Interact verbally and non-verbally with others for a range of purposes

Build aural and oral language

Listen to others

Develop auditory discrimination, for example able to identify environmental sounds

Increase use of vocabulary by exploring meanings of new words

Know that languages other than English are used in the home, school and community environment

Engage with a range of texts and gain meaning from these texts

Enjoy stories, verse and lyrics

View, listen to and enjoy printed, visual and multimedia texts

Take on roles of literacy and numeracy users in their play

Actively use, engage with and share the stories and symbols of their own cultures

Ask and answer questions during the reading or discussion of books and other texts

Retell or create simple stories, acting them out

Express ideas and make meaning using a range of media

Use the creative arts, such as drawing, painting, sculpture, drama, dance, movement, music and story-telling, to express ideas

Experiment with ways of expressing ideas and meaning using a range of media

Begin to use images and approximations of letters and words to convey meaning

Begin to understand how symbols and pattern systems work

Begin to make connections between, and see patterns in, their feelings, ideas, words and actions, and those of others

Develop an understanding that symbols are a powerful means of communication

Begin to be aware of the relationships between oral, written and visual representations

Begin to recognise patterns and relationships and the connections between them

Develop concepts of print such as writing from left to right and top to bottom, spaces between words, and concepts of word and sentence

Begin to understand the relationship between letters and sounds

Use information and communication technologies to access information, investigate ideas and represent their thinking

Begin to access and use digital technologies and media

Integrate representations of technologies into children’s play experiences

Understand that English is one of many languages spoken in Australia and that different languages may be spoken by family, classmates and community

Explore how language is used differently at home and school depending on the relationships between people

Use their home language at school

Explore how language is used differently at home and school depending on the relationships between people.

Understand that language can be used to explore ways of expressing needs, likes and dislikes.

Recognise that speakers of other languages and dialects may use different words to Standard Australian English.

Understand that English is one of many languages spoken in Australia and by family and community.

Understand that texts are made up of words and groups of words that make meaning.

Understand concepts about print and screen, including how books, film and simple digital texts work.

Recognise that sentences are key units for expressing ideas and use capital letters and full stops.

Understand that punctuation is a feature of written text different from letters.

Explore how language is used with other means of communication, like facial expressions and gestures.

Understand the use of vocabulary in familiar contexts related to everyday experiences and personal interests.

Recognise and generate rhyming words, alliteration patterns, syllables and sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.

Understand that words are units of meaning and can be made of more than one meaningful part.

Segment sentences into words, blend/segment onset and rime, and manipulate phonemes in single syllable words.

Recognise that texts are created by authors who tell stories and share experiences.

Share ideas about stories, poems and images in literature, reflecting on personal experiences.

Respond to stories and share feelings and thoughts about the events and characters in texts.

Recognise different types of literary texts and identify features like setting, events and characters.

Retell familiar literary texts through performance, use of illustrations and images.

Identify the parts of a book and other print and digital texts and explain their purpose.

Listen to and respond orally to texts and communication in informal and structured classroom situations.

Deliver short oral presentations to report on ideas and events using familiar words.

Use interaction skills including listening, appropriate voice levels, body language and eye contact.

Use predicting and questioning to help make meaning from texts.

Read decodable and high-frequency words to make meaning from texts.

Read short decodable and predictable texts with some familiar vocabulary and supportive images.

Create short texts to explore, record and report ideas and events using beginning writing knowledge.

Use software to create texts that show understanding of the connection between writing, speech and images.

Produce some lower case and upper case letters using correct directionality.

