin to punctuate sentences using a capital letter and a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark

Use a capital letter for names of people, places, the days of the week, and the personal pronoun ‘I’

Use the grammatical terminology in English Appendix 2 in discussing their writing

Continue to apply phonic knowledge and skills until automatic decoding is embedded

Read accurately by blending the sounds in words that contain the graphemes taught so far

Read accurately words of two or more syllables that contain the same graphemes

Read words containing common suffixes

Read further common exception words, noting unusual correspondences

Read most words quickly and accurately, without overt sounding and blending

Read aloud books closely matched to their improving phonic knowledge

Re-read these books to build up their fluency and confidence in word reading

Listen to, discuss and express views about a wide range of poetry, stories and non-fiction

Discuss the sequence of events in books and how items of information are related

Become increasingly familiar with and retelling a wider range of stories and traditional tales

Being introduced to non-fiction books that are structured in different ways

Recognise simple recurring literary language in stories and poetry

Discuss and clarify the meanings of words, linking new meanings to known vocabulary

Discuss their favourite words and phrases

Continue to build a repertoire of poems learnt by heart, reciting some with appropriate intonation

Draw on what they already know or on background information provided by the teacher

Check that the text makes sense to them as they read and correct inaccurate reading

Make inferences on the basis of what is being said and done

Answer and ask questions

Predict what might happen on the basis of what has been read so far

Participate in discussion about books, poems and other works, taking turns and listening

Explain and discuss their understanding of books, poems and other material

Spell by segmenting spoken words into phonemes and representing these by graphemes

Learn new ways of spelling phonemes for which one or more spellings are already known

Learn to spell common exception words

Learn to spell more words with contracted forms

Learn the possessive apostrophe (singular) [for example, the girl’s book]

Distinguish between homophones and near-homophones

Add suffixes to spell longer words, including –ment, –ness, –ful, –less, –ly

Apply spelling rules and guidance, as listed in English Appendix 1

Write from memory simple sentences dictated by the teacher

Form lower-case letters of the correct size relative to one another

Start using some of the diagonal and horizontal strokes needed to join letters

Write capital letters and digits of the correct size, orientation and relationship to lower case

Use spacing between words that reflects the size of the letters

Write narratives about personal experiences and those of others (real and fictional)

Write about real events

Write poetry

Write for different purposes

Plan or say out loud what they are going to write about

Write down ideas and/or key words, including new vocabulary

Encapsulate what they want to say, sentence by sentence

Evaluate their writing with the teacher and other pupils

Re-read to check that their writing makes sense and that verbs to indicate time are used correctly

Proof-read to check for errors in spelling, grammar and punctuation

Read aloud their own writing with appropriate intonation to make the meaning clear

Learn how to use both familiar and new punctuation correctly, including full stops, capital letters, exclamation marks, question marks, commas for lists and apostrophes

Learn how to use: sentences with different forms; expanded noun phrases; present and past tenses; subordination and co-ordination

Use and understand the grammatical terminology in English Appendix 2 in discussing their writing

Listen and respond appropriately to adults and their peers.

Ask relevant questions to extend their understanding and knowledge.

Use relevant strategies to build their vocabulary.

Articulate and justify answers, arguments and opinions.

Give well-structured descriptions, explanations and narratives for different purposes, including for expressing feelings.

Maintain attention and participate actively in collaborative conversations, staying on topic and initiating and responding to comments.

Use spoken language to develop understanding through speculating, hypothesising, imagining and exploring ideas.

Speak audibly and fluently with an increasing command of Standard English.

Participate in discussions, presentations, performances, role play, improvisations and debates.

Gain, maintain and monitor the interest of the listener(s).

Consider and evaluate different viewpoints, attending to and building on the contributions of others.

Select and use appropriate registers for effective communication.

Apply their growing knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes (etymology and morphology) to read aloud and understand new words.

Read further exception words, noting the unusual correspondences between spelling and sound, and where these occur in the word.

Listen to and discuss a wide range of fiction, poetry, plays, non-fiction and reference books or textbooks.

Read books that are structured in different ways and read for a range of purposes.

Use dictionaries to check the meaning of words that they have read.

Increase familiarity with a wide range of books, including fairy stories, myths and legends, and retell some of these orally.

Identify themes and conventions in a wide range of books.

Prepare poems and play scripts to read aloud and to perform, showing understanding through intonation, tone, volume and action.

Discuss words and phrases that capture the reader’s interest and imagination.

Recognise some forms of poetry [for example, free verse, narrative poetry].

Check that the text makes sense to them, discussing their understanding and explaining the meaning of words in context.

Ask questions to improve their understanding.

Draw inferences such as inferring characters’ feelings, thoughts and motives from their actions, and justify inferences with evidence.

Predict what might happen from details stated and implied.

Identify main ideas drawn from more than one paragraph and summarise these.

Identify how language, structure, and presentation contribute to meaning.

Retrieve and record information from non-fiction.

Participate in discussion about both books that are read to them and those they can read for themselves.

Apply knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes (morphology and etymology) to read aloud and understand new words.

Continue to read and discuss an increasingly wide range of fiction, poetry, plays, non-fiction and reference books.

Read books that are structured in different ways and read for a range of purposes.

Increase familiarity with myths, legends, traditional stories, modern fiction, and fiction from our literary heritage.

Recommend books that they have read to their peers, giving reasons for their choices.

Identify and discuss themes and conventions in and across a wide range of writing.

Make comparisons within and across books.

Learn a wider range of poetry by heart.

Prepare poems and plays to read aloud and perform, showing understanding through intonation, tone and volume.

Check that the book makes sense to them, discussing understanding and exploring the meaning of words in context.

Ask questions to improve their understanding.

Draw inferences such as inferring characters’ feelings, thoughts and motives, and justify with evidence.

Predict what might happen from details stated and implied.

Summarise the main ideas drawn from more than one paragraph, identifying key details.

Identify how language, structure and presentation contribute to meaning.

Discuss and evaluate how authors use language, including figurative language, considering the impact on the reader.

Retrieve, record and present information from non-fiction.

Explain and discuss their understanding of what they have read, including through formal presentations and debates.

Provide reasoned justifications for their views.

Use further prefixes and suffixes and understand how to add them.

Spell further homophones.

Spell words that are often misspelt.

Place the possessive apostrophe accurately in words with regular and irregular plurals.

Use the first two or three letters of a word to check its spelling in a dictionary.

Write from memory simple sentences, dictated by the teacher, that include words and punctuation taught so far.

Use diagonal and horizontal strokes to join letters and understand which letters are best left unjoined.

Increase the legibility, consistency and quality of their handwriting.

Plan writing by discussing similar models and recording ideas.

Draft and write by composing and rehearsing sentences orally, building vocabulary and sentence structures.

Organise paragraphs around a theme.

In narratives, create settings, characters and plot.

In non-narrative material, use simple organisational devices [for example, headings and sub-headings].

Evaluate and edit by assessing effectiveness and suggesting improvements.

Propose changes to grammar and vocabulary to improve consistency, including accurate use of pronouns.

Proof-read for spelling and punctuation errors.

Read own writing aloud using appropriate intonation, tone and volume.

Extend the range of sentences with more than one clause by using a wider range of conjunctions.

Use the present perfect form of verbs in contrast to the past tense.

Choose nouns or pronouns appropriately for clarity and cohesion and to avoid repetition.

Use conjunctions, adverbs and prepositions to express time and cause.

Use fronted adverbials and commas after them.

Use and punctuate direct speech.

Use and understand grammatical terminology accurately when discussing writing and reading.

Use further prefixes and suffixes and understand the guidance for adding them.

Spell some words with ‘silent’ letters [for example, knight, psalm, solemn].

Distinguish between homophones and other words which are often confused.

Use knowledge of morphology and etymology in spelling.

Use dictionaries and thesauruses to check spelling and meaning.

Write legibly, fluently and with increasing speed, choosing appropriate letter shapes and writing implements.

Plan writing by identifying audience and purpose, selecting appropriate form and using models.

Draft and write by selecting appropriate grammar and vocabulary to enhance meaning.

In narratives, describe settings, characters and atmosphere and integrate dialogue.

Précis longer passages.

Use a wide range of devices to build cohesion within and across paragraphs.

