Explore how language is used differently at home and school depending on the relationships between people.

Explore different ways of using language to express preferences, likes and dislikes.

Understand that texts can take many forms such as signs, books and digital texts.

Understand conventions of print and screen, including how books and simple digital texts are usually organised.

Recognise that sentences are key units for expressing ideas.

Recognise that sentences are made up of groups of words that work together in particular ways to make meaning.

Explore the contribution of images and words to meaning in stories and informative texts.

Recognise and develop awareness of vocabulary used in familiar contexts related to everyday experiences and topics.

Identify punctuation as a feature of written text; recognise capital letters for names and sentence starts.

Share ideas about literature, reflecting on experiences similar or different to their own by engaging with diverse texts.

Respond to stories and share feelings and thoughts about their events and characters.

Recognise different types of literary texts and identify features including events, characters, and beginnings and endings.

Explore and replicate the rhythms and sound patterns of literary texts such as poems, rhymes and songs.

Retell and adapt familiar literary texts through play, performance, images or writing.

Identify some familiar texts, such as stories and informative texts, and their purpose.

Interact in informal and structured situations by listening while others speak and using features of voice.

Identify some differences between imaginative and informative texts.

Read decodable and authentic texts using developing phonic knowledge and monitor meaning.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting and questioning to understand and discuss texts.

Create and participate in shared editing of short written texts to record and report ideas and events.

Create and deliver short spoken texts to report ideas and events to peers.

Form most lower-case and upper-case letters using learned letter formations.

Recognise and generate rhyming words, alliteration patterns, syllables and sounds in spoken words.

Segment sentences into words; orally blend and segment single-syllable spoken words and manipulate phonemes.

Recognise and name all upper- and lower-case letters and know the most common sound each letter represents.

Write CVC words by representing sounds with appropriate letters and blend sounds when reading CVC words.

Use knowledge of letters and sounds to spell words.

Read and write some high-frequency words and other familiar words.

Understand that words are units of meaning and can be made of more than one meaningful part.

Understand how language, facial expressions and gestures are used to interact with others when asking for and providing information, making offers, exclaiming, requesting and giving commands.

Explore language to provide reasons for likes, dislikes and preferences.

Explore how texts are organised according to their purpose, such as to recount, narrate, express opinion, inform, report and explain.

Explore how repetition, rhyme and rhythm create cohesion in simple poems, chants and songs.

Understand how print and screen texts are organised using features such as page numbers, tables of content, headings and titles, navigation buttons, swipe screens, verbal commands, links and images.

Understand that a simple sentence consists of a single independent clause representing a single event or idea.

Understand that words can represent people, places and things (nouns, including pronouns), happenings and states (verbs), qualities (adjectives) and details such as when, where and how (adverbs).

Compare how images in different types of texts contribute to meaning.

Recognise the vocabulary of learning area topics.

Understand that written language uses punctuation such as full stops, question marks and exclamation marks, and uses capital letters for familiar proper nouns.

Discuss how language and images are used to create characters, settings and events in literature by First Nations Australian, and wide-ranging Australian and world authors and illustrators.

Discuss literary texts and share responses by making connections with students' own experiences.

Discuss plot, character and setting, which are features of stories.

Listen to and discuss poems, chants, rhymes and songs, and imitate and invent sound patterns including alliteration and rhyme.

Orally retell or adapt a familiar story using plot and characters, language features including vocabulary, and structure of a familiar text, through role-play, writing, drawing or digital tools.

Discuss different texts and identify some features that indicate their purposes.

Use interaction skills including turn-taking, speaking clearly, using active listening behaviours and responding to the contributions of others, and contributing ideas and questions.

Describe some similarities and differences between imaginative, informative and persuasive texts.

Read decodable and authentic texts using developing phonic knowledge, phrasing and fluency, and monitoring meaning using context and grammatical knowledge.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting, connecting, summarising and questioning when listening, viewing and reading to build literal and inferred meaning.

Create and re-read to edit short written and/or multimodal texts to report on a topic, express an opinion or recount a real or imagined event.

Create and deliver short oral and/or multimodal presentations on personal and learnt topics, which include an opening, middle and concluding statement.

Write words using unjoined lower-case and upper-case letters.

Segment words into separate phonemes (sounds) including consonant blends or clusters at the beginnings and ends of words (phonological awareness).

Orally manipulate phonemes in spoken words by addition, deletion and substitution of initial, medial and final phonemes to generate new words (phonological awareness).

Use short vowels, common long vowels, consonant blends and digraphs to write words, and blend these to read one- and two-syllable words.

Understand that a letter can represent more than one sound and that a syllable must contain a vowel sound.

Spell one- and two-syllable words with common letter patterns.

Read and write an increasing number of high-frequency words.

Recognise and know how to use grammatical morphemes to create word families.

Investigate how interpersonal language choices vary depending on the context, including the different roles taken on in interactions.

Explore how language can be used for appreciating texts and providing reasons for preferences.

Identify how texts across the curriculum are organised differently and use language features depending on purposes.

Understand how texts are made cohesive by using personal and possessive pronouns and by omitting words that can be inferred.

Navigate print and screen texts using chapters, tables of contents, indexes, side-bar menus, drop-down menus or links.

Understand that connections can be made between ideas by using a compound sentence with 2 or more independent clauses.

Understand that in sentences nouns may be extended into noun groups and verbs may be expressed as verb groups.

Understand that images add to or multiply the meanings of a text.

Experiment with and begin to make conscious choices of vocabulary to suit the topic.

Recognise that capital letters are used in titles and commas are used to separate items in lists.

Discuss how characters and settings are connected in literature created by First Nations Australian, and world authors.

Identify features of literary texts, such as characters and settings, and give reasons for personal preferences.

Discuss characters and settings of a range of texts and identify how language is used to present these features.

Identify, reproduce and experiment with rhythmic sound and word patterns in poems, chants, rhymes or songs.

Create and edit literary texts by adapting structures and language features of familiar literary texts.

Identify how similar topics and information are presented in different types of texts.

Use interaction skills when engaging with topics, actively listening to others and speaking appropriately.

Identify the purpose and audience of imaginative, informative and persuasive texts.

Read texts with phrasing and fluency, using phonic and word knowledge, and monitoring meaning.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting, summarising and questioning to build meaning.

Create and edit short imaginative, informative and persuasive texts using appropriate structure and language features.

Create, rehearse and deliver short oral and/or multimodal presentations for familiar audiences and purposes.

Write words legibly and with growing fluency using unjoined upper-case and lower-case letters.

Manipulate complex sounds in spoken words and use knowledge of blending and segmenting to read and write words.

Use phoneme–grapheme matches, including vowel digraphs and consonant clusters, when reading and writing words.

Use knowledge of spelling patterns and morphemes to read and write words whose spelling is not predictable.

Build morphemic word families using knowledge of prefixes and suffixes.

Understand that cooperation with others depends on shared understanding of social conventions, including turn-taking language, which vary according to the degree of formality.

Understand how the language of evaluation and emotion, such as modal verbs, can be varied to be more or less forceful.

Describe how texts across the curriculum use different language features and structures relevant to their purpose.

Understand that paragraphs are a key organisational feature of the stages of written texts, grouping related information together.

Identify the purpose of layout features in print and digital texts and the words used for navigation.

Understand that a clause is a unit of grammar usually containing a subject and a verb that need to agree.

Understand how verbs represent different processes for doing, feeling, thinking, saying and relating.

Understand that verbs are anchored in time through tense.

Identify how images extend the meaning of a text.

Extend topic-specific and technical vocabulary and know that words can have different meanings in different contexts.

Understand that apostrophes signal missing letters in contractions, and apostrophes are used to show singular and plural possession.

Discuss characters, events and settings in different contexts in literature by First Nations Australian, and wide-ranging Australian and world authors and illustrators.

Discuss connections between personal experiences and character experiences in literary texts and share personal preferences.

Discuss how an author uses language and illustrations to portray characters and settings in texts, and explore how settings and events influence mood.

Discuss the effects of some literary devices used to enhance meaning and shape the reader's reaction, including rhythm and onomatopoeia.

Create and edit imaginative texts, using or adapting language features, characters, settings, plot structures and ideas encountered in literary texts.

Recognise how texts can be created for similar purposes but different audiences.

Use interaction skills to contribute to conversations and discussions to share information and ideas.

Identify the audience and purpose of imaginative, informative and persuasive texts through their use of language features and/or images.

Read a range of texts using phonic, semantic and grammatical knowledge to read accurately and fluently, re-reading and self-correcting when required.

Use comprehension strategies when listening and viewing to build literal and inferred meaning, and begin to evaluate texts.

Plan, create, edit and publish imaginative, informative and persuasive written and multimodal texts, using visual features and appropriate layout.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver short oral and/or multimodal presentations to inform, express opinions or tell stories.

Write words using joined letters that are clearly formed and consistent in size.

Understand how to apply knowledge of phoneme–grapheme relationships, syllables, and blending and segmenting to fluently read and write multisyllabic words.

Understand how to apply knowledge of common base words, prefixes, suffixes and generalisations for adding a suffix to a base word.

Use phoneme–grapheme (sound–letter) relationships and less common letter patterns to spell words.

Recognise and know how to write most high-frequency words including some homophones.

Understand that language is selected for social contexts and that it helps to signal social roles and relationships.

Identify the subjective language of opinion and feeling, and the objective language of factual reporting.