Understand that language is used in combination with other means of communication, for example facial expressions and gestures to interact with others

Understand that there are different ways of asking for information, making offers and giving commands

Explore different ways of expressing emotions, including verbal, visual, body language and facial expressions

Understand that the purposes texts serve shape their structure in predictable ways

Understand patterns of repetition and contrast in simple texts

Recognise that different types of punctuation, including full stops, question marks and exclamation marks, signal sentences

Understand concepts about print and screen, including how different types of texts are organised using page numbering, tables of content, headings and titles

Identify the parts of a simple sentence that represent 'What is happening?', 'Who or what is involved?' and the surrounding circumstances

Explore differences in words that represent people, places and things (nouns), happenings and states (verbs), qualities (adjectives) and details (adverbs)

Compare different kinds of images in narrative and informative texts and discuss how they contribute to meaning

Understand the use of vocabulary in everyday contexts as well as a growing number of school contexts

Manipulate phonemes by addition, deletion and substitution of initial, medial and final phonemes to generate new words

Use short vowels, common long vowels, consonant blends when writing, and blend these to read one-syllable words

Understand that a letter can represent more than one sound and that a syllable must contain a vowel sound

Understand how to spell one and two syllable words with common letter patterns

Use visual memory to read and write high-frequency words

Recognise and know how to use simple grammatical morphemes to create word families

Discuss how authors create characters using language and images

Discuss characters and events in a range of literary texts and share personal responses, making connections with own experiences

Express preferences for specific texts and authors and listen to the opinions of others

Discuss features of plot, character and setting in different types of literature

Listen to, recite and perform poems, chants, rhymes and songs, imitating and inventing sound patterns

Recreate texts imaginatively using drawing, writing, performance and digital forms of communication

Innovate on familiar texts by using similar characters, repetitive patterns or vocabulary

Respond to texts drawn from a range of cultures and experiences

Engage in conversations and discussions, using active listening behaviours, showing interest, and contributing ideas

Use interaction skills including turn-taking, recognising the contributions of others and speaking clearly

Compare and discuss texts identifying some features that distinguish those that 'tell stories' from those that 'give opinions'

Use contextual, semantic, grammatical and phonic knowledge to decode and read aloud with developing fluency

Use comprehension strategies to build literal and inferred meaning about characters, setting and events

Create short imaginative and informative texts that show emerging use of appropriate text structure and grammar

Re-read student's own texts and discuss possible changes to improve meaning, spelling and punctuation

Construct texts using legible handwriting and appropriate digital technologies

Use software to create and edit texts that include visual images

Understand that language is used in combination with other means of communication, for example facial expressions and gestures to interact with others.

Understand that language varies when people take on different roles in social and classroom interactions and how interpersonal language resources vary depending on context.

Identify language that can be used for appreciating texts and the qualities of people and things.

Understand that different types of texts have identifiable text structures and language features that help the text serve its purpose.

Understand how texts are made cohesive through language features, including word associations, synonyms, and antonyms.

Recognise that capital letters signal proper nouns and commas are used to separate items in lists.

Know some features of text organisation including page and screen layouts, alphabetical order, and different types of diagrams, for example timelines.

Understand that simple connections can be made between ideas by using a compound sentence with two or more clauses usually linked by a coordinating conjunction.

Understand that nouns represent people, places, objects and concepts; that there are common, proper and pronouns; and that noun groups can be expanded.

Identify visual representations of characters' actions, reactions, speech and thought processes in narratives, and consider how images add to meaning.

Understand the use of vocabulary about familiar and new topics and experiment with and begin to make conscious choices of vocabulary to suit audience and purpose.

Understand how to use knowledge of digraphs, long vowels, blends and silent letters to spell one and two syllable words including some compound words.

Build morphemic word families using knowledge of prefixes and suffixes.

Use knowledge of letter patterns and morphemes to read and write high-frequency words and words whose spelling is not predictable from their sounds.

Discuss how depictions of characters in print, sound and images reflect the contexts in which they were created.

Compare opinions about characters, events and settings in and between texts.

Identify aspects of different types of literary texts that entertain, and give reasons for personal preferences.

Discuss the characters and settings of different texts and explore how language is used to present these features in different ways.

Identify, reproduce and experiment with rhythmic, sound and word patterns in poems, chants, rhymes and songs.