Use further organisational and presentational devices [for example, headings, bullet points, underlining].

Evaluate and edit by assessing effectiveness and ensuring consistent use of tense and subject-verb agreement.

Proof-read for spelling and punctuation errors.

Perform own compositions using appropriate intonation, volume and movement.

Recognise vocabulary and structures appropriate for formal speech and writing, including subjunctive forms.

Use passive verbs to affect the presentation of information in a sentence.

Use the perfect form of verbs to mark relationships of time and cause.

Use expanded noun phrases to convey complicated information concisely.

Use modal verbs or adverbs to indicate degrees of possibility.

Use relative clauses beginning with who, which, where, when, whose, that or with an implied relative pronoun.

Use commas, hyphens, brackets, dashes, semi-colons and colons to clarify meaning and mark boundaries.

Use and understand grammatical terminology accurately in discussing writing and reading.

Read a wide range of fiction and non-fiction, including whole books, short stories, poems and plays with a wide coverage of genres, historical periods, forms and authors.

Read high-quality works from English literature, both pre-1914 and contemporary, including prose, poetry and drama.

Read at least two plays by William Shakespeare.

Read seminal world literature.

Choose and read books independently for challenge, interest and enjoyment.

Re-read books encountered earlier to increase familiarity with them and provide a basis for making comparisons.

Learn new vocabulary, relating it explicitly to known vocabulary and understanding it with the help of context and dictionaries.

Make inferences and refer to evidence in the text.

Know the purpose, audience for and context of the writing and draw on this knowledge to support comprehension.

Check understanding to make sure that what has been read makes sense.

Know how language, including figurative language, vocabulary choice, grammar, text structure and organisational features, presents meaning.

Recognise a range of poetic conventions and understand how these have been used.

Study setting, plot, and characterisation, and the effects of these.

Understand how the work of dramatists is communicated effectively through performance and how alternative staging allows for different interpretations.

Make critical comparisons across texts.

Study a range of authors, including at least two authors in depth each year.

Write accurately, fluently, effectively and at length for a wide range of purposes and audiences, including essays, stories, scripts, and poetry.

Write notes and polished scripts for talks and presentations.

Write a range of narrative and non-narrative texts, including arguments, and personal and formal letters.

Summarise and organise expression, and maintain a consistent point of view.

Develop a clear structure for writing and use a variety of sentence structures, including complex sentences, for effect.

Use a range of cohesive devices to link ideas within and across paragraphs.

Plan, draft, edit and proof-read by considering how writing reflects the intended audience and purpose.

Amend vocabulary, grammar and structure of writing to improve its effectiveness.

Pay attention to accurate grammar, punctuation and spelling, applying patterns and rules from English Appendix 1.

Extend and apply grammatical knowledge from English Appendix 2 to analyse more challenging texts.

Study the effectiveness and impact of the grammatical features of the texts read.

Draw on new vocabulary and grammatical constructions from reading and listening to use consciously in writing and speech.

Know and understand the differences between spoken and written language, including formal and informal registers.

Use Standard English confidently in own writing and speech.

Use linguistic and literary terminology accurately and confidently in discussing reading, writing and spoken language.

Speak confidently and effectively, using Standard English in formal and informal contexts, including presentations and debates.

Give short speeches and presentations, expressing own ideas and keeping to the point.

Participate in formal debates and structured discussions, summarising and building on what has been said.

Improvise, rehearse and perform play scripts and poetry to discuss language use and meaning.

Use role-playing and other drama techniques to help identify with and explore characters and situations.

Read and appreciate the depth and power of the English literary heritage through reading a wide range of high-quality, challenging, classic literature.

Read and appreciate extended literary non-fiction, such as essays, reviews and journalism.

Understand and critically evaluate texts through reading in different ways for different purposes, summarising and synthesising ideas and information.

Evaluate the usefulness of texts for particular purposes.

Draw on knowledge of the purpose, audience for and context of the writing to inform evaluation.

Identify and interpret themes, ideas and information in texts.

Seek evidence in the text to support a point of view, including justifying inferences with evidence.

Distinguish between statements supported by evidence and those that are not, and identify bias and misuse of evidence.

Analyse a writer’s choice of vocabulary, form, grammatical and structural features, and evaluate their effectiveness and impact.

Make critical comparisons, referring to contexts, themes, characterisation, style and literary quality of texts.

Make an informed personal response, recognising that other responses to a text are possible and evaluating these.

Write accurately, fluently, effectively and at length for pleasure and information.

Adapt writing for a wide range of purposes and audiences: to describe, narrate, explain, instruct, give and respond to information, and argue.

Select and organise ideas, facts and key points, and cite evidence, details and quotation effectively and pertinently.

Select and use judiciously vocabulary, grammar, form, and structural features, including rhetorical devices, to reflect audience and purpose.

Make notes, draft and write, including using information provided by others.

Revise, edit and proof-read through reflecting on whether their draft achieves the intended impact.

Restructure writing and amend grammar and vocabulary to improve coherence, consistency, clarity and overall effectiveness.

Pay attention to the accuracy and effectiveness of grammar, punctuation and spelling.

Consolidate and build on knowledge of grammar and vocabulary through studying their effectiveness and impact in texts.

Draw on new vocabulary and grammatical constructions from reading and listening, and use these consciously in writing and speech.

Analyse differences between spoken and written language, including formal and informal registers and Standard English varieties.

Use linguistic and literary terminology accurately and confidently in discussing reading, writing and spoken language.

Speak confidently, audibly and effectively, including through using Standard English when the context and audience require it.

Work effectively in groups of different sizes and take on required roles, including leading and managing discussions.

Listen to and build on the contributions of others, asking questions to clarify and inform, and challenging courteously.

Give short speeches and presentations, expressing their own ideas and keeping to the point.

Participate in formal debates and structured discussions, summarising and/or building on what has been said.

Improvise, rehearse and perform play scripts and poetry to generate language and discuss use and meaning.

Count to and across 100, forwards and backwards, beginning with 0 or 1, or from any given number.

Count, read and write numbers to 100 in numerals; count in multiples of twos, fives and tens.

Given a number, identify one more and one less.

Identify and represent numbers using objects and pictorial representations including the number line.

Use the language of: equal to, more than, less than (fewer), most, least.

Read and write numbers from 1 to 20 in numerals and words.

Read, write and interpret mathematical statements involving addition (+), subtraction (–) and equals (=) signs.

Represent and use number bonds and related subtraction facts within 20.

Add and subtract one-digit and two-digit numbers to 20, including zero.

Solve one-step problems that involve addition and subtraction, using concrete objects and pictorial representations.

Solve one-step problems involving multiplication and division, using concrete objects, pictorial representations and arrays.

Recognise, find and name a half as one of two equal parts of an object, shape or quantity.

Recognise, find and name a quarter as one of four equal parts of an object, shape or quantity.

Compare, describe and solve practical problems for lengths, heights, mass, weight, capacity, volume, and time.

Measure and begin to record lengths, heights, mass, weight, capacity, volume, and time.

Recognise and know the value of different denominations of coins and notes.

Sequence events in chronological order using language [e.g. before, after, next, first, today, yesterday].

Recognise and use language relating to dates, including days of the week, weeks, months and years.

Tell the time to the hour and half past the hour and draw the hands on a clock face.

Recognise and name common 2-D and 3-D shapes [e.g. rectangles, circles, triangles, cuboids, pyramids, spheres].

Describe position, direction and movement, including whole, half, quarter and three-quarter turns.

Count in steps of 2, 3, and 5 from 0, and in tens from any number, forward and backward.

Recognise the place value of each digit in a two-digit number (tens, ones).

Identify, represent and estimate numbers using different representations, including the number line.

Compare and order numbers from 0 up to 100; use <, > and = signs.

Read and write numbers to at least 100 in numerals and in words.

Use place value and number facts to solve problems.

Solve problems with addition and subtraction using concrete objects, pictorial representations, and mental/written methods.

Recall and use addition and subtraction facts to 20 fluently, and derive and use related facts up to 100.

Add and subtract numbers mentally and with objects, including 2-digit numbers, tens, and three 1-digit numbers.

Show that addition of two numbers can be done in any order (commutative) and subtraction cannot.

Recognise and use the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to check calculations.

Recall and use multiplication and division facts for the 2, 5 and 10 multiplication tables.