Identify how texts across the curriculum have different language features and are typically organised into characteristic stages depending on purposes.

Identify how text connectives including temporal and conditional words, and topic word associations are used to sequence and connect ideas.

Identify text navigation features of online texts that enhance readability including headlines, drop-down menus, links, graphics and layout.

Understand that complex sentences contain one independent clause and at least one dependent clause typically joined by a subordinating conjunction.

Investigate how quoted (direct) and reported (indirect) speech are used.

Understand how adverb groups/phrases and prepositional phrases work in different ways to provide circumstantial details about an activity.

Understand past, present and future tenses and their impact on meaning in a sentence.

Explore the effect of choices when framing an image, placement of elements and salience on composition of still and moving images in texts.

Expand vocabulary by exploring a range of synonyms and antonyms, and using words encountered in a range of sources.

Understand that punctuation signals dialogue through quotation marks and follows conventions for capital letters, commas and boundary punctuation.

Recognise similar storylines, ideas and relationships in different contexts in literary texts by First Nations Australian and world authors.

Describe the effects of text structures and language features in literary texts when responding to and sharing opinions.

Discuss how authors and illustrators make stories engaging by the way they develop character, setting and plot tensions.

Examine the use of literary devices and deliberate word play in literary texts, including poetry, to shape meaning.

Create and edit literary texts by developing storylines, characters and settings.

Compare texts from different times with similar purposes and audiences to identify similarities and differences in their depictions of events.

Listen for key points and information to carry out tasks and contribute to discussions, acknowledging opinions and extending ideas.

Identify the characteristic features used in imaginative, informative and persuasive texts to meet the purpose of the text.

Read different types of texts, integrating phonic, semantic and grammatical knowledge to read accurately and fluently.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting, connecting, summarising and questioning to build literal and inferred meaning.

Plan, create, edit and publish written and multimodal imaginative, informative and persuasive texts using complex sentences and correct spelling.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver structured oral and/or multimodal presentations using appropriate tone, pace, pitch and volume.

Write words using clearly formed joined letters, with developing fluency and automaticity.

Use and apply phonological and morphological knowledge to read and write multisyllabic words with complex letter combinations.

Use knowledge of letter patterns, spelling generalisations, morphological word families and word origins to spell complex words.

Read and write high-frequency words including homophones and know how to use context to identify correct spelling.

Understand that language is selected for social contexts and that it helps to signal social roles and relationships.

Understand how to move beyond making bare assertions by taking account of differing ideas or opinions and authoritative sources.

Explain how texts across the curriculum are typically organised into characteristic stages and phases depending on purposes, recognising how authors often adapt text structures and language features.

Understand how texts can be made cohesive by using the starting point of a sentence or paragraph to give prominence to the message and to guide the reader through the text.

Understand that the structure of a complex sentence includes a main clause and at least one dependent clause, and understand how writers can use this structure for effect.

Understand how noun groups can be expanded in a variety of ways to provide a fuller description of a person, place, thing or idea.

Explain how the sequence of images in print, digital and film texts has an effect on meaning.

Understand how vocabulary is used to express greater precision of meaning, including through the use of specialist and technical terms, and explore the history of words.

Use commas to indicate prepositional phrases, and apostrophes where there is multiple possession.

Identify aspects of literary texts that represent details or information about historical, social and cultural contexts in literature by First Nations Australian, and wide-ranging Australian and world authors.

Present an opinion on a literary text using specific terms about literary devices, text structures and language features, and reflect on the viewpoints of others.

Recognise that the point of view in a literary text influences how readers interpret and respond to events and characters.

Examine the effects of imagery, including simile, metaphor and personification, and sound devices in narratives, poetry and songs.

Create and edit literary texts, experimenting with figurative language, storylines, characters and settings from texts students have experienced.

Examine texts including media texts that represent ideas and events, and identify how they reflect the context in which they were created.

Use interaction skills and awareness of formality when paraphrasing, questioning, clarifying and interrogating ideas, developing and supporting arguments, and sharing and evaluating information.

Analyse how text structures and language features work together to meet the purpose of a text, and engage and influence audiences.

Navigate and read texts for specific purposes, monitoring meaning using strategies such as skimming, scanning and confirming.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting, connecting, summarising, monitoring and questioning to build literal and inferred meaning to evaluate information and ideas.

Plan, create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts whose purposes may be imaginative, informative and persuasive, developing ideas using visual features and appropriate text structure.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver spoken and multimodal presentations that include relevant, elaborated ideas, sequencing ideas and using complex sentences and vocal effects.

Use phonic, morphemic and vocabulary knowledge to read and spell words that share common letter patterns but have different pronunciations.

Build and spell new words from knowledge of known words, base words, prefixes and suffixes, word origins, letter patterns and spelling generalisations.

Explore less common plurals, and understand how a suffix changes the meaning or grammatical form of a word.

Understand that language varies as levels of formality and social distance increase.

Understand the uses of objective and subjective language, and identify bias.

Explain how texts are typically organised into characteristic stages and phases depending on purposes, recognising how authors adapt text structures.

Understand that cohesion can be created by the intentional use of repetition, and the use of word associations.

Understand how embedded clauses can expand the variety of complex sentences to elaborate, extend and explain ideas.

Understand how ideas can be expanded and sharpened through careful choice of verbs, elaborated tenses and a range of adverb groups.

Identify and explain how images, figures, tables, diagrams, maps and graphs contribute to meaning.

Identify authors' use of vivid, emotive vocabulary, such as metaphors, similes, personification, idioms, imagery and hyperbole.

Understand how to use the comma for lists, to separate a dependent clause from an independent clause, and in dialogue.

Identify responses to characters and events in literary texts, drawn from historical, social or cultural contexts.

Identify similarities and differences in literary texts on similar topics, themes or plots, and present a point of view using appropriate metalanguage.

Identify and explain characteristics that define an author's individual style.

Explain the way authors use sound and imagery to create meaning and effect in poetry.

Create and edit literary texts that adapt plot structure, characters, settings and/or ideas, and experiment with literary devices.

Examine texts including media texts that represent ideas and events, and identify how they reflect the context in which they were created.

Use interaction skills and awareness of formality when paraphrasing, questioning, clarifying and interrogating ideas, and supporting arguments.

Analyse how text structures and language features work together to meet the purpose of a text, and engage and influence audiences.

Select, navigate and read texts for a range of purposes, monitoring meaning and evaluating the use of structural features.

Use comprehension strategies to build literal and inferred meaning, and to connect and compare content from a variety of sources.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver structured oral and/or multimodal presentations that include information, arguments and details.

Plan, create and edit written and/or multimodal texts, including informative and persuasive texts, for particular purposes and audiences.

Use phonic knowledge of common and less common grapheme–phoneme relationships to read and write increasingly complex words.

Use knowledge of word origins including Latin and Greek roots, base words, prefixes, and suffixes to spell new words.

Understand how language expresses and creates personal and social identities.

Recognise language used to evaluate texts and how evaluations can be substantiated by reference to the text and other sources.

Identify and describe how texts are structured differently depending on their purpose and how language features vary in texts.

Understand that the cohesion of texts relies on devices that signal structure and guide readers, such as overviews and paragraphs.

Understand how complex and compound-complex sentences can be used to elaborate, extend and explain ideas.

Understand how consistency of tense through verbs and verb groups achieves clarity in sentences.

Analyse how techniques such as vectors, angle and social distance in visual texts can be used to create a perspective.

Investigate the role of vocabulary in building specialist and technical knowledge, including terms with everyday and technical meanings.

Understand the use of punctuation including colons and brackets to support meaning.

Identify and explore ideas, points of view, characters and issues in literary texts from historical, social and cultural contexts.

Form an opinion about characters, settings and events in texts, identifying areas of agreement and difference and justifying a response.

Explain the ways that literary devices and language features are used to create character and influence emotions and opinions.

Discuss the aesthetic and social value of literary texts using relevant and appropriate metalanguage.

Identify and explain the ways that characters, settings and events combine to create meaning in narratives.

Identify and explain how literary devices create layers of meaning in texts including poetry.

Create and edit literary texts that experiment with language features and literary devices encountered in texts.

Explain the effect of current technology on reading, creating and responding to texts including media texts.

Use interaction skills when discussing and presenting ideas and information including evaluations of the features of spoken texts.

Analyse the ways in which language features shape meaning and vary according to audience and purpose.

Explain the structure of ideas such as the use of taxonomies, cause and effect, extended metaphors and chronology.

Use comprehension strategies to analyse and summarise information and ideas.

Plan, create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts to convey information, ideas and opinions.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver presentations for purposes and audiences using features of voice and visual features.

Understand how to use spelling rules and word origins to learn new words and how to spell them.

Recognise how language shapes relationships and roles.

Understand how layers of meaning can be created when evaluating by using literary devices such as simile and metaphor.

Explain how texts are structured depending on their purpose and how language features vary, recognising hybrid texts.

Understand how cohesion in texts is improved by strengthening the internal structure of paragraphs with examples and quotations.

Examine a variety of clause structures including embedded clauses that add information and expand ideas in sentences.

Understand the effect of nominalisation in texts.

Investigate how visual texts use intertextual references to enhance and layer meaning.

Identify and use vocabulary typical of academic texts.

Understand and use punctuation conventions including semicolons and dashes to extend ideas and support meaning.

Explain how ideas and points of view represent values in literary texts from historical, social and cultural contexts.

