Subjects covered by the source texts in each sub-section. Studying History Using Primary Sources Close Reading Medieval Documents Accessing Medieval Documents The Uses of History The End of Rome & the Three Successor Civilizations End of the Classical World Pagan Late Antiquity Late Antique Government and Culture The "Fall" of the Roman Empire Christian Late Antiquity Early Christianity After 100 Persecution of Christians The "Triumph" of the Church Persecution by Christians/The End of Paganism Early Dogmatic Disputes Disputes over the Trinity: Arianism Disputes over Christology: Nestorianism and Monophysitism The World of the Church Fathers Eastern Fathers Western Fathers Christianity and Classical Learning The German Impact Early Germans Invading Germans/Other "Barbarians" Byzantium General Foundations Justinian (b.483- r.527-d.565) Justinian and Theodora Government Society and Economy Church Policy Wars Buildings Laws After Justinian Iconoclasm Byzantine Imperial Centuries (843-1204) Macedonian Dynasty Eleventh Century Conflicts The Komnenoi The Final Centuries The Crusades and Latin Empire (1204-1261) The Nicean Period The Palaiologoi The Peloponnese and Mistra Trebizond The Fall of Constantinople and Aftermath After Byzantium Byzantine Religion General Religion Ecclesiastical Organization Theology Spirituality Liturgy Sanctity Monasticism Heresy and Dissent The Byzantine Commonwealth Syria Armenia Bulgaria Serbia/Montenegro Vikings Inner Asia The Byzantine Commonwealth: Russia Accounts of Byzantium by Others Islam General Pre-Islamic Arabia Muhammad and Foundations - to 632 CE Islamic Expansion and Empire - to 750 CE The Abbasid Caliphate - after 750 CE Politics Philosophy Science Literature Crusades Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain Muslim Persia Egypt and North Africa Muslim Religious Development Muslim Life The Sunni Tradition The Shia Tradition Sufism Relations with Other Religions The Turks The Formation of Latin Christendom The Church The Rise of the Church of Rome Monasticism to A.D. 900 Eastern Origins Celtic Monasticism The Benedictine Movement The Conversion of Europe Franks Celtic Missions England Germany Scandinavia The Slavs Rus Other Missionary Areas Early Germanic States Romanized (Christian) Goths Vandals Ostrogoths Visgoths Lombards Non-Christian Germans Franks Northlands/Scandinavia Germanic Cultures Anglo-Saxons Britain after the Romans Anglo-Saxons Arthuriana Celtic World The Celtic Loss of Britain Wales Scotland Ireland Brittany Celtic Christianity Celtic Literature Carolingians and After The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty and Papal Support Charles Martel Pepin Charlemagne Personality Wars Legal and Social Documents Carolingian Culture Carolingian and later East Francia (Germany) Carolingian and later West Francia (France) Carolingian Decline and Division Western Collapse and Recovery Crisis, Recovery, Feudalism? External Attacks: Vikings: Magyars: Arabs The Collapse of Security A Castellan Revolution Viking Adventures The Viking World Feudalism? Essay on the Problem Online Reviews of Fiefs and Vassals Oaths and Contracts Methods of Land Transfer Inheritance Grants Fiefs Methods of Government Methods of Supporting an Army Development of the Later Legal Terminology of "Feudalism" A Militarized Society Monetization of Military Activity The Ottonian Dynasty and After The Y1K Problem: The Year 1000 Economic Life Economic Life Before the 11th Century Late Antique Italy The Merovingian Era The Carolingian Economy Anglo-Saxon England Celtic World Roots of the Commercial Revolution Population Growth Attitude Towards Work The Control and Granting of Rights Trade and Commerce Money and Coinage Credit Fairs and Markets State Interference in Trade Sea Trade Long Distance Trade Mid-Distance Trade The Slave Trade The Hanse Tolls Book-Keeping Business Contracts Prices The Rise of Towns The Communal Movement Bourgeois Institutions: Gilds Craft Gilds Gild Merchants Legal Controls Urban Cultures Industries General Mining Tanning Cloth Manufacture Masonry The State and the Economy Taxation The Church and the Economy General Tithes Tax Exemptions Monastic Property Cartulary of Saint Trond Slavery and Serfdom Economic Thought Rural Life The Peasantry Farming Activity Legal Position Peasant Customary Obligations Peasant Revolts Manorialism Archeology of Medieval Villages The Big Picture The Medieval Economy in the Context of Ancient and Modern Economies The Crucial Role of Egypt World Systems Theory The Great Transition Crusades General Background The First Crusade Urban II's Speech, 1095 Attacks on the Jews The Journeys and Battles of the Crusade The Historians of the First Crusade "Crusades" after the First Crusade The Kingdom of Jerusalem Government Economics Cultures Christian Muslim Interaction The Crusader Orders General