Calculate mathematical statements for multiplication and division and write them using x, ÷ and = signs.

Show that multiplication of two numbers can be done in any order (commutative) and division cannot.

Solve problems involving multiplication and division using materials, arrays, repeated addition, and mental methods.

Recognise, find, name and write fractions 1/3, 1/4, 2/4 and 3/4 of a length, shape, set or quantity.

Write simple fractions [e.g. 1/2 of 6 = 3] and recognise the equivalence of 2/4 and 1/2.

Choose and use appropriate standard units to estimate and measure length, mass, temperature, and capacity.

Compare and order lengths, mass, volume/capacity and record the results using >, < and =.

Recognise and use symbols for pounds (£) and pence (p); combine amounts to make a particular value.

Find different combinations of coins that equal the same amounts of money.

Solve simple problems in a practical context involving addition and subtraction of money, including giving change.

Tell and write the time to five minutes, including quarter past/to the hour.

Know the number of minutes in an hour and the number of hours in a day.

Identify and describe the properties of 2-D shapes, including the number of sides and line symmetry.

Identify and describe the properties of 3-D shapes, including the number of edges, vertices and faces.

Identify 2-D shapes on the surface of 3-D shapes [e.g. a circle on a cylinder].

Compare and sort common 2-D and 3-D shapes and everyday objects.

Order and arrange combinations of mathematical objects in patterns and sequences.

Use mathematical vocabulary to describe position, direction and movement, including rotation and right angles.

Interpret and construct simple pictograms, tally charts, block diagrams and simple tables.

Ask and answer simple questions by counting the number of objects in each category and sorting by quantity.

Ask and answer questions about totalling and comparing categorical data.

Count from 0 in multiples of 4, 8, 50 and 100; find 10 or 100 more or less than a given number.

Recognise the place value of each digit in a three-digit number (hundreds, tens, ones).

Compare and order numbers up to 1000.

Identify, represent and estimate numbers using different representations.

Read and write numbers up to 1000 in numerals and in words.

Solve number problems and practical problems involving these ideas.

Add and subtract numbers mentally, including: a three-digit number and ones; a three-digit number and tens; a three-digit number and hundreds.

Add and subtract numbers with up to three digits, using formal written methods of columnar addition and subtraction.

Estimate the answer to a calculation and use inverse operations to check answers.

Solve problems, including missing number problems, using number facts, place value, and more complex addition and subtraction.

Recall and use multiplication and division facts for the 3, 4 and 8 multiplication tables.

Write and calculate mathematical statements for multiplication and division using the multiplication tables that they know.

Solve problems, including missing number problems, involving multiplication and division.

Count up and down in tenths; recognise that tenths arise from dividing an object into 10 equal parts.

Recognise, find and write fractions of a discrete set of objects: unit fractions and non-unit fractions with small denominators.

Recognise and use fractions as numbers: unit fractions and non-unit fractions with small denominators.

Recognise and show, using diagrams, equivalent fractions with small denominators.

Add and subtract fractions with the same denominator within one whole.

Compare and order unit fractions, and fractions with the same denominators.

Solve problems that involve all of the above.

Measure, compare, add and subtract: lengths (m/cm/mm); mass (kg/g); volume/capacity (l/ml).

Measure the perimeter of simple 2-D shapes.

Add and subtract amounts of money to give change, using both £ and p in practical contexts.

Tell and write the time from an analogue clock, including using Roman numerals from I to XII, and 12-hour and 24-hour clocks.

Estimate and read time with increasing accuracy to the nearest minute.

Know the number of seconds in a minute and the number of days in each month, year and leap year.

Compare durations of events [for example to calculate the time taken by particular events or tasks].

Draw 2-D shapes and make 3-D shapes using modelling materials; recognise 3-D shapes in different orientations and describe them.

Recognise angles as a property of shape or a description of a turn.

Identify right angles, recognise that two right angles make a half-turn, three make three quarters of a turn and four a complete turn.

Identify horizontal and vertical lines and pairs of perpendicular and parallel lines.

Interpret and present data using bar charts, pictograms and tables.

Solve one-step and two-step questions [for example, 'How many more?' and 'How many fewer?'] using information presented in scaled bar charts and pictograms and tables.

Count in multiples of 6, 7, 9, 25 and 1000.

Find 1000 more or less than a given number.

Count backwards through zero to include negative numbers.

Recognise the place value of each digit in a four-digit number (thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones).

Order and compare numbers beyond 1000.

Identify, represent and estimate numbers using different representations.

Round any number to the nearest 10, 100 or 1000.

Solve number and practical problems that involve all of the above and with increasingly large positive numbers.

Read Roman numerals to 100 (I to C) and know that over time, the numeral system changed to include the concept of zero and place value.

Add and subtract numbers with up to 4 digits using the formal written methods of columnar addition and subtraction where appropriate.

Estimate and use inverse operations to check answers to a calculation.

Solve addition and subtraction two-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why.

Recall multiplication and division facts for multiplication tables up to 12 × 12.

Use place value, known and derived facts to multiply and divide mentally.

Multiply two-digit and three-digit numbers by a one-digit number using formal written layout.

Solve problems involving multiplying and adding, including using the distributive law to multiply two digit numbers by one digit.

Recognise and show, using diagrams, families of common equivalent fractions.

Count up and down in hundredths; recognise that hundredths arise when dividing an object by one hundred.

Solve problems involving increasingly harder fractions to calculate quantities.

Add and subtract fractions with the same denominator.

Recognise and write decimal equivalents of any number of tenths or hundredths.

Recognise and write decimal equivalents to 1/4, 1/2, 3/4.

Find the effect of dividing a one- or two-digit number by 10 and 100, identifying the value of the digits in the answer as ones, tenths and hundredths.

Round decimals with one decimal place to the nearest whole number.

Compare numbers with the same number of decimal places up to two decimal places.

Solve simple measure and money problems involving fractions and decimals to two decimal places.

Convert between different units of measure [for example, kilometre to metre; hour to minute].

Measure and calculate the perimeter of a rectilinear figure (including squares) in centimetres and metres.

Find the area of rectilinear shapes by counting squares.

Estimate, compare and calculate different measures, including money in pounds and pence.

Read, write and convert time between analogue and digital 12- and 24-hour clocks.

Solve problems involving converting from hours to minutes; minutes to seconds; years to months; weeks to days.

Compare and classify geometric shapes, including quadrilaterals and triangles, based on their properties and sizes.

Identify acute and obtuse angles and compare and order angles up to two right angles by size.

Identify lines of symmetry in 2-D shapes presented in different orientations.

Complete a simple symmetric figure with respect to a specific line of symmetry.

Describe positions on a 2-D grid as coordinates in the first quadrant.

Describe movements between positions as translations of a given unit to the left/right and up/down.

Plot specified points and draw sides to complete a given polygon.

Interpret and present discrete and continuous data using appropriate graphical methods, including bar charts and time graphs.

Solve comparison, sum and difference problems using information presented in bar charts, pictograms, tables and other graphs.

Read, write, order and compare numbers to at least 1,000,000 and determine the value of each digit.

Count forwards or backwards in steps of powers of 10 for any given number up to 1,000,000.

Interpret negative numbers in context, count forwards and backwards with positive and negative whole numbers, including through zero.

Round any number up to 1,000,000 to the nearest 10, 100, 1000, 10,000 and 100,000.

Solve number problems and practical problems that involve all of the above.

Read Roman numerals to 1000 (M) and recognise years written in Roman numerals.

Add and subtract whole numbers with more than 4 digits, including using formal written methods (columnar addition and subtraction).

Add and subtract numbers mentally with increasingly large numbers.

Solve addition and subtraction multi-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why.

Identify multiples and factors, including finding all factor pairs of a number, and common factors of two numbers.

Know and use the vocabulary of prime numbers, prime factors and composite (non-prime) numbers.

Establish whether a number up to 100 is prime and recall prime numbers up to 19.

Multiply numbers up to 4 digits by a one- or two-digit number using a formal written method, including long multiplication for two-digit numbers.

Multiply and divide numbers mentally drawing upon known facts.

Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a one-digit number using the formal written method of short division and interpret remainders appropriately.

Multiply and divide whole numbers and those involving decimals by 10, 100 and 1000.