Share opinions about the language features, literary devices and text structures that contribute to the styles of literary texts.

Explain how language and/or images in texts position readers to respond and form viewpoints.

Identify intertextual references in literary texts and explain how they enable new understanding of aesthetic quality.

Analyse how language features such as sentence patterns create tone, and literary devices such as imagery create meaning.

Create and edit literary texts that experiment with language features and literary devices for particular purposes and effects.

Identify how texts reflect contexts.

Use interaction skills for identified purposes, including supporting or challenging meanings of spoken texts.

Analyse and evaluate how language features vary according to purpose and audience, and how sources are used.

Analyse how authors organise ideas to develop and shape meaning.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting and inferring to interpret and evaluate ideas in texts.

Plan, create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts, selecting features for imaginative or analytical purposes.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver spoken and multimodal presentations for audiences and purposes.

Apply learnt knowledge to spell accurately and to learn new words.

Recognise how language empowers relationships and roles.

Understand how evaluation can be expressed directly and indirectly using devices such as allusion, evocative vocabulary and metaphor.

Examine how authors adapt and subvert text structures and language features by experimenting with spoken, written, visual and multimodal elements.

Investigate a range of cohesive devices that condense information in texts, including nominalisation, and devices that link, expand and develop ideas.

Identify how authors vary sentence structures creatively for effects, such as intentionally using a dependent clause on its own or a sentence fragment.

Understand how abstract nouns and nominalisation can be used to summarise ideas in text.

Analyse how symbols in still and moving images augment meaning.

Analyse how vocabulary choices contribute to style, mood and tone.

Understand punctuation conventions for referencing and citing others for formal and informal purposes.

Analyse representations of individuals, groups and places and evaluate how they reflect their context in literary texts by First Nations and world authors.

Present a personal response to a literary text comparing initial impressions and subsequent analysis of the whole text.

Analyse how features of literary texts influence readers' preference for texts.

Analyse texts and evaluate the aesthetic qualities and appeal of an author's literary style.

Analyse the effect of text structures, language features and literary devices such as extended metaphor, metonymy, allegory and symbolism.

Create and edit literary texts, that may be a hybrid, that experiment with text structures, language features and literary devices.

Analyse how representations of people, places, events and concepts reflect contexts.

Listen to spoken texts, analysing how language features position listeners, and use interacting skills to present and discuss opinions.

Analyse and evaluate how language features are used to represent a perspective of an issue, event, situation, individual or group.

Analyse the organisation of ideas in paragraphs and extended texts, and evaluate its impact on meaning.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting, connecting and inferring to compare and contrast ideas and opinions.

Plan, create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts, selecting structures and features for imaginative, reflective or critical purposes.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver spoken and multimodal presentations for purpose and audience, using language features and features of voice.

Understand how spelling is used in texts for particular effects; for example, characterisation, humour and to represent accents.

Understand how language can have inclusive and exclusive social effects, and can empower or disempower people

Understand that language used to evaluate, implicitly or explicitly reveals an individual's values

Analyse text structures and language features and evaluate their effectiveness in achieving their purpose

Understand how paragraph structure can be varied to create cohesion, and paragraphs and images can be integrated

Analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of particular sentence structures to express and craft ideas

Analyse how meaning and style are achieved through syntax

Evaluate the features of still and moving images, and the effects of those choices on representations

Use an expanded technical and academic vocabulary for precision when writing academic texts

Understand how authors use and experiment with punctuation

Analyse representations of individuals, groups and places and evaluate how they reflect their context in literary texts

Reflect on and extend others' interpretations of and responses to literature

Analyse how aesthetic qualities and context influence audience response

Evaluate the social, moral or ethical positions represented in literature

Analyse how text structure, language features, literary devices and intertextual connections shape interpretations

Compare and evaluate how 'voice' as a literary device is used to evoke emotional responses

Analyse and evaluate the aesthetic qualities of texts

Create and edit literary texts with a sustained 'voice', adapting features for purposes and audiences

Analyse and evaluate how people, places, events and concepts are represented in texts and reflect contexts

Listen to spoken texts and explain the purposes and effects of text structures and language features

Analyse and evaluate how language features are used to implicitly or explicitly represent values, beliefs and attitudes

Analyse and evaluate how authors organise ideas in texts to achieve a purpose

Integrate comprehension strategies to analyse and interpret complex and abstract ideas

Plan, create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts for specific purposes and audiences

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver spoken and multimodal presentations to engage audiences

Use knowledge of the spelling system to spell words and to manipulate standard spelling for particular effects

Name, represent and order numbers including zero to at least 20, using physical and virtual materials and numerals

Recognise and name the number of objects within a collection up to 5 using subitising

Quantify and compare collections to at least 20 using counting and explaining or demonstrating reasoning

Partition and combine collections up to 10 using part-part-whole relationships and subitising to recognise and name the parts

Represent practical situations involving addition, subtraction and quantification with physical and virtual materials and use counting or subitising strategies

Represent practical situations that involve equal sharing and grouping with physical and virtual materials and use counting or subitising strategies

Recognise, copy and continue repeating patterns represented in different ways

Identify and compare attributes of objects and events, including length, capacity, mass and duration, using direct comparisons and communicating reasoning

Sequence days of the week and times of the day including morning, lunchtime, afternoon and night time, and connect them to familiar events and actions

Sort, name and create familiar shapes; recognise and describe familiar shapes within objects in the environment, giving reasons

Describe the position and location of themselves and objects in relation to other people and objects within a familiar space

Collect, sort and compare data represented by objects and images in response to given investigative questions that relate to familiar situations

Name, represent and order numbers to at least 120, including zero; recognise, read and write their digit symbols and recognise and order Australian coins according to their value

Partition numbers to 100 into hundreds, tens and ones using place value; use these partitions to represent numbers in different ways

Quantify and compare collections by grouping in tens and ones and counting in ones, twos, fives and tens

Recognise and represent the unit fractions 1/2 and 1/4 of a whole object, shape and collection

Recall and use addition and subtraction facts for numbers to 10; use these to solve problems

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction to 20, using physical and virtual materials and various strategies

Recognise, copy, continue and create patterns with objects, shapes and numbers; identify the repeating unit

Represent and solve problems involving unknown quantities in addition and subtraction number sentences

Measure and compare the lengths of objects using uniform informal units

Measure and compare the masses and capacities of objects using uniform informal units

Tell time to the half-hour using analog and digital clocks

Describe the duration of events using months, weeks, days and hours

Recognise and classify familiar two-dimensional shapes using obvious features

Recognise and classify familiar three-dimensional objects using obvious features

Give and follow directions to move people and objects from one location to another

Collect and record data for a categorical variable using tally marks or symbols

Create and interpret data displays using lists, tables and object graphs

Recognise, represent and order numbers to at least 1000 using physical and virtual materials, numerals and number lines.

Partition, rearrange, regroup and rename two- and three-digit numbers using standard and non-standard groupings; recognise the role of a zero digit in place value notation.

Recognise and describe one-half as one of 2 equal parts of a whole and connect halves, quarters and eighths through repeated halving.

Add and subtract one- and two-digit numbers, representing problems using number sentences, and solve using part-part-whole reasoning and a variety of calculation strategies.

Multiply and divide by one-digit numbers using repeated addition, equal grouping, and arrays.

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving additive and multiplicative situations, including money transactions; represent situations and choose calculation strategies.

Recognise, describe and create additive patterns that increase or decrease by a constant amount, using numbers, shapes and objects, and identify missing elements in the pattern.

Recall and demonstrate proficiency with addition facts to 20; extend and apply facts to develop related subtraction facts.

Recall and demonstrate proficiency with multiplication facts for twos; extend and apply facts to develop the related division facts using doubling and halving.

Measure and compare objects based on length, capacity and mass using appropriate uniform informal units and smaller units for accuracy when necessary.

Identify common uses and represent halves, quarters and eighths in relation to shapes, objects and events.

Identify the date and determine the number of days between events using calendars.

Recognise and read the time represented on an analog clock to the hour, half-hour and quarter-hour.

Identify, describe and demonstrate quarter, half, three-quarter and full measures of turn in everyday situations.

Recognise, compare and classify shapes, referencing the number of sides and using spatial terms such as 'opposite', 'parallel', 'curved' and 'straight'.

Locate positions in two-dimensional representations of a familiar space; move positions by following directions and pathways.

Acquire data for categorical variables through surveys, observation, experiment and using digital tools; sort data into relevant categories and display data using lists and tables.

Create different graphical representations of data using software where appropriate; compare the different representations, identify and describe common and distinctive features.