Templars Hospitallers Teutonic Knights The Second Crusade and Aftermath Calling the Crusade Successes and Failures Criticism of the Crusade The Third Crusade Latin Problems The Loss of Jerusalem The Failure of Europe's Monarchs The German Crusade of 1197 The Fourth Crusade The Fifth and Later Crusades St Louis' Crusades The Fall of the Latin East The Effects of the Crusade Ideal in the West Varieties of Medieval States Empire and Papacy Introductory Essay Phase I: The Invesituture Controversy Emergence of Reform Ideology The Conflict over Invesitures Solutions Phase II: Barbarossa: The Empire at its Height General The Besançon Episode 1157 Barbarossa and Alexander III Barbarossa in Italy Canonical Response Innocent III: The Papacy at its Height The Holy Roman Empire: Frederick II and After Frederick II The Empire's Regions The Papacy Overreaches Papal Claims Reaction: Political Reaction: Intellectual and Theological France General The Regions of the Kingdom of France The Rise of Capetian France Louis VI The France of Philip II Augustus St. Louis (King Louis IX) Philip IV The Apanage System Burgundy Paris The Hundred Years War Joan of Arc England Norman England The Conquest 1066 William I: Administration & the Domesday Book William II Henry I and the Norman Regnum Angevin England Henry II The Man and His Family Thomas Becket Wars Administration & Origins of Common Law Richard I Lionheart England under Angevin Rule Parliamentary Origins in England Common Law: A Law of Real Property The Barons Revolt and Magna Carta The Struggle of Henry III and His Barons Parliament Coalesces Later Medieval England Government Henry III Edward I Legal Texts Select Pleas Yorkists and Lancastrians The Tudor Victory Celtic States Scotland Ireland Nordic Europe General Sweden Denmark Norway Orkney, Shetland, and Faroees Iceland Greenland Vinland Iberia General Visigothic Spain Al-Andulus: Moorish Spain The "Reconquista" Leon and Castile Aragon Portugal The Life of Christian Spain Seferad: Jewish Spain Italy General South Italy Sicily Florence Milan Venice Other Cities Eastern Europe General Bulgaria Serbia Rus' and Russia Poland and Lithuania Czech Lands Hungary Romanians Northern Crusades The Flowering of Western Medieval Civilization Intellectual Life General Carolingian Thought 11th-12th Century Thought Legal Studies Philosophy: The Emergence of the Scholastic Approach Jewish Thinkers Intuitive Theology Abelard and Heloise The Discovery of the Individual? 13th-14th Century Scholasticism Educational Institutions Theology and Philosophy Aquinas Bonaventure Averroëists Nominalists Rhetoric Medieval Political Thought Science and Technology Western European Literature General Epic Lyric Romance Drama High Medieval Church Western Monasticism - After A.D. 900 Benedictines Cluny Cistercians Carthusians Other Orders Women's Monasticism The Mendicant Orders Franciscans Dominicans Other Orders The Secular Clergy Cathedral Chapters Parish Pastoral Clergy Medieval Heresy General Waldensianism Catharism The Inquisition Lollardy Hussites Christian Spirituality The Life of Christ The Cultus of the Virgin Mary Saints and Relics Pilgrimage The Sacramental System The Eucharist Penance Confirmation Heaven, Hell, and In Between Aspects of Popular Beliefs Jewish Life General Jewish Communities and Individuals Khazaria In Islam In Christian Iberia In France/Germany Relations between Christians and Jews Jewish Economic Activity Jews and the State Roman Empire Islam Christian Iberia France/Germany England Jewish Intellectual and Religious Life Anti-Semitism Social History General Social Classes Slaves The Slave Trade The Church and Slavery Peasants Aristocracies Medieval People Reflected in Literature Langland Chaucer Villon Law: Theory and Practice Sex and Gender Women's Roles General Women in Religion Women as Writers Women in Politics Noblewomen "Middle" Class Women Towns Women Peasant Women Jewish Women Women at Home Women at Work Outside the Home Women in Business Activities Woman and Misogyny Men's Roles Constructions of Sexuality and Gender General Legal Control of Sexualuty Theological Norms Homoerotic/Transgendered Subcultures Marriage General Theology Law and Marriage Married Lives Transformations States and Society The "Calamitous" 14th Century A Malthusian Crisis? The Black Death Warfare Ecclesiastical Disarray The Great Schism Conciliarism The Papal Response Late Medieval Governments The Empire Italy France Joan of Arc England Renaissance Early Italian Humanism Dante Petrarch Artists Politics and Politicians The Arts of Civilization The Northern Renaissance Reformation General Protestant Reformation Luther Calvin Radicals Religious Wars England Catholic Reformation Exploration and Expansion General Drang Nach Osten Western Orientalism Maritime Exploration and Conquest Portuguese Exploration Columbus / Lesson Plan