Recognise and use square numbers and cube numbers, and the notation for squared (2) and cubed (3).

Solve problems involving multiplication and division including using their knowledge of factors and multiples, squares and cubes.

Compare and order fractions whose denominators are all multiples of the same number.

Identify, name and write equivalent fractions of a given fraction, represented visually, including tenths and hundredths.

Recognise mixed numbers and improper fractions and convert from one form to the other.

Add and subtract fractions with the same denominator and denominators that are multiples of the same number.

Multiply proper fractions and mixed numbers by whole numbers, supported by materials and diagrams.

Read and write decimal numbers as fractions [for example, 0.71 = 71/100].

Recognise and use thousandths and relate them to tenths, hundredths and decimal equivalents.

Round decimals with two decimal places to the nearest whole number and to one decimal place.

Read, write, order and compare numbers with up to three decimal places.

Solve problems involving number up to three decimal places.

Recognise the per cent symbol (%) and understand that per cent relates to 'number of parts per hundred'.

Solve problems which require knowing percentage and decimal equivalents of 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, 2/5, 4/5 and those fractions with a denominator of a multiple of 10 or 25.

Convert between different units of metric measure (for example, kilometre and metre; centimetre and metre; centimetre and millimetre; gram and kilogram; litre and millilitre).

Understand and use approximate equivalences between metric units and common imperial units such as inches, pounds and pints.

Measure and calculate the perimeter of composite rectilinear shapes in centimetres and metres.

Calculate and compare the area of rectangles (including squares), and including using standard units, square centimetres (cm2) and square metres (m2).

Estimate volume [for example, using 1 cm3 blocks to build cuboids (including cubes)] and capacity [for example, using water].

Solve problems involving converting between units of time.

Use all four operations to solve problems involving measure [for example, length, mass, volume, money] using decimal notation, including scaling.

Identify 3-D shapes, including cuboids and other prisms, from 2-D representations.

Know angles are measured in degrees: estimate and compare acute, obtuse and reflex angles.

Draw given angles, and measure them in degrees (o).

Identify: angles at a point and one whole turn (total 360o); angles at a point on a straight line and 1/2 a turn (total 180o); other multiples of 90o.

Use the properties of rectangles to deduce related facts and find missing lengths and angles.

Distinguish between regular and irregular polygons based on reasoning about equal sides and angles.

Identify, describe and represent the position of a shape following a reflection or translation.

Solve comparison, sum and difference problems using information presented in a line graph.

Complete, read and interpret information in tables, including timetables.

Read, write, order and compare numbers up to 10,000,000 and determine the value of each digit.

Round any whole number to a required degree of accuracy.

Use negative numbers in context, and calculate intervals across zero.

Solve number and practical problems that involve all of the above.

Multiply multi-digit numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit whole number using the formal written method of long multiplication.

Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit whole number using the formal written method of long division, and interpret remainders.

Divide numbers up to 4 digits by a two-digit number using the formal written method of short division where appropriate.

Perform mental calculations, including with mixed operations and large numbers.

Identify common factors, common multiples and prime numbers.

Use their knowledge of the order of operations to carry out calculations involving the four operations.

Solve addition and subtraction multi-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why.

Solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Use estimation to check answers to calculations and determine, in the context of a problem, an appropriate degree of accuracy.

Use common factors to simplify fractions; use common multiples to express fractions in the same denomination.

Compare and order fractions, including fractions > 1.

Add and subtract fractions with different denominators and mixed numbers, using the concept of equivalent fractions.

Multiply simple pairs of proper fractions, writing the answer in its simplest form [for example, 1/4 x 1/2 = 1/8].

Divide proper fractions by whole numbers [for example, 1/3 ÷ 2 = 1/6].

Associate a fraction with division and calculate decimal fraction equivalents [for example, 0.375] for a simple fraction [for example, 3/8].

Identify the value of each digit in numbers given to three decimal places and multiply and divide numbers by 10, 100 and 1000.

Multiply one-digit numbers with up to two decimal places by whole numbers.

Use written division methods in cases where the answer has up to two decimal places.

Solve problems which require answers to be rounded to specified degrees of accuracy.

Recall and use equivalences between simple fractions, decimals and percentages, including in different contexts.

Solve problems involving the relative sizes of two quantities where appropriate values can be found by using integer multiplication and division facts.

Solve problems involving the calculation of percentages [for example, of a measure, and such as 15% of 360] and the use of percentages for comparison.

Solve problems involving similar shapes where the scale factor is known or can be found.

Solve problems involving unequal sharing and grouping using knowledge of fractions and multiples.

Use simple formulae.

Generate and describe linear number sequences.

Express missing number problems algebraically.

Find pairs of numbers that satisfy an equation with two unknowns.

Enumerate possibilities of combinations of two variables.

Solve problems involving the calculation and conversion of units of measure, using decimal notation up to three decimal places where appropriate.

Use, read, write and convert between standard units, converting measurements of length, mass, volume and time.

Convert between miles and kilometres.

Recognise that shapes with the same areas can have different perimeters and vice versa.

Recognise when it is possible to use formulae for area and volume of shapes.

Calculate the area of parallelograms and triangles.

Calculate, estimate and compare volume of cuboids using standard units, including cubic centimetres (cm3) and cubic metres (m3).

Draw 2-D shapes using given dimensions and angles.

Recognise, describe and build simple 3-D shapes, including making nets.

Compare and classify geometric shapes based on their properties and sizes and find unknown angles in any triangles, quadrilaterals, and regular polygons.

Illustrate and name parts of circles, including radius, diameter and circumference and know that the diameter is twice the radius.

Recognise angles where they meet at a point, are on a straight line, or are vertically opposite, and find missing angles.

Describe positions on the full coordinate grid (all four quadrants).

Draw and translate simple shapes on the coordinate plane, and reflect them in the axes.

Interpret and construct pie charts and line graphs and use these to solve problems.

Calculate and interpret the mean as an average.

Consolidate numerical and mathematical capability from key stage 2 and extend understanding of the number system.

Select and use appropriate calculation strategies to solve increasingly complex problems.

Use algebra to generalise the structure of arithmetic, including to formulate mathematical relationships.

Substitute values into expressions, rearrange and simplify expressions, and solve equations.

Move freely between different numerical, algebraic, graphical and diagrammatic representations.

Use mathematical language and symbols with precision.

Extend understanding of the number system; make connections between number relationships and algebraic/graphical representations.

Extend and formalise knowledge of ratio and proportion in working with measures and geometry.

Identify variables and select appropriate relations for intermediate steps to solve a problem.

Make and test conjectures about patterns and relationships; look for proofs or counter-examples.

Begin to reason deductively in geometry, number and algebra, including using geometrical constructions.

Interpret when the structure of a numerical problem requires additive, multiplicative or proportional reasoning.

Explore what can and cannot be inferred in statistical settings and express arguments formally.

Develop mathematical knowledge through solving problems and evaluating outcomes, including multi-step problems.

Develop use of formal mathematical knowledge to interpret and solve problems, including financial mathematics.

Begin to model situations mathematically and express results using formal mathematical representations.

Select appropriate concepts, methods and techniques to apply to unfamiliar and non-routine problems.

Understand and use place value for decimals, measures and integers of any size.

Order positive and negative integers, decimals and fractions; use the number line as a model.

Use symbols =, ≠, <, >, ≤, ≥.

Use prime numbers, factors, multiples, HCF, LCM, and prime factorisation including product notation.

Apply the four operations to integers, decimals, proper/improper fractions, and mixed numbers (positive and negative).

Use conventional notation for the priority of operations, including brackets, powers, roots and reciprocals.

Recognise and use relationships between operations including inverse operations.

Use integer powers and associated real roots; recognise powers of 2, 3, 4, 5.

Interpret and compare numbers in standard form A x 10^n.

Work interchangeably with terminating decimals and their corresponding fractions.

Interpret percentages and percentage changes as a fraction or a decimal; work with percentages > 100%.

Interpret fractions and percentages as operators.

Use standard units of mass, length, time, money and other measures.

Round numbers and measures to an appropriate degree of accuracy (decimal places or significant figures).

Use approximation through estimation to check answers and appraisal of magnitude.

Use a calculator and other technologies to calculate results accurately and interpret them appropriately.