Describe the likelihood of events using everyday terms such as likely and unlikely.

recognise, represent and order natural numbers using naming and writing conventions for numerals beyond 10 000

recognise and represent unit fractions including 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5 and 1/10 and their multiples; combine fractions to complete the whole

add and subtract two- and three-digit numbers using place value to partition, rearrange and regroup numbers to assist in calculations

multiply and divide one- and two-digit numbers, representing problems using number sentences, diagrams and arrays

estimate the quantity of objects in collections and make estimates when solving problems to determine reasonableness

use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving additive and multiplicative situations including financial contexts

recognise and explain the connection between addition and subtraction as inverse operations; apply to solve problems and find unknown values

extend and apply knowledge of addition and subtraction facts to 20 to develop efficient mental strategies for computation

recall and demonstrate proficiency with multiplication facts for 3, 4, 5 and 10; extend and apply facts to develop division facts

identify which metric units are used to measure everyday items; use measurements of familiar items to make estimates

measure and compare objects using familiar metric units of length, mass and capacity, and instruments with labelled markings

recognise and use the relationship between formal units of time including days, hours, minutes and seconds to compare duration

describe the relationship between hours and minutes on analog and digital clocks, and read time to the nearest minute

identify angles as measures of turn and compare angles with right angles in everyday situations

recognise the relationships between dollars and cents and represent money values in different ways

make, compare and classify objects using key features including the number of faces, edges and vertices

interpret and create two-dimensional representations of familiar environments, including locating key features on a map

acquire data for categorical and discrete numerical variables; record data using frequency tables and spreadsheets

create and compare different graphical representations of data sets; interpret the data in terms of the context

interpret results from statistical investigations in terms of the context

identify everyday events involving chance; describe outcomes as 'likely' or 'unlikely' and identify 'certain' or 'impossible' events

conduct repeated chance experiments; identify and describe possible outcomes, record results and discuss variation

Recognise, represent and order numbers to at least tens of thousands; use place value to partition, rearrange and regroup numbers.

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving additive and multiplicative situations, including money; represent the situations with number sentences.

Recall and use multiplication facts for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 and related division facts.

Solve problems involving division by a single-digit number, including those that result in a remainder.

Count by fractions including mixed numbers; locate and represent these on a number line.

Recognise that the place value system extends to tenths and hundredths; make connections between fractions and decimals.

Identify and explain strategies for finding unknown quantities in number sentences involving addition and subtraction.

Follow and create algorithms that generate patterns and identify the rule used to create the pattern.

Use scaled instruments to measure and compare length, mass, capacity and temperature.

Solve problems involving the perimeter of shapes and compare the areas of regular and irregular shapes by informal means.

Convert between units of time; use ‘am’ and ‘pm’ notation and solve problems involving time duration.

Identify and describe the properties of prisms and pyramids; create and interpret grid maps to identify relative positions and paths.

Identify and describe line and rotational symmetry in the environment and in plane shapes.

Acquire data through different methods; create and interpret data displays using many-to-one contexts, including column graphs and pictograms.

Describe the likelihood of outcomes for chance experiments using language of ‘impossible’, ‘unlikely’, ‘even chance’, ‘likely’ and ‘certain’.

Interpret, compare and order numbers with more than 2 decimal places, including numbers greater than one, using place value understanding; represent these on a number line

Express natural numbers as products of their factors, recognise multiples and determine if one number is divisible by another

Compare and order fractions with the same and related denominators including mixed numerals, applying knowledge of factors and multiples; represent these fractions on a number line

Recognise that 100% represents the complete whole and use percentages to describe, represent and compare relative size; connect familiar percentages to their decimal and fraction equivalents

Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with the same or related denominators, using different strategies

Solve problems involving multiplication of larger numbers by one- or two-digit numbers, choosing efficient calculation strategies and using digital tools where appropriate; check the reasonableness of answers

Solve problems involving division, choosing efficient strategies and using digital tools where appropriate; interpret any remainder according to the context and express results as a whole number, decimal or fraction

Check and explain the reasonableness of solutions to problems including financial contexts using estimation strategies appropriate to the context

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving additive and multiplicative situations including financial contexts; formulate the problems, choosing operations and efficient calculation strategies

Create and use algorithms involving a sequence of steps and decisions and digital tools to experiment with factors, multiples and divisibility; identify, interpret and describe emerging patterns

Recognise and explain the connection between multiplication and division as inverse operations and use this to develop families of number facts

Find unknown values in numerical equations involving multiplication and division using the properties of numbers and operations

Choose appropriate metric units when measuring the length, mass and capacity of objects; use smaller units or a combination of units to obtain a more accurate measure

Solve practical problems involving the perimeter and area of regular and irregular shapes using appropriate metric units

Compare 12- and 24-hour time systems and solve practical problems involving the conversion between them

Estimate, construct and measure angles in degrees, using appropriate tools including a protractor, and relate these measures to angle names

Connect objects to their nets and build objects from their nets using spatial and geometric reasoning

Construct a grid coordinate system that uses coordinates to locate positions within a space; use coordinates and directional language to describe position and movement

Describe and perform translations, reflections and rotations of shapes, using dynamic geometric software where appropriate; recognise what changes and what remains the same, and identify any symmetries

Acquire, validate and represent data for nominal and ordinal categorical and discrete numerical variables, to address a question of interest or purpose using software including spreadsheets

Interpret line graphs representing change over time; discuss the relationships that are represented and conclusions that can be made

Plan and conduct statistical investigations by posing questions or identifying a problem and collecting relevant data; choose appropriate displays and interpret the data

List the possible outcomes of chance experiments involving equally likely outcomes and compare to those which are not equally likely

Conduct repeated chance experiments including those with and without equally likely outcomes, observe and record the results; use frequency to compare outcomes and estimate their likelihoods

Recognise situations, including financial contexts, that use integers; locate and represent integers on a number line and as coordinates on the Cartesian plane

Identify and describe the properties of prime, composite and square numbers and use these properties to solve problems and simplify calculations

Apply knowledge of equivalence to compare, order and represent common fractions including halves, thirds and quarters on the same number line and justify their order

Apply knowledge of place value to add and subtract decimals, using digital tools where appropriate; use estimation and rounding to check the reasonableness of answers

Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions using knowledge of equivalent fractions

Multiply and divide decimals by multiples of powers of 10 without a calculator, applying knowledge of place value and proficiency with multiplication facts

Solve problems that require finding a familiar fraction, decimal or percentage of a quantity, including percentage discounts, choosing efficient calculation strategies

Approximate numerical solutions to problems involving rational numbers and percentages, including financial contexts, using appropriate estimation strategies

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving natural and rational numbers and percentages, including in financial contexts; formulate the problems

Recognise and use rules that generate visually growing patterns and number patterns involving rational numbers

Find unknown values in numerical equations involving brackets and combinations of arithmetic operations, using the properties of numbers and operations

Create and use algorithms involving a sequence of steps and decisions that use rules to generate sets of numbers; identify, interpret and explain emerging patterns

Convert between common metric units of length, mass and capacity; choose and use decimal representations of metric measurements relevant to the context of a problem

Establish the formula for the area of a rectangle and use it to solve practical problems

Interpret and use timetables and itineraries to plan activities and determine the duration of events and journeys

Identify the relationships between angles on a straight line, angles at a point and vertically opposite angles; use these to determine unknown angles

Compare the parallel cross-sections of objects and recognise their relationships to right prisms

Locate points in the 4 quadrants of a Cartesian plane; describe changes to the coordinates when a point is moved to a different position in the plane

Recognise and use combinations of transformations to create tessellations and other geometric patterns, using dynamic geometric software where appropriate

Interpret and compare data sets for ordinal and nominal categorical, discrete and continuous numerical variables using comparative displays or visualisations

Identify statistically informed arguments presented in traditional and digital media; discuss and critique methods, data representations and conclusions

Plan and conduct statistical investigations by posing and refining questions or identifying a problem and collecting relevant data; analyse and interpret the data

Recognise that probabilities lie on numerical scales of 0–1 or 0%–100% and use estimation to assign probabilities that events occur in a given context

Conduct repeated chance experiments and run simulations with an increasing number of trials using digital tools; compare observations with expected results

compare, order and represent integers on a number line and use them to solve problems in authentic contexts

solve problems involving the 4 operations with integers

find the highest common factor and lowest common multiple of 2 or more numbers and use these to solve problems

identify and use the properties of prime, composite, square and triangular numbers

compare, order and represent positive and negative fractions and decimals on a number line

solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with same or different denominators

solve problems involving multiplication and division of fractions and decimals

solve problems involving percentages and their connections with fractions and decimals

solve problems involving ratios and rates

create and use variables to represent unknown quantities and generalise relationships

create, expand and simplify algebraic expressions by substituting values and applying the distributive law

solve linear equations using algebraic and graphical techniques

create and interpret linear relationships and represent them using tables, graphs and equations

solve problems involving the area and perimeter of rectangles and composite shapes

solve problems involving the volume and surface area of rectangular prisms

classify and describe quadrilaterals and triangles based on their properties

identify and use the properties of angles at a point, on a line and vertically opposite

describe and perform transformations of shapes on the Cartesian plane

plan and conduct statistical investigations by posing questions, collecting data, and interpreting results

compare and interpret data sets using measures of central tendency and range

identify and describe sample spaces and events for single-step experiments and assign probabilities

Recognise irrational numbers in applied contexts, including square roots and π.

Establish and apply the exponent laws with positive integer exponents and the zero-exponent, using exponent notation with numbers.

Recognise terminating and recurring decimals, using digital tools as appropriate.

Use the 4 operations with integers and with rational numbers, choosing and using efficient strategies and digital tools where appropriate.

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving rational numbers and percentages, including financial contexts.

Create, expand, factorise, rearrange and simplify linear expressions, applying the associative, commutative, identity, distributive and inverse properties.

Graph linear relations on the Cartesian plane; solve linear equations and one-variable inequalities using graphical and algebraic techniques; verify solutions by substitution.

Use mathematical modelling to solve applied problems involving linear relations; formulate problems with linear functions; interpret and communicate solutions.

Experiment with linear functions and relations using digital tools, making and testing conjectures and generalising emerging patterns.

Solve problems involving the area and perimeter of irregular and composite shapes using appropriate units.