Use and interpret algebraic notation, including coefficients as fractions and brackets.

Substitute numerical values into formulae and expressions, including scientific formulae.

Understand and use the concepts and vocabulary of expressions, equations, inequalities, terms and factors.

Simplify and manipulate algebraic expressions by collecting like terms and expanding products of binomials.

Understand and use standard mathematical formulae; rearrange formulae to change the subject.

Model situations or procedures by translating them into algebraic expressions or formulae.

Use algebraic methods to solve linear equations in one variable.

Work with coordinates in all four quadrants.

Recognise, sketch and produce graphs of linear and quadratic functions of one variable.

Interpret mathematical relationships both algebraically and graphically.

Reduce linear equations to y = mx + c; calculate and interpret gradients and intercepts.

Use linear and quadratic graphs to estimate values and find approximate solutions of simultaneous equations.

Find approximate solutions to contextual problems from piece-wise linear, exponential and reciprocal graphs.

Generate terms of a sequence from either a term-to-term or a position-to-term rule.

Recognise arithmetic progressions and find the nth term.

Recognise geometric progressions and other sequences.

Change freely between related standard units [for example time, length, area, volume, mass].

Use scale factors, scale diagrams and maps.

Express one quantity as a fraction of another, where the fraction is less than or greater than 1.

Use ratio notation, including reduction to simplest form.

Divide a given quantity into two parts in a given part:part or part:whole ratio.

Understand that a multiplicative relationship between two quantities can be expressed as a ratio or a fraction.

Relate the language of ratios to the arithmetic of fractions and to linear functions.

Solve problems involving percentage change, including original value problems and simple interest.

Solve problems involving direct and inverse proportion, including graphical and algebraic representations.

Use compound units such as speed, unit pricing and density to solve problems.

Derive and apply formulae for perimeter/area of triangles, parallelograms, trapezia, and volume of prisms.

Calculate perimeters of 2D shapes, areas of circles and composite shapes.

Draw and measure line segments and angles in geometric figures, including scale drawings.

Derive and illustrate properties of triangles, quadrilaterals, circles, and other plane figures.

Identify properties of, and describe the results of, translations, rotations and reflections.

Identify and construct congruent triangles, and construct similar shapes by enlargement.

Apply properties of angles at a point, on a straight line, and vertically opposite angles.

Understand and use the relationship between parallel lines and alternate and corresponding angles.

Derive and use the sum of angles in a triangle and deduce the angle sum in any polygon.

Apply angle facts, triangle congruence, similarity and properties of quadrilaterals to derive results.

Use Pythagoras’ Theorem and trigonometric ratios in similar triangles to solve right-angled triangle problems.

Use properties of faces, surfaces, edges and vertices of 3D shapes to solve problems.

Interpret mathematical relationships both geometrically and graphically.

Record, describe and analyse the frequency of outcomes using tables and frequency trees.

Apply ideas of randomness, fairness and equally likely events to calculate expected outcomes.

Relate relative expected frequencies to theoretical probability using the 0-1 scale.

Understand that the probabilities of all possible outcomes sum to 1.

Enumerate sets and unions/intersections of sets systematically using tables, grids and Venn diagrams.

Generate theoretical sample spaces for single and combined events with equally likely outcomes.

Describe, interpret and compare distributions using graphical representation and measures of central tendency/spread.

Construct and interpret tables, charts, and diagrams including bar charts, pie charts, and pictograms.

Describe simple mathematical relationships between two variables (bivariate data) through scatter graphs.

Use and interpret scatter graphs; recognise correlation and draw estimated lines of best fit.

Consolidate numerical and mathematical capability from key stage 3 and extend understanding of the number system to include powers, roots {and fractional indices}.

Select and use appropriate calculation strategies to solve complex problems, including exact calculations involving multiples of π {and surds} and standard form.

Consolidate algebraic capability from key stage 3 and extend understanding of algebraic simplification and manipulation to include quadratic expressions {and surds}.

Extend fluency with expressions and equations from key stage 3, to include quadratic equations, simultaneous equations and inequalities.

Move freely between different numerical, algebraic, graphical and diagrammatic representations, including linear, quadratic, reciprocal, {exponential and trigonometric} functions.

Extend and formalise knowledge of ratio and proportion, including trigonometric ratios, in working with measures and geometry and proportional relations.

Extend ability to identify variables and express relations between variables algebraically and graphically.

Make and test conjectures about generalisations that underlie patterns and relationships; look for proofs or counter-examples; use algebra to support arguments.

Reason deductively in geometry, number and algebra, including using geometrical constructions.

Interpret when the structure of a numerical problem requires additive, multiplicative or proportional reasoning.

Explore what can and cannot be inferred in statistical and probabilistic settings, and express arguments formally.

Develop mathematical knowledge through solving problems and evaluating outcomes, including multi-step problems.

Develop use of formal mathematical knowledge to interpret and solve problems, including in financial contexts.

Make and use connections between different parts of mathematics to solve problems.

Model situations mathematically and express results using formal representations, reflecting on how solutions are affected by modelling assumptions.

Select appropriate concepts, methods and techniques to apply to unfamiliar and non-routine problems; interpret solutions in context.

Apply and interpret limits of accuracy, including upper and lower bounds.

Calculate with standard index form A × 10^n, where 1 ≤ A < 10 and n is an integer.

{Change recurring decimals into their corresponding fractions and vice versa.}

Estimate powers and roots of any given positive number {and derive errors bound from using iterative methods}.

Simplify and manipulate algebraic expressions {including those involving surds and algebraic fractions} by expanding products of two or more binomials.

{Extend and formalise knowledge of functions and their notation.}

{Interpret the reverse process as the ‘inverse function’; interpret the succession of two functions as a ‘composite function’.}

Use the form y = mx + c to identify parallel {and perpendicular} lines; find the equation of a line through two points or one point with a gradient.

Identify and interpret roots, intercepts and turning points of quadratic functions graphically; deduce these by completing the square.

Recognise, sketch and interpret graphs of linear, quadratic, cubic, reciprocal {exponential and trigonometric} functions.

{Sketch translations and reflections of a given function.}

Plot and interpret graphs {including reciprocal and exponential} in real contexts to find approximate solutions to problems like kinematics.

{Calculate or estimate gradients of graphs and areas under graphs (including non-linear), and interpret results in distance-time and velocity-time contexts.}

Solve quadratic equations {including those that cannot be factorised}; solve simultaneous equations with at least one linear equation.

Solve linear inequalities in one {or two} variables and {quadratic inequalities in one variable}; represent solutions on a number line or graph.

Recognise and use sequences including arithmetic, Fibonacci, quadratic and geometric progressions {and other sequences}.

Deduce expressions to calculate the nth term of linear {and quadratic} sequences.

Compare lengths, areas and volumes using ratio notation and/or scale factors; make links to similarity.

Convert between related compound units (speed, rates of pay, prices, density, pressure) in numerical and algebraic contexts.

Understand that x is inversely proportional to y is equivalent to x is proportional to 1/y; {construct and} interpret equations for proportion.

Interpret the gradient of a straight line graph as a rate of change; recognise and interpret graphs of direct and inverse proportion.

{Interpret the gradient at a point on a curve as the instantaneous rate of change; apply concepts of instantaneous and average rate of change.}

Set up, solve and interpret answers in growth and decay problems, including compound interest {and general iterative processes}.

Interpret and use fractional scale factors for enlargements.

{Describe changes and invariance achieved by combinations of rotations, reflections and translations.}

Identify and apply circle definitions and properties: centre, radius, chord, diameter, circumference, tangent, arc, sector and segment.

{Apply and prove the standard circle theorems concerning angles, radii, tangents and chords.}

Construct and interpret plans and elevations of 3D shapes.

Interpret and use bearings.

Calculate arc lengths, angles and areas of sectors of circles.

Calculate surface area and volume of spheres, pyramids, cones and composite solids.

Apply concepts of congruence and similarity, including relationships between lengths, {areas and volumes} in similar figures.

Apply Pythagoras’ Theorem and trigonometric ratios to find angles and lengths in right-angled triangles {and general triangles} in 2D and 3D.

{Know exact values of sin θ and cos θ for 0, 30, 45, 60, 90 degrees; know exact value of tan θ for 0, 30, 45, 60 degrees.}

{Know and apply the sine rule and cosine rule to find unknown lengths and angles.}

{Know and apply Area = 1/2 ab sin C to calculate the area, sides or angles of any triangle.}

Describe translations as 2D vectors.

Apply addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication of vectors; {use vectors to construct geometric arguments and proofs}.

Apply the property that the probabilities of an exhaustive set of mutually exclusive events sum to 1.

Use a probability model to predict the outcomes of future experiments.

Understand that empirical unbiased samples tend towards theoretical probability distributions with increasing sample size.

Calculate probability of independent and dependent combined events, using tree diagrams and other representations {and know underlying assumptions}.

{Calculate and interpret conditional probabilities through expected frequencies, two-way tables, tree diagrams and Venn diagrams.}

Infer properties of populations or distributions from a sample, whilst knowing the limitations of sampling.

Interpret and construct tables and line graphs for time series data.

Construct and interpret diagrams for grouped discrete and continuous data, including histograms and cumulative frequency graphs.

Interpret, analyse and compare distributions of data sets through measures of central tendency and spread {including quartiles and inter-quartile range}.

Apply statistics to describe a population.

Use and interpret scatter graphs; recognise correlation and know it does not indicate causation; draw lines of best fit; make predictions.

Asking simple questions and recognising that they can be answered in different ways

Observing closely, using simple equipment

Performing simple tests

Identifying and classifying

Using their observations and ideas to suggest answers to questions

Gathering and recording data to help in answering questions

Identify and name a variety of common wild and garden plants, including deciduous and evergreen trees

Identify and describe the basic structure of a variety of common flowering plants, including trees

Identify and name a variety of common animals including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Identify and name a variety of common animals that are carnivores, herbivores and omnivores

Describe and compare the structure of a variety of common animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, including pets)

Identify, name, draw and label the basic parts of the human body and say which part of the body is associated with each sense

Distinguish between an object and the material from which it is made

Identify and name a variety of everyday materials, including wood, plastic, glass, metal, water, and rock

Describe the simple physical properties of a variety of everyday materials

Compare and group together a variety of everyday materials on the basis of their simple physical properties

Observe changes across the four seasons

Observe and describe weather associated with the seasons and how day length varies

Explore and compare the differences between things that are living, dead, and things that have never been alive

Identify that most living things live in habitats to which they are suited and describe how different habitats provide for basic needs

Identify and name a variety of plants and animals in their habitats, including micro-habitats

Describe how animals obtain their food from plants and other animals, using the idea of a simple food chain

Observe and describe how seeds and bulbs grow into mature plants

Find out and describe how plants need water, light and a suitable temperature to grow and stay healthy

Notice that animals, including humans, have offspring which grow into adults

Find out about and describe the basic needs of animals, including humans, for survival (water, food and air)

Describe the importance for humans of exercise, eating the right amounts of different types of food, and hygiene

Identify and compare the suitability of a variety of everyday materials for particular uses

Find out how the shapes of solid objects made from some materials can be changed by squashing, bending, twisting and stretching

Asking relevant questions and using different types of scientific enquiries to answer them.

Setting up simple practical enquiries, comparative and fair tests.

Making systematic and careful observations and, where appropriate, taking accurate measurements using standard units.

Gathering, recording, classifying and presenting data in a variety of ways to help in answering questions.

Recording findings using simple scientific language, drawings, labelled diagrams, keys, bar charts, and tables.

Reporting on findings from enquiries, including oral and written explanations, displays or presentations of results.

Using results to draw simple conclusions, make predictions for new values, suggest improvements and raise further questions.

Identifying differences, similarities or changes related to simple scientific ideas and processes.

Using straightforward scientific evidence to answer questions or to support their findings.

Identify and describe the functions of different parts of flowering plants: roots, stem/trunk, leaves and flowers.

Explore the requirements of plants for life and growth (air, light, water, nutrients from soil, and room to grow).

Investigate the way in which water is transported within plants.

Explore the part that flowers play in the life cycle of flowering plants, including pollination, seed formation and seed dispersal.

Identify that animals, including humans, need the right types and amount of nutrition, and that they cannot make their own food.

Identify that humans and some other animals have skeletons and muscles for support, protection and movement.

Compare and group together different kinds of rocks on the basis of their appearance and simple physical properties.

Describe in simple terms how fossils are formed when things that have lived are trapped within rock.

Recognise that soils are made from rocks and organic matter.

Recognise that they need light in order to see things and that dark is the absence of light.

Notice that light is reflected from surfaces.

Recognise that light from the sun can be dangerous and that there are ways to protect their eyes.

Recognise that shadows are formed when the light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object.

Find patterns in the way that the size of shadows change.

Compare how things move on different surfaces.

Notice that some forces need contact between two objects, but magnetic forces can act at a distance.

Observe how magnets attract or repel each other and attract some materials and not others.

Compare and group together a variety of everyday materials on the basis of whether they are attracted to a magnet.

Describe magnets as having two poles.

Predict whether two magnets will attract or repel each other, depending on which poles are facing.

Recognise that living things can be grouped in a variety of ways.

Explore and use classification keys to help group, identify and name a variety of living things in their local and wider environment.

Recognise that environments can change and that this can sometimes pose dangers to living things.

Describe the simple functions of the basic parts of the digestive system in humans.

Identify the different types of teeth in humans and their simple functions.

Construct and interpret a variety of food chains, identifying producers, predators and prey.

Compare and group materials together, according to whether they are solids, liquids or gases.

Observe that some materials change state when they are heated or cooled, and measure or research the temperature at which this happens.

Identify the part played by evaporation and condensation in the water cycle and associate the rate of evaporation with temperature.

Identify how sounds are made, associating some of them with something vibrating.

Recognise that vibrations from sounds travel through a medium to the ear.

Find patterns between the pitch of a sound and features of the object that produced it.

Find patterns between the volume of a sound and the strength of the vibrations that produced it.

Recognise that sounds get fainter as the distance from the sound source increases.

Identify common appliances that run on electricity.

Construct a simple series electrical circuit, identifying and naming its basic parts, including cells, wires, bulbs, switches and buzzers.

Identify whether or not a lamp will light in a simple series circuit, based on whether or not the lamp is part of a complete loop.

Recognise that a switch opens and closes a circuit and associate this with whether or not a lamp lights.

Recognise some common conductors and insulators, and associate metals with being good conductors.

Planning different types of scientific enquiries to answer questions, including recognising and controlling variables where necessary.

Taking measurements, using a range of scientific equipment, with increasing accuracy and precision, taking repeat readings when appropriate.

Recording data and results of increasing complexity using scientific diagrams and labels, classification keys, tables, scatter graphs, bar and line graphs.

Using test results to make predictions to set up further comparative and fair tests.

Reporting and presenting findings from enquiries, including conclusions, causal relationships and explanations of and degree of trust in results.

Identifying scientific evidence that has been used to support or refute ideas or arguments.

Describe the differences in the life cycles of a mammal, an amphibian, an insect and a bird.

Describe the life process of reproduction in some plants and animals.

Describe the changes as humans develop to old age.

Compare and group together everyday materials on the basis of their properties, including hardness, solubility, transparency, conductivity and response to magnets.

Know that some materials will dissolve in liquid to form a solution, and describe how to recover a substance from a solution.

Use knowledge of solids, liquids and gases to decide how mixtures might be separated, including through filtering, sieving and evaporating.

Give reasons, based on evidence from comparative and fair tests, for the particular uses of everyday materials.

Demonstrate that dissolving, mixing and changes of state are reversible changes.

Explain that some changes result in the formation of new materials, and that this kind of change is not usually reversible.

Describe the movement of the Earth, and other planets, relative to the Sun in the solar system.

Describe the movement of the Moon relative to the Earth.

Describe the Sun, Earth and Moon as approximately spherical bodies.

Use the idea of the Earth’s rotation to explain day and night and the apparent movement of the sun across the sky.

Explain that unsupported objects fall towards the Earth because of the force of gravity acting between the Earth and the falling object.

Identify the effects of air resistance, water resistance and friction, that act between moving surfaces.

Recognise that some mechanisms, including levers, pulleys and gears, allow a smaller force to have a greater effect.

Describe how living things are classified into broad groups according to common observable characteristics, including micro-organisms, plants and animals.