Solve problems involving the volume and capacity of right prisms using appropriate units.

Solve problems involving the circumference and area of a circle using formulas and appropriate units.

Solve problems involving duration, including using 12- and 24-hour time across multiple time zones.

Recognise and use rates to solve problems involving the comparison of 2 related quantities of different units of measure.

Use Pythagoras' theorem to solve problems involving the side lengths of right-angled triangles.

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving ratios and rates, including financial contexts; interpret and communicate solutions.

Identify the conditions for congruence and similarity of triangles and explain the conditions for other sets of common shapes to be congruent or similar.

Establish properties of quadrilaterals using congruent triangles and angle properties, and solve related problems explaining reasoning.

Describe the position and location of objects in 3 dimensions in different ways, including using a three-dimensional coordinate system.

Design, create and test algorithms involving a sequence of steps and decisions that identify congruency or similarity of shapes.

Investigate techniques for data collection including census, sampling, experiment and observation; explain the practicalities and implications of obtaining data.

Analyse and report on the distribution of data from primary and secondary sources using random and non-random sampling techniques.

Compare variations in distributions and proportions obtained from random samples of the same size and recognise the effect of sample size.

Plan and conduct statistical investigations involving samples of a population; use ethical and appropriate data collection methods and report on findings.

Recognise that complementary events have a combined probability of one; use this relationship to calculate probabilities in applied contexts.

Determine all possible combinations for 2 events, using two-way tables, tree diagrams and Venn diagrams to determine probabilities.

Conduct repeated chance experiments and simulations, using digital tools to determine probabilities for compound events, and describe results.

Recognise that the real number system includes the rational numbers and the irrational numbers, and solve problems involving real numbers using digital tools.

Apply the exponent laws to numerical expressions with integer exponents and extend to variables.

Simplify algebraic expressions, expand binomial products and factorise monic quadratic expressions using a variety of strategies.

Find the gradient of a line segment, the midpoint of the line interval and the distance between 2 points on the Cartesian plane using a range of strategies.

Identify and graph quadratic functions, solve quadratic equations graphically and numerically.

Use mathematical modelling to solve applied problems involving change including financial contexts; formulate problems, choosing to use either linear or quadratic functions.

Experiment with the effects of the variation of parameters on graphs of related functions, using digital tools, making connections between representations.

Solve problems involving the volume and surface area of right prisms and cylinders using appropriate units.

Solve problems involving very small and very large measurements, time scales and intervals expressed in scientific notation.

Solve spatial problems, applying angle properties, scale, similarity, Pythagoras' theorem and trigonometric ratios.

Calculate and interpret absolute, relative and percentage errors in measurements, recognising that all measurements are estimates.

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving direct proportion, rates, ratio and scale, including financial contexts.

Recognise the constancy of the sine, cosine and tangent ratios for a given angle in right-angled triangles using properties of similarity.

Apply the enlargement transformation to shapes and objects using dynamic geometry software; identify and explain aspects that remain the same and those that change.

Design, test and refine algorithms involving a sequence of steps and decisions based on geometric constructions and theorems.

Analyse claims, inferences and conclusions of statistical reports in the media, including ethical considerations and identification of potential sources of bias.

Analyse how different sampling methods can affect the results of surveys and how choice of representation can be used to support a particular point of view.

Represent the distribution of multiple data sets for numerical variables using comparative representations; compare data distributions using summary statistics.

Choose appropriate forms of display or visualisation for a given type of data; justify selections and interpret displays for a given context.

Plan and conduct statistical investigations involving the collection and analysis of different kinds of data; report findings and discuss the strength of evidence.

List all outcomes for compound events both with and without replacement, using lists, tree diagrams, tables or arrays; assign probabilities to outcomes.

Calculate relative frequencies from given or collected data to estimate probabilities of events involving 'and', inclusive 'or' and exclusive 'or'.

Design and conduct repeated chance experiments and simulations, using digital tools to compare probabilities of simple events to related compound events.

Recognise the effect of using approximations of real numbers in repeated calculations and compare the results when using exact representations

Expand, factorise and simplify expressions and solve equations algebraically, applying exponent laws and the distributive property

Solve linear inequalities and simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables; interpret solutions graphically and communicate solutions

Recognise the connection between algebraic and graphical representations of exponential relations and solve simple related equations

Use mathematical modelling to solve applied problems involving growth and decay, including financial contexts

Experiment with functions and relations using digital tools, making and testing conjectures and generalising emerging patterns

Solve problems involving the surface area and volume of composite objects using appropriate units

Interpret and use logarithmic scales in applied contexts involving small and large quantities and change

Solve practical problems applying Pythagoras' theorem and trigonometry of right-angled triangles, including direction and angles

Identify the impact of measurement errors on the accuracy of results in practical contexts

Use mathematical modelling to solve practical problems involving proportion and scaling of objects

Apply deductive reasoning to proofs involving shapes in the plane and use theorems to solve spatial problems

Interpret networks and network diagrams used to represent relationships in practical situations and describe connectedness

Design, test and refine solutions to spatial problems using algorithms and digital tools; communicate and justify solutions

Analyse claims, inferences and conclusions of statistical reports in the media, including ethical considerations and bias

Compare data distributions for continuous numerical variables using appropriate data displays including boxplots

Construct scatterplots and comment on the association between the 2 numerical variables in terms of strength and direction

Construct two-way tables and discuss possible relationship between categorical variables

Plan and conduct statistical investigations of situations that involve bivariate data; evaluate and report findings

Use the language of 'if .... then', 'given', 'of', 'knowing that' to describe and interpret situations involving conditional probability

Design and conduct repeated chance experiments and simulations using digital tools to model conditional probability

identify the basic needs of living things, including food and water

describe how objects move and how the movement of objects can be changed

examine how people use science in their daily lives, including when caring for their environment and living things

pose questions and make predictions based on observations

participate in guided investigations, including making observations using the senses

represent observations and data using diagrams and through discussion

compare observations with predictions

share observations and ideas with others

identify the basic needs of plants and animals, including air, water, food or shelter, and describe how the places they live meet those needs

describe daily and seasonal changes in the environment and explore how these changes affect everyday life

describe pushes and pulls in terms of strength and direction and predict the effect of these forces on objects' motion and shape

describe how people use science in their daily lives, including using patterns to make scientific predictions

pose questions to explore observations and make predictions based on experiences

follow safe procedures to make and record observations

use provided tables and organisers to sort and order data and information and, with guidance, represent patterns

with guidance, compare observations with predictions and identify further questions

use everyday vocabulary to communicate observations, findings and ideas

recognise Earth is a planet in the solar system and identify patterns in the changing position of the sun, moon, planets and stars in the sky

explore different actions to make sounds and how to make a variety of sounds, and recognise that sound energy causes objects to vibrate

recognise that materials can be changed physically without changing their material composition and explore the effect of different actions on materials

describe how people use science in their daily lives, including using patterns to make scientific predictions

pose questions to explore observed simple patterns and relationships and make predictions based on experiences

suggest and follow safe procedures to investigate questions and test predictions

make and record observations, including informal measurements, using digital tools as appropriate

sort and order data and information and represent patterns, including with provided tables and visual or physical models

compare observations with predictions and others' observations, consider if investigations are fair and identify further questions with guidance

write and create texts to communicate observations, findings and ideas, using everyday and scientific vocabulary

compare characteristics of living and non-living things and examine the differences between the life cycles of plants and animals

investigate the observable properties of materials and how they can be used for particular purposes

investigate how heat energy is produced and the effects of heat on objects

identify that Earth is part of a system of planets orbiting the sun and that Earth’s rotation on its axis causes day and night

examine how people use data and evidence to develop scientific explanations

consider how people use scientific explanations to make decisions and how these decisions can affect their lives and the environment

pose questions and make predictions based on observations and prior knowledge

plan and conduct investigations, including identifying variables to be changed, measured and kept the same

use equipment and materials safely, identifying potential risks

represent data in tables and diagrams and identify patterns and trends

compare results with predictions and suggest explanations for findings

reflect on investigations, including whether a test was fair or not

communicate ideas, explanations and processes using scientific representations and terminology

describe the stages of life cycles of different living things, including plants and animals

describe how living things depend on each other and the environment to survive

explain how the properties of materials affect their use and how they can be changed physically

describe how the Earth’s surface changes over time as a result of natural processes and human activity

investigate how forces can be exerted by one object on another through direct contact or from a distance

examine how people use data and evidence to develop explanations and make predictions

consider how science can help people understand the effect of their actions and inform their choices

pose questions and make predictions about objects and events that can be investigated scientifically

plan and conduct investigations, including identifying variables to be changed and kept the same

use equipment and materials safely and identify risks

represent data in tables and simple column graphs

compare results with predictions and identify patterns and relationships in data

reflect on investigations, including whether a test was fair or not

communicate ideas, findings and solutions to problems using multimodal texts

Examine how particular structural features and behaviours of living things enable their survival in specific habitats.

Describe how weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition cause slow or rapid change to Earth's surface.

Identify sources of light, recognise that light travels in a straight path and describe how shadows are formed and light can be reflected and refracted.

Explain observable properties of solids, liquids and gases by modelling the motion and arrangement of particles.

Examine why advances in science are often the result of collaboration or build on the work of others.

Investigate how scientific knowledge is used by individuals and communities to identify problems, consider responses and make decisions.

Pose investigable questions to identify patterns and test relationships and make reasoned predictions.