Give reasons for classifying plants and animals based on specific characteristics.

Identify and name the main parts of the human circulatory system, and describe the functions of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

Recognise the impact of diet, exercise, drugs and lifestyle on the way their bodies function.

Describe the ways in which nutrients and water are transported within animals, including humans.

Recognise that living things have changed over time and that fossils provide information about living things that inhabited the Earth millions of years ago.

Recognise that living things produce offspring of the same kind, but normally offspring vary and are not identical to their parents.

Identify how animals and plants are adapted to suit their environment in different ways and that adaptation may lead to evolution.

Recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines.

Use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain that objects are seen because they give out or reflect light into the eye.

Explain that we see things because light travels from light sources to our eyes or from light sources to objects and then to our eyes.

Use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain why shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast them.

Associate the brightness of a lamp or the volume of a buzzer with the number and voltage of cells used in the circuit.

Compare and give reasons for variations in how components function, including the brightness of bulbs, the loudness of buzzers and the on/off position of switches.

Use recognised symbols when representing a simple circuit in a diagram.

Understand that scientific methods and theories develop as earlier explanations are modified to take account of new evidence and ideas.

Understand the importance of publishing results and peer review.

Evaluate risks.

Ask questions and develop a line of enquiry based on observations of the real world, alongside prior knowledge and experience.

Make predictions using scientific knowledge and understanding.

Select, plan and carry out the most appropriate types of scientific enquiries to test predictions.

Identify independent, dependent and control variables, where appropriate.

Use appropriate techniques, apparatus, and materials during fieldwork and laboratory work, paying attention to health and safety.

Make and record observations and measurements using a range of methods for different investigations.

Evaluate the reliability of methods and suggest possible improvements.

Apply sampling techniques.

Apply mathematical concepts and calculate results.

Present observations and data using appropriate methods, including tables and graphs.

Interpret observations and data, including identifying patterns and using observations, measurements and data to draw conclusions.

Present reasoned explanations, including explaining data in relation to predictions and hypotheses.

Evaluate data, showing awareness of potential sources of random and systematic error.

Identify further questions arising from their results.

Understand and use SI units and IUPAC chemical nomenclature.

Use and derive relevant units and expressions, e.g. linear and non-linear relationships.

Use symbols and layout appropriate to the context.

Use a range of weights and measures and use compound units such as speed and density to solve problems.

Cells as the fundamental unit of living organisms, including how to observe, interpret and record cell structure using a light microscope.

The functions of the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, chloroplasts and mitochondria.

The similarities and differences between plant and animal cells.

The role of diffusion in the movement of materials in and between cells.

The structural adaptations of some unicellular organisms.

The hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms: from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms.

The structure and functions of the human skeleton, to include support, protection, making blood cells and movement.

Biomechanics – the interaction between skeleton and muscles, including the measurement of force exerted by different muscles.

The function of muscles and examples of antagonistic muscles.

Content of a healthy human diet: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and water.

Calculations of energy requirements in a healthy daily diet.

The consequences of imbalances in the diet, including obesity, starvation and deficiency diseases.

The tissues and organs of the human digestive system, including adaptations to function and chemical/mechanical digestion.

The importance of bacteria in the human digestive system.

The structure and functions of the gas exchange system in humans, including adaptations to function.

The mechanism of breathing to move air in and out of the lungs, using a pressure model.

The impact of exercise, asthma and smoking on the human gas exchange system.

Reproduction in humans, including structure/function of systems, menstrual cycle, gametes, fertilisation, gestation and birth.

The effect of maternal lifestyle on the foetus through the placenta.

Reproduction in plants, including flower structure, pollination, fertilisation, seed and fruit formation and dispersal.

The effects of recreational drugs (including substance misuse) on behaviour, health and life processes.

The reactants in, and products of, photosynthesis, and a word summary for photosynthesis.

The dependence of almost all life on Earth on photosynthetic organisms to build organic molecules and maintain oxygen/CO2 levels.

The adaptations of leaves for photosynthesis.

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration in living organisms, including the breakdown of organic molecules to release energy.

The differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of reactants, products and energy yields.

The applications of anaerobic respiration in microorganisms, including fermentation.

The interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem, including food webs and insect pollinated crops.

The importance of plant reproduction through insect pollination in human food security.

How organisms affect, and are affected by, their environment, including the accumulation of toxic materials.

Heredity as the process by which genetic information is transmitted from one generation to the next.

A simple model of chromosomes, genes and DNA in heredity, including the work of Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin.

The variation between individuals within a species being continuous or discontinuous.

The variation between species and individuals means some organisms compete more successfully, driving natural selection.

Changes in the environment may lead to extinction if species are less well adapted to compete and reproduce.

The importance of maintaining biodiversity and the use of gene banks to preserve hereditary material.

The properties of the different states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) in terms of the particle model, including gas pressure.

Changes of state in terms of the particle model.

A simple (Dalton) atomic model.

Differences between atoms, elements and compounds.

Chemical symbols and formulae for elements and compounds.

Conservation of mass in changes of state and chemical reactions.

The concept of a pure substance and mixtures, including dissolving.

Diffusion in terms of the particle model.

Simple techniques for separating mixtures: filtration, evaporation, distillation and chromatography.

The identification of pure substances.

Chemical reactions as the rearrangement of atoms.

Representing chemical reactions using formulae and using equations.

Combustion, thermal decomposition, oxidation and displacement reactions.

Defining acids and alkalis in terms of neutralisation reactions.

The pH scale for measuring acidity/alkalinity; and indicators.

Reactions of acids with metals to produce a salt plus hydrogen.

Reactions of acids with alkalis to produce a salt plus water.

What catalysts do.

Energy changes on changes of state (qualitative).

Exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions (qualitative).

The varying physical and chemical properties of different elements.

The principles underpinning the Mendeleev Periodic Table.

The Periodic Table: periods and groups; metals and non-metals.

How patterns in properties can be used to predict properties of elements in the same group.

Properties of ceramics, polymers and composites (qualitative).

The part played by chemistry in the Earth’s resources.

The composition and structure of the Earth.

The rock cycle and the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Earth as a source of limited resources and the efficacy of recycling.

The carbon cycle.

The composition of the atmosphere.

The production of carbon dioxide by human activity and the impact on climate.

Comparing energy values of different foods (kJ).

Comparing power ratings of appliances in watts (W, kW).

Comparing amounts of energy transferred (J, kJ, kW hour).

Domestic fuel bills, fuel use and costs.

Fuels and energy resources.

Simple machines give bigger force but at the expense of smaller movement.

Heating and thermal equilibrium: conduction, convection and radiation.

Methods of reducing unwanted energy transfer, e.g. insulators.

Energy changes in systems in terms of energy stores and transfers.

Conservation of energy in a closed system and dissipation.

Energy as a quantity that can be quantified and calculated.

Using physical processes and mechanisms (forces, current, heating) to explain changes in systems.

Speed and the quantitative relationship between average speed, distance and time.

The representation of a journey on a distance-time graph.

Relative motion: trains and cars passing one another.

Forces as pushes or pulls, arising from the interaction between two objects.

Using force arrows in diagrams, adding forces in one dimension, balanced and unbalanced forces.

Moment as the turning effect of a force.

Forces associated with deforming objects; stretching and squashing; friction and resistance.

Forces measured in Newtons; Hooke’s Law as a special case.

Work done and energy changes on deformation.

Non-contact forces: gravity, magnetism and static electricity.

Atmospheric pressure and its decrease with height.

Pressure in liquids, upthrust, floating and sinking.

Pressure measured by ratio of force over area.

Opposing forces and equilibrium.

Forces needed to cause objects to stop, start, or change speed/direction.

Change in motion related to force size and object mass.

Waves on water as undulations; reflection and superposition.

Frequencies of sound waves (Hz); echoes, reflection and absorption.

Sound needs a medium; speed of sound in different states.

Sound produced by vibrations; detection by microphones and ears; longitudinal waves.

Auditory range of humans and animals.

Pressure waves transferring energy; ultra-sound applications.

Similarities and differences between light waves and waves in matter.

Light rays travelling in straight lines; speed of light.

Transmission and energy transfer from source to absorber.

Ray model of light: mirrors, pinhole camera, refraction and lenses.

Colour and frequencies of light; white light and prisms.