Plan and conduct repeatable investigations, including deciding variables, describing risks, and identifying required permissions to conduct investigations on Country/Place.

Use equipment to observe, measure and record data with reasonable precision, using digital tools as appropriate.

Construct and use appropriate representations, including tables, graphs and models, to organise data and describe patterns, trends and relationships.

Compare methods and findings with others, recognise possible sources of error, pose questions for further investigation and draw reasoned conclusions.

Write and create texts to communicate ideas and findings for specific purposes and audiences, including selection of language features.

investigate how the growth and survival of living things are affected by physical conditions of their environment

classify and compare changes to materials as reversible or irreversible

investigate how sudden geological changes and extreme weather events can affect Earth’s surface

investigate how electrical energy can be transferred and transformed in electrical circuits and can be generated from a range of sources

examine how scientific knowledge and understanding are updated as new evidence becomes available

examine how scientific knowledge is used to solve problems and inform personal and community decisions

pose investigable questions and make predictions about relationships between variables

plan and conduct reproducible investigations, including identifying and controlling variables

select and use equipment and technologies to collect and record data with precision

construct and use a range of representations, including tables and graphs, to represent and describe observations, patterns or relationships in data

compare data with predictions and use as evidence in developing explanations

reflect on and suggest improvements to investigation methods

communicate ideas, explanations and processes using scientific representations and terminology

investigate the role of classification in ordering and organising the diversity of life on Earth and use and develop classification tools including dichotomous keys

use models, including food webs, to represent matter and energy flow in ecosystems and predict the impact of changing abiotic and biotic factors on populations

model cyclic changes in the relative positions of the Earth, sun and moon and explain how these cycles cause eclipses and influence predictable phenomena

investigate and represent balanced and unbalanced forces, including gravitational force, acting on objects, and relate changes in motion to mass and force

use particle theory to describe the arrangement of particles in a substance, including the motion of and attraction between particles

use a particle model to describe differences between pure substances and mixtures and apply understanding of properties of substances to separate mixtures

explain how new evidence or different perspectives can lead to changes in scientific knowledge

investigate how cultural perspectives and world views influence the development of scientific knowledge

examine how proposed scientific responses to contemporary issues may impact on society and explore ethical, environmental, social and economic considerations

explore the role of science communication in informing individual viewpoints and community policies and regulations

develop investigable questions, reasoned predictions and hypotheses to explore scientific models, identify patterns and test relationships

plan and conduct reproducible investigations, including identifying variables and assumptions, managing risks, and considering ethical and cultural protocols

select and use equipment to generate and record data with precision, using digital tools as appropriate

select and construct appropriate representations, including tables, graphs and models, to organise and process data and information

analyse data and information to describe patterns, trends and relationships and identify anomalies

analyse methods, conclusions and claims for assumptions, possible sources of error, conflicting evidence and unanswered questions

construct evidence-based arguments to support conclusions or evaluate claims and consider ethical issues and cultural protocols

write and create texts to communicate ideas, findings and arguments for specific purposes and audiences using appropriate language and digital tools

Explain the role of specialised cell structures and organelles in cellular function

Analyse the relationship between structure and function at organ and body system levels

Investigate tectonic activity and geological features at plate boundaries and describe evidence for the theory of plate tectonics

Describe rock cycle processes and examine how properties of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks reflect their formation

Classify different types of energy as kinetic or potential and investigate energy transfer and transformations in simple systems

Classify matter as elements, compounds or mixtures and compare different representations, including symbols and formulas

Model the rearrangement of atoms in chemical reactions using representations and demonstrate the law of conservation of mass

Explain how new evidence or different perspectives can lead to changes in scientific knowledge

Investigate how cultural perspectives and world views influence the development of scientific knowledge

Examine how proposed scientific responses to contemporary issues may impact on society and explore ethical and social considerations

Explore the role of science communication in informing individual viewpoints and community policies and regulations

Develop investigable questions, reasoned predictions and hypotheses to explore scientific models and test relationships

Plan and conduct reproducible investigations, identifying variables and managing risks and ethical issues

Select and use equipment to generate and record data with precision, using digital tools as appropriate

Select and construct appropriate representations, including tables and graphs, to organise and process data and information

Analyse data and information to describe patterns, trends and relationships and identify anomalies

Analyse methods, conclusions and claims for assumptions, possible sources of error and conflicting evidence

Construct evidence-based arguments to support conclusions or evaluate claims and consider ethical issues and cultural protocols

Write and create texts to communicate ideas, findings and arguments for specific purposes and audiences

Multi-cellular organisms rely on coordinated and interdependent internal systems to respond to changes to their environment

Matter, including the atom, can be modelled to explain its structure and properties

Chemical reactions, including combustion and acid reactions, are important in systems and involve the conservation of mass

The theory of plate tectonics explains global patterns of geological activity and continental movement

Energy transfer by waves, including light and sound, can be explained using wave and particle models

The transfer of energy as heat can be explained using the kinetic theory of matter and is involved in many systems

Scientific knowledge, including theories and models, is contestable and refined over time through review by the scientific community

Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in technology, and technological advances are linked to scientific discoveries

People use scientific knowledge to evaluate claims, explanations or predictions, and to inform personal and community decisions

Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically, including identifying variables

Plan and conduct reproducible investigations, including identifying and managing safety and ethical risks

Select and use appropriate equipment and digital tools to collect and record data with precision

Construct and use appropriate representations, including tables and graphs, to organise data and identify patterns

Analyse data and information to describe patterns, trends and relationships and identify anomalies

Evaluate investigation methods and the quality of data, and suggest improvements

Use scientific knowledge and evidence to develop and justify explanations and arguments

Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose and audience, using appropriate language and conventions

explain the role of meiosis and mitosis and the function of chromosomes, DNA and genes in heredity and predict patterns of Mendelian inheritance

use the theory of evolution by natural selection to explain past and present diversity and analyse the scientific evidence supporting the theory

describe how the big bang theory models the origin and evolution of the universe and analyse the supporting evidence for the theory

use models of energy flow between the geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere to explain patterns of global climate change

investigate Newton's laws of motion and quantitatively analyse the relationship between force, mass and acceleration of objects

explain how the structure and properties of atoms relate to the organisation of the elements in the periodic table

identify patterns in synthesis, decomposition and displacement reactions and investigate the factors that affect reaction rates

explain how scientific knowledge is validated and refined, including the role of publication and peer review

investigate how advances in technologies enable advances in science, and how science has contributed to developments in technologies and engineering

analyse the key factors that contribute to science knowledge and practices being adopted more broadly by society

examine how the values and needs of society influence the focus of scientific research

develop investigable questions, reasoned predictions and hypotheses to test relationships and develop explanatory models

plan and conduct valid, reproducible investigations to answer questions and test hypotheses, identifying and controlling for error and addressing ethical considerations

select and use equipment to generate and record data with precision to obtain useful sample sizes and replicable data, using digital tools as appropriate

select and construct appropriate representations, including tables, graphs, descriptive statistics, models and mathematical relationships, to organise and process data

analyse and connect a variety of data and information to identify and explain patterns, trends, relationships and anomalies

assess the validity and reproducibility of methods, and the validity of conclusions and claims

construct logical arguments based on analysis of a variety of evidence to support conclusions and evaluate claims

select and use content, language and text features effectively to achieve their purpose when communicating ideas and findings to diverse audiences

Who the people in their family are, where they were born and raised and how they are related to each other

How they, their family and friends commemorate or celebrate events that are important to them

The representation of the location of places and their features on pictorial maps and models

The places they live in and belong to, and their familiar features

The importance of places to people, including First Nations Australians’ connection to Country/Place

Pose questions about past and present objects, people, places and events

Locate and collect information and data from different sources, including observations and provided sources

Sort and record information and data, including using digital tools

Compare information and data to identify similarities and differences

Draw simple conclusions based on information and data

Present information and data using a range of methods

Reflect on learning and take action in response to findings

differences and similarities between students' families and the families of others

how the present, past and future are signified by terms indicating time, as well as by personal and family events and milestones

differences and similarities between students' daily lives and life during their parents’ and grandparents’ childhoods

natural, managed and constructed features of places, their location and how they provide for the needs of people and other living things

names and locations of the local area, the state or territory, and the country

importance of places to people, including First Nations Australians’ connections to Country/Place

how and why people look after places

pose questions about the past and present

locate and collect information and data from primary and secondary sources

sort and record information and data, including using digital tools

sequence information and events to show the order in which they occurred

compare information and data to identify similarities and differences

draw simple conclusions based on information and data

present information and data using a range of communication forms

reflect on learning and propose individual or collective action in response to a contemporary issue or challenge

The history of a significant person, building, site or part of the natural environment in the local community and what it reveals about the past

The importance of today’s Country/Place to First Nations Australians and how this is expressed

How the impact of changing technology on people’s lives at home and/or in the local community has been experienced by different generations

The connection of First Nations Australians to Country/Place and the influence on the way it is managed

The location of the major geographical divisions of the world in relation to Australia

The definition of places as parts of Earth’s surface that have been given meaning by people, and how they can be defined at different scales

The ways in which people, including First Nations Australians, maintain the special identities of places

Pose questions about the past and present

Locate and collect information and data from different sources, including observations

Record information and data in different formats

Examine information and data to identify main ideas and simple patterns

Compare objects from the past and present

Draw simple conclusions based on information and data

Interact with others to share points of view and respect the views of others

Present narratives, information and findings in different formats

Reflect on learning and suggest ways to care for places

causes and effects of changes to the local community, and how people who may be from diverse backgrounds have contributed to these changes

significant events, symbols and emblems that are important to Australia's identity and diversity, and how they are celebrated, commemorated or recognised

the representation of contemporary Australia as states and territories, Countries/Places of First Nations Australians, and locations of neighbouring regions

the ways First Nations Australians in different parts of Australia are interconnected with Country/Place

the similarities and differences between places in Australia and neighbouring countries in terms of their natural, managed and constructed features

who makes rules, why rules are important in the school and/or the local community, and the consequences of rules not being followed

why people participate within communities and how students can actively participate and contribute to communities

develop questions to guide investigations about people, events, places and issues

locate, collect and record information and data from a range of sources, including annotated timelines and maps

interpret information and data displayed in different formats

analyse information and data, and identify perspectives

draw conclusions based on analysis of information and data

propose actions or responses to an issue or challenge and reflect on the possible effects of their proposal

present descriptions and explanations, using ideas from sources and relevant subject-specific terms

The diversity of First Nations Australians, their social organisation and their continuous connection to Country/Place

The causes of the establishment of the first British colony in Australia in 1788

The experiences of individuals and groups, including military and civilian officials, and convicts involved in the establishment of the first British colony

The effects of contact with other people on First Nations Australians and their Countries/Places following the arrival of the First Fleet

The importance of environments, including natural vegetation and water sources, to people and animals in Australia and on another continent

Sustainable use and management of renewable and non-renewable resources, including the custodial responsibility First Nations Australians have for Country/Place

The differences between 'rules' and 'laws', why laws are important and how they affect the lives of people

The roles of local government and how members of the community use and contribute to local services

Diversity of cultural, religious and/or social groups to which they and others in the community belong, and their importance to identity

Types of resources, including natural, human and capital, and how they satisfy needs and wants

Develop questions to guide investigations about people, events, places and issues

Locate, collect and record information and data from a range of sources, including annotated timelines and maps

Interpret information and data displayed in different formats

Analyse information and data, and identify perspectives

Draw conclusions based on analysis of information

Propose actions or responses to an issue or challenge that consider possible effects of actions

Present descriptions and explanations, using ideas from sources and relevant subject-specific terms

the economic, political and social causes of the establishment of British colonies in Australia after 1800

the impact of the development of British colonies in Australia on the lives of First Nations Australians, the colonists and convicts, and on the natural environment

the role of a significant individual or group, including First Nations Australians and those who migrated to Australia, in the development of events in an Australian colony

the influence of people, including First Nations Australians and people in other countries, on the characteristics of a place

the management of Australian environments, including managing severe weather events such as bushfires, floods, droughts or cyclones, and their consequences

the key values and features of Australia's democracy, including elections, and the roles and responsibilities of elected representatives

how citizens (members of communities) with shared beliefs and values work together to achieve a civic goal

types of resources, including natural, human and capital, and how they satisfy needs and wants

develop questions to investigate people, events, developments, places and systems

locate, collect and organise information and data from primary and secondary sources in a range of formats

evaluate information and data in a range of formats to identify and describe patterns and trends, or to infer relationships

evaluate primary and secondary sources to determine origin, purpose and perspectives

develop evidence-based conclusions

propose and justify actions and responses to a challenge or opportunity using appropriate criteria

present ideas, findings and evidence in a range of communication forms for different purposes and audiences, using discipline-specific terms

Significant individuals, events and ideas that led to Australia's Federation, the Constitution and democratic system of government

Changes in Australia's political system and to Australian citizenship after Federation that impacted First Nations Australians, migrants, women and children

The motivation of people migrating to Australia since Federation, their stories and effects on Australian society, including migrants from the Asia region

The geographical diversity and location of places in the Asia region, and its location in relation to Australia

Australia's interconnections with other countries and how these change people and places

The key institutions of Australia's system of government, how it is based on the Westminster system, and the key values and beliefs of Western democracies

The roles and responsibilities of the 3 levels of government in Australia

Influences on consumer choices and strategies that can be used to help make informed personal consumer and financial choices

Develop questions to investigate people, events, developments, places and systems

Locate, collect and organise information and data from primary and secondary sources in a range of formats

Evaluate information and data in a range of formats to identify and describe patterns and trends, or to infer relationships

Evaluate primary and secondary sources to determine origin, purpose and perspectives

Develop evidence-based conclusions

Propose actions or responses to issues or challenges and use criteria to assess the possible effects

Present descriptions and explanations, drawing ideas, findings and viewpoints from sources, and using relevant terms and conventions

theories and historical interpretations about early human evolution and migration, such as the theory that people moved out of Africa and the causes of migration to other parts of the world, including Australia

theories about the causes and effects of the arrival of early First Nations Australians on the Australian continent and their migration routes across the continent

how First Nations Australians are the world's oldest continuing cultures, displaying evidence of both continuity and change over deep time

how First Nations Australians have responded to environmental processes and changes over time

the technological achievements of early First Nations Australians, and how these developed in different places and contributed to daily life, and land and water source management

the social organisation and cultural practices of early First Nations Australians, and their continuity and change over time

the cultural obligations of First Nations Australians about significant heritage sites, including ancestral remains, material culture and artefacts

the different methods and sources of evidence used by historians and archaeologists to investigate early societies, and the importance of archaeology and conserving the remains

how the physical environment and geographical features influenced the development of the ancient society

the organisation and roles of key groups in ancient society such as the nobility, bureaucracy, women and slaves, and how they influenced and changed society

key beliefs, values and practices of an ancient society, with a particular emphasis on one of the following areas: everyday life, warfare, or death and funerary customs

causes and effects of contacts and conflicts within ancient societies and/or with other societies, resulting in developments such as the conquest of other lands

the role and achievements of a significant individual in an ancient society

classification of environmental resources and the way that water connects and changes places as it moves through environments

the location and distribution of water resources in Australia, their implications, and strategies to manage the sustainability of water

the economic, cultural, spiritual and aesthetic value of water for people, including First Nations Australians

the causes and impacts of an atmospheric or hydrological hazard, and responses from communities and governments

factors that influence the decisions people make about where to live, including perceptions of the liveability of places and the influence of environmental quality

the location and distribution of services and facilities, and implications for liveability of places

the cultural connectedness of people to places and how this influences their identity, sense of belonging and perceptions of a place

strategies used to enhance the liveability of a place, including for young people, the aged or those with disability

the key features of Australia's system of government, including democracy, the Australian Constitution, responsible government and federalism

the characteristics of Australia's democracy, including freedom of speech, association, assembly, religion and movement

the key principles and features of the Australian legal system, including the rule of law and the role of the courts

how the Australian legal system protects the rights of individuals, including the right to a fair trial

how values based on freedom, respect, fairness and equality of opportunity can support social cohesion and democracy within Australian society

how individuals and groups can participate in and contribute to their community

why opportunity cost exists as decisions are made to allocate limited resources to meet unlimited needs and wants

the reasons businesses exist and how different types of businesses provide goods and services

characteristics of entrepreneurs and how these influence the success of a business

the reasons individuals work, the types of work they are involved in, and how they may derive an income

the rights and responsibilities of individuals and businesses in relation to consumer and financial products and services

develop historical questions about the past to inform historical inquiry

locate and identify primary and secondary sources as evidence in historical inquiry

describe the origin, content, context and purpose of primary and secondary sources

identify the accuracy and usefulness of sources as evidence

sequence events and developments to describe causes and effects, and continuities and changes

identify perspectives, attitudes and values of the past in sources

explain historical interpretations about significant events, individuals and groups

create descriptions, explanations and historical arguments, using historical knowledge, concepts and terms

develop questions for a geographical inquiry related to a phenomenon or challenge

collect, organise and represent data and information from primary and secondary research methods

interpret and analyse geographical data and information to identify similarities and differences

draw conclusions based on the analysis of the data and information

create descriptions, explanations and responses, using geographical knowledge, concepts and terms

reflect on findings to identify potential action in response to a phenomenon or challenge

develop questions to investigate Australia's political and legal systems, and contemporary civic issues

locate, select and compare information from sources to investigate political and legal systems

analyse information to explain perspectives and challenges related to political, legal or civic issues

explain the methods or strategies related to making decisions about civic participation or action

create descriptions, explanations and evidence-based arguments, using civics and citizenship knowledge

reflect on their learning to identify the effects of their decisions and the potential consequences

develop questions to investigate a contemporary economic and business issue

gather data and information from different sources to investigate an economic or business issue

interpret data to identify trends and relationships related to an economic or business issue

develop a response to an economic and business issue, identifying potential costs and benefits

create descriptions and explanations, using economic and business knowledge, concepts and terms

identify the effects of their decisions and the possible effects of alternative actions

how Australians are informed about and participate in their democracy

the roles of political parties and elected representatives in Australian government

the characteristics of laws and how laws are made in Australia through parliaments (statutory law) and through the courts (common law)

the types of law in Australia, including criminal law and civil law, and the place of First Nations Australian customary law

the ways in which Australians express different aspects of their identity

different experiences of, perspectives on and debates about Australia's national identity and citizenship, including the perspectives of First Nations Australians

develop questions to investigate Australia's political and legal systems, and contemporary civic issues

locate, select and organise information, data and ideas from different sources

analyse information, data and ideas about political, legal or civic issues to identify and explain differences in perspectives and potential challenges