Electric current in series and parallel circuits; current conservation at junctions.

Potential difference (volts) and resistance (ohms).

Differences in resistance between conducting and insulating components.

Static electricity: transfer of electrons and forces between charged objects.

Electric fields and forces acting across space.

Magnetic poles, attraction/repulsion and field lines.

Earth’s magnetism, compass and navigation.

Magnetic effect of a current, electromagnets and D.C. motors.

Conservation of material and mass in physical changes.

Similarities and differences between solids, liquids and gases, including density.

Brownian motion in gases.

Diffusion in liquids and gases driven by concentration differences.

The difference between chemical and physical changes.

Particle model explaining changes of state, shape and density.

Atoms and molecules as particles.

Changes with temperature in motion and spacing of particles.

Internal energy stored in materials.

Gravity force, weight = mass x gravitational field strength (g).

Gravity forces between Earth and Moon, and Earth and Sun.

Our Sun as a star, other stars in our galaxy, other galaxies.

The seasons and the Earth’s tilt, day length at different times of year.

The light year as a unit of astronomical distance.

The use of scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.

Planning experiments or relevant observations to test hypotheses or explore phenomena.

Applying a knowledge of a range of techniques, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate both for fieldwork and for experiments.

Carrying out experiments appropriately, having due regard to the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety.

Recognising when to apply a knowledge of sampling techniques to ensure any samples collected are representative.

Making and recording observations and measurements using a range of methods for different investigations.

Evaluating the reliability of methods and suggesting possible improvements.

Presenting observations and data using appropriate methods, including tables and graphs.

Interpreting observations and data, including identifying patterns and using statistics, where appropriate, to present abstract data and phenomena.

Presenting reasoned explanations, including explaining data in relation to relevant scientific ideas and processes.

Evaluating data, deriving probabilities where appropriate, and identifying potential sources of random and systematic error.

Communicating the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions.

Developing the use of scientific vocabulary and nomenclature.

Recognising the importance of scientific quantities and understanding how they are determined.

Using SI units and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.

Using prefixes and powers of ten for orders of magnitude (e.g. tera, giga, mega, kilo, centi, milli, micro and nano).

Interconverting units.

Using an appropriate number of significant figures in calculations.

Cells as the basic unit of organisation, the role of the nucleus and organelles, and the use of the light microscope.

The process of mitosis and the cell cycle, including the role of stem cells.

The process of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in living organisms.

The need for transport systems in multicellular organisms, including systems in animals and plants.

The structure and functions of the human circulatory system.

The relationship between health and disease, and the impact of lifestyle factors on non-communicable diseases.

The role of the immune system in the defence against disease.

The use of vaccines and medicines in the prevention and treatment of disease.

The principles of nervous coordination and control in humans.

The principles of hormonal coordination and control in humans, including the role of hormones in reproduction.

Photosynthesis as the process by which plants and algae make food, and the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

The importance of biodiversity and the levels of organisation within an ecosystem.

The importance of the carbon and water cycles to every living organism.

The role of DNA and genes in inheritance, and the process of meiosis.

The principles of monohybrid inheritance and the evidence for evolution.

The process of natural selection and the impact of selective breeding and genetic engineering.

A simple model of the atom and the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table.

The properties of the elements in Groups 1, 7 and 0.

The different types of chemical bonding: ionic, covalent and metallic.

The relationship between the structure and properties of substances, including metals and alloys.

The reactivity of metals and the extraction of metals.

The properties of acids and bases and the process of neutralisation.

The process of electrolysis.

Exothermic and endothermic reactions.

The factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions.

The concept of reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium.

The use of chemical tests to identify common gases and ions.

The life cycle assessment and recycling of materials.

The fractional distillation of crude oil and the cracking of hydrocarbons.

The composition and evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere.

The causes and effects of climate change.

Energy changes in a system, and the ways energy is stored before and after such changes.

Conservation of energy and the concept of efficiency.

Forces and their effects, and the relationship between force, mass and acceleration.

Speed, velocity and acceleration, and the relationship between force and change in momentum.

The properties of waves, including amplitude, wavelength and frequency.

The electromagnetic spectrum and its uses.

Current, potential difference and resistance in series and parallel circuits.

The domestic electricity supply and safety.

The properties of magnets and magnetic fields.

The use of electromagnets and the motor effect.

The particle model of matter and the changes of state.

The structure of the atom and the nature of radioactive decay.

The uses and hazards of ionising radiation.

The main features of the solar system and the life cycle of a star.

The evidence for the Big Bang theory.

Develop an awareness of the past, using common words and phrases relating to the passing of time.

Know where people and events fit within a chronological framework and identify similarities and differences between periods.

Use a wide vocabulary of everyday historical terms.

Ask and answer questions, choosing and using parts of stories and other sources to show understanding of key features.

Understand some of the ways in which we find out about the past and identify different ways in which it is represented.

Changes within living memory. Where appropriate, these should be used to reveal aspects of change in national life.

Events beyond living memory that are significant nationally or globally [e.g. the Great Fire of London, the first aeroplane flight].

The lives of significant individuals in the past who have contributed to national and international achievements.

Significant historical events, people and places in their own locality.

Develop a chronologically secure knowledge and understanding of British, local and world history, establishing clear narratives within and across the periods they study.

Note connections, contrasts and trends over time and develop the appropriate use of historical terms.

Regularly address and sometimes devise historically valid questions about change, cause, similarity and difference, and significance.

Construct informed responses that involve thoughtful selection and organisation of relevant historical information.

Understand how our knowledge of the past is constructed from a range of sources.

Changes in Britain from the Stone Age to the Iron Age.

The Roman Empire and its impact on Britain.

Britain’s settlement by Anglo-Saxons and Scots.

The Viking and Anglo-Saxon struggle for the Kingdom of England to the time of Edward the Confessor.

A local history study.

A study of an aspect or theme in British history that extends pupils’ chronological knowledge beyond 1066.

The achievements of the earliest civilizations – an overview of where and when they appeared and a depth study of one specific civilization.

Ancient Greece – a study of Greek life and achievements and their influence on the western world.

A non-European society that provides contrasts with British history.

Extend and deepen their chronologically secure knowledge and understanding of British, local and world history, so that it provides a well-informed context for wider learning.

Identify connections, contrasts and trends over time and use relevant historical terms and concepts.

Pursue historically valid enquiries including some they have framed themselves.

Create relevant, structured and evidentially supported accounts.

Understand how different types of historical sources are used rigorously to make historical claims.

Discern how and why contrasting arguments and interpretations of the past have been constructed.

The development of Church, state and society in Medieval Britain 1066-1509.

The development of Church, state and society in Britain 1509-1745.

Ideas, political power, industry and empire: Britain, 1745-1901.

Challenges for Britain, Europe and the wider world 1901 to the present day.

The Holocaust.

A local history study.

The study of an aspect or theme in British history that extends pupils’ chronological knowledge before 1066.

At least one study of a significant society or issue in world history and its interconnections with other world developments.

Develop and extend knowledge and understanding of specified key events, periods and societies in local, British, and wider world history.

Engage in historical enquiry to develop as independent learners and as critical and reflective thinkers.

Develop the ability to ask relevant questions about the past, investigate issues critically and make valid historical claims using sources.

A thematic study involving the study of people, events and developments in a particular area of historical change over at least 1000 years.

A period study focusing on a substantial and coherent medium-term time scale of at least 50 years in an unfolding narrative of developments.

A British depth study focusing on a substantial and coherent short time scale, investigating the complexity of a specific society or historical situation.

A wider world depth study focusing on a substantial and coherent short time scale from a different era to the British depth study.

A study of the historic environment, examining the relationship between a specific place and historical events and developments.

Study of history from three eras: Medieval (500-1500), Early Modern (1450-1750) and Modern (1700-present).

Ensure British history forms at least 40% of the assessed content, creating a coherent and substantial study of history.

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the key features and characteristics of the periods studied (AO1).

Explain and analyse historical events and periods using second-order concepts: continuity, change, cause, consequence, similarity, difference and significance (AO2).

Analyse, evaluate and use sources (contemporary to the period) to make substantiated judgements in context (AO3).

Analyse, evaluate and make substantiated judgements about interpretations, including how and why they may differ (AO4).