explain the methods or strategies related to making decisions about civic participation

create descriptions, explanations and arguments, using civics and citizenship knowledge, concepts, terms and references to evidence from sources

how markets influence decisions about the allocation of resources to the production of goods and services, and the effect of prices on these decisions

different ways that businesses adapt to opportunities in the market and respond to the changing nature of work

how First Nations Australian businesses and entrepreneurs develop opportunities in the market

the importance of Australia's system of taxation and how this system affects decision-making by individuals and businesses

why individuals and/or businesses budget and plan

develop a range of questions to investigate an economic and business issue

locate, select and organise relevant information and data from different sources

interpret information and data to identify economic and business issues and trends, and describe economic cause-and-effect relationships

develop a response to an economic and business issue, and identify and evaluate potential costs and benefits

create descriptions and explanations, using economic and business knowledge, concepts, terms and research findings

geomorphological processes that produce different landscapes and significant landforms

the location and distribution of Australia's distinctive landscapes and significant landforms

the spiritual, aesthetic and cultural value of landscapes and landforms for people, including Country/Place of First Nations Australians

the interconnections between human activity and geomorphological processes, and ways of managing distinctive landscapes

the causes and impacts of a geomorphological hazard on people, places and environments, and the effects of responses

the causes of urbanisation and its impacts on places and environments, drawing on a study from Australia and/or another country

the differences in the distribution of urban settlements in Australia and another country, and the implications of these differences

develop relevant questions about a geographical phenomenon or challenge

collect, organise and represent relevant and reliable data and information using primary research methods and secondary research materials

interpret and analyse data and information to identify similarities and differences, explain patterns and trends and infer relationships

draw conclusions based on the analysis of the data and information

identify a strategy for action in relation to environmental, economic, social or other factors, and explain potential impacts

create descriptions, explanations and responses, using geographical knowledge and methods, concepts, terms and reference sources

the transformation of the ancient world to the early modern world, from the decline of the Roman Empire through Medieval, Renaissance or pre-modern Europe

the roles and relationships of different groups in Medieval, Renaissance or pre-modern Europe

a significant event, development, turning point or challenge that contributed to continuity and change in Medieval, Renaissance or pre-modern Europe

the experiences and perspectives of rulers and of subject peoples, and the interaction between power and/or authority in Medieval, Renaissance or pre-modern Europe

interpretations about the society and events, and/or individuals and/or groups connected to Medieval, Renaissance or pre-modern Europe

the significant social, religious, cultural, economic, environmental and/or political features of different groups in the empire and/or expansion

a significant development, event, turning point or challenge that contributed to continuity and change in the empire and/or expansion

the experiences and perspectives of rulers and of subject peoples, and the interaction between power and/or authority in the empire and/or expansion

the role and achievements of a significant individual and/or group connected to the empire and/or expansion

interpretations about the society and events, and/or individuals and/or groups connected to the empire and/or expansion

the significant social, religious, cultural, economic, environmental and/or political features of different groups in the Asian-Pacific society

a significant development, event, turning point or challenge that contributed to continuity and change in the Asian-Pacific society

the experiences and perspectives of rulers and of subject peoples, and the interaction between power and/or authority in the Asian-Pacific society

the role and achievements of a significant individual and/or group in the Asian-Pacific society

interpretations about the Asian-Pacific society and events, and/or individuals and/or groups connected to the society

develop historical questions about the past to inform historical inquiry

locate and identify a range of primary and secondary sources as evidence in historical inquiry

describe the origin, content and context of sources, and explain the purpose of primary and secondary sources

compare sources to explain the accuracy, usefulness and reliability of sources as evidence

sequence events and developments to explain causes and effects, and patterns of continuity and change across societies and time periods

describe perspectives, attitudes and values of the past, and suggest reasons for different points of view

explain historical interpretations about significant events and people

create descriptions, explanations and historical arguments, using historical knowledge, concepts, terms and references to evidence from sources

The causes and effects of European imperial expansion and the movement of peoples in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

The key social, cultural, economic and political changes and their significance in the development of Australian society.

The causes and effects of European contact and extension of settlement, including their impact on First Nations Peoples.

Significant events, ideas, people, groups and movements in the development of Australian society.

Continuities and changes and their effects on ways of life, living conditions, and political and legal institutions.

The causes of World War I and the reasons why men enlisted to fight in the war.

The places where Australians fought and the nature of warfare during World War I, including the Gallipoli campaign.

The impact of World War I, with a particular emphasis on Australia.

The commemoration of World War I, including debates about the nature and significance of the Anzac legend.

The social, economic, political, technological and environmental causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution on Europe.

The changing population movements and settlement patterns during the period 1750 to 1900.

The short-, medium- and long-term effects of population movements and changing settlement patterns during this period.

The different perspectives and experiences of men, women and children during the Industrial Revolution.

The ideas that emerged and influenced change in society, such as nationalism, capitalism, imperialism and socialism.

The role of a significant individual or group in promoting and enacting ideas that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

Develop and modify a range of historical questions about the past to inform historical inquiry.

Locate, identify and compare primary and secondary sources to use in a historical inquiry.

Explain the origin, content, context and purpose of primary and secondary sources.

Compare sources to determine the accuracy, usefulness and reliability of sources as evidence.

Explain causes and effects, and patterns of continuity and change connected to a period, event or movement.

Compare perspectives of significant events and developments, and explain the factors that influence these perspectives.

Analyse different and contested historical interpretations.

Create descriptions, explanations and historical arguments that reference evidence from sources.

The features of biomes' distribution and the environmental processes that change their characteristics.

The human alteration of biomes to produce food, industrial materials and fibres, and the environmental effects.

The challenges to food production, including land and water degradation, shortage of fresh water, and climate change.

The capacity of the world's environments to sustainably feed the projected future population to achieve food security.

The effects of global interconnections on the characteristics of places and the way people live.

The role of transport and information and communication technologies in connecting people to services and information.

The environmental, economic or social effects of global interconnections on people and places.

Develop geographically significant questions and plan an inquiry that applies geographical methodologies and concepts.

Collect, record and evaluate relevant geographical data and information from primary and secondary sources.

Represent the location and distribution of geographical phenomena in digital and non-digital forms, including maps.

Interpret and analyse geographical maps, data and information to propose explanations and draw reasoned conclusions.

Develop and evaluate strategies, predict impacts and make a recommendation in response to a geographical challenge.

Present findings, arguments and ideas using relevant geographical terminology, concepts and digital tools.

The role of the Australian Constitution in providing the basis for Australia's federal system and democratic processes.

The legislative processes through which federal government policy is shaped, developed and implemented.

The key features and jurisdictions of Australia's court system, including the role of the High Court.

The role and processes of courts and tribunals in resolving civil and criminal matters.

The reasons individuals and groups participate in and contribute to civic life nationally and globally.

The influence of the media on reflections of identity and diversity in Australia's democracy.

Develop a range of questions to investigate political and legal systems, and contemporary civic issues.

Locate, select and compare information from a range of sources to investigate political and legal systems.

Analyse information to explain perspectives and challenges related to political, legal or civic issues.

Identify and evaluate the methods or strategies related to civic participation or action.

Use civics and citizenship knowledge, concepts and terms to develop descriptions, explanations and arguments.

The role of Australia's financial sector and its effect on economic decision-making by individuals and businesses.

How economic decision-making involves the interdependence of consumers, businesses, the financial sector and government.

The reasons Australia trades with other nations, and the patterns of trade between Australia and Asia.

Processes that businesses use to create and maintain competitive advantage, including the role of entrepreneurs.

Develop a range of questions to investigate an economic and business issue.

Locate, select and organise relevant information and data from a range of sources.

Interpret information and data to identify economic and business issues and trends.

Develop a response to an economic and business issue, and evaluate potential costs and benefits.

Use economics and business knowledge, concepts, terms and research findings to create descriptions and explanations.

Overview of the modern world and Australia from 1918 to the present, including the nature of the period and significant events.

Causes and course of World War II, including the rise of dictatorships and the failure of the League of Nations.

Significant events and experiences of World War II, including the Holocaust and the use of the atomic bomb.

Struggles for rights and freedoms, including the experiences of First Nations Australians and the US civil rights movement.

Global influences on Australia, including the impact of migration and popular culture.

A significant development or event in post-war Australia, such as the environment movement or the digital revolution.

Human-induced environmental changes and their impacts on ecosystems and people.

Environmental worldviews and their influence on environmental management.

Management of a specific environmental change, including the role of First Nations Australians.

Different ways of measuring and mapping human wellbeing and development.

Reasons for spatial variations in human wellbeing between and within countries.

Role of governments, non-government organisations and individuals in improving human wellbeing.

Features of Australia's democracy, the role of the High Court and the process for constitutional change.

Australia's international roles and responsibilities, including its participation in the United Nations.

Challenges to Australian democracy and the role of the media and social media in shaping public opinion.

Indicators of economic performance and how they are used to measure living standards.

Ways the Australian Government manages the economy to improve living standards.

Factors influencing business decisions and strategies used to gain a competitive advantage.

Develop questions and hypotheses to frame an inquiry.

Locate, select and organise information and evidence from a range of primary and secondary sources.

Analyse and interpret information and evidence to identify patterns, trends and relationships.

Evaluate the reliability and usefulness of sources and synthesise evidence to develop arguments.

Communicate findings using a range of formats and appropriate terminology.

Reflect on the findings of an inquiry and propose action in response.