Create events and characters using different media that develop key events and characters from literary texts.

Innovate on familiar texts by experimenting with character, setting or plot.

Discuss different texts on a similar topic, identifying similarities and differences between the texts.

Listen for specific purposes and information, including instructions, and extend students' own and others' ideas in discussions.

Use interaction skills including initiating topics, making positive statements and voicing disagreement in an appropriate manner, speaking clearly and varying tone.

Rehearse and deliver short presentations on familiar and new topics.

Identify the audience of imaginative, informative and persuasive texts.

Read familiar and some unfamiliar texts with phrasing and fluency by combining phonic, semantic, contextual and grammatical knowledge.

Use comprehension strategies to build literal and inferred meaning and begin to analyse texts by drawing on knowledge of context and features.

Create short imaginative, informative and persuasive texts using knowledge of text structures and language features for familiar and less familiar audiences.

Re-read and edit text for spelling, sentence-boundary punctuation and text structure.

Write legibly and with growing fluency using unjoined upper case and lower case letters.

Construct texts featuring print, visual and audio elements using software, including word processing programs.

Understand that languages have different written and visual communication systems, different oral traditions and different ways of constructing meaning.

Understand that language varies according to the context of use, e.g. the relationship between people, and the purpose and setting of the communication.

Examine how evaluative language can be varied to be more or less forceful.

Understand how different types of texts are structured to achieve their purposes.

Understand that paragraphs are a key organisational feature of written texts.

Identify the features of online texts that enhance navigation.

Understand that a clause is a unit of grammar usually containing a subject and a verb and that these need to be in agreement.

Understand that verbs represent different processes and that these processes are anchored in time through tense.

Understand how to use phonic knowledge to read and write multisyllabic words with more complex letter patterns.

Understand how to use letter-sound relationships and less common letter patterns to spell words.

Understand how to use knowledge of letter patterns including double letters, spelling generalisations and morphemic word families.

Recognise and know how to write most high frequency words including some homophones.

Draw connections between personal experiences and the worlds of texts, and share responses with others.

Develop an understanding of how texts from different cultures and times represent similar experiences.

Discuss the nature and effects of some language devices used to enhance meaning and shape the reader’s reaction.

Make connections between students’ own experiences and those of characters and events represented in texts.

Identify and explore ideas and viewpoints about events, issues and characters represented in texts.

Discuss how language is used to describe the settings in texts, and explore how settings can influence events and characters.

Create literary texts that adapt or combine aspects of texts students have experienced in innovative ways.

Create literary texts based on characters, settings and events from students’ own experience and imagination.

Experiment with text structures and language features and their effects in creating literary texts.

Understand that different types of texts have different purposes and audiences and that these help shape the text.

Listen to and contribute to conversations and discussions to share information and ideas and clarify understanding.

Use interaction skills, including active listening and acknowledging and building on the contributions of others.

Plan and deliver short presentations, providing some key details in logical sequence and using appropriate interactions.

Read an increasing range of different types of texts by combining contextual, semantic, grammatical and phonic knowledge.

Use comprehension strategies to build literal and inferred meaning and begin to analyse texts.

Identify and explain how choices in language, for example vocabulary and images, contribute to the meaning of a text.

Plan, draft and publish imaginative, informative and persuasive texts demonstrating increasing control over text structures.

Use software including word processing programs with growing speed and efficiency to construct and edit texts.

Write using joined letters that are clearly formed and consistent in size.

Re-read and edit texts for meaning, appropriate structure, grammatical choices and punctuation.

Use punctuation, including capital letters, full stops, question marks, exclamation marks, commas and quotation marks.

Understand that Standard Australian English is one of many social dialects used in Australia, and that while it originated in England it has been influenced by many other languages.

Understand that social interactions influence the way people engage with ideas and respond to others, for example when exploring and clarifying the ideas of others.

Understand how texts are made up of discrete structures, for example paragraphs, and how these structures can be used to organise and sequence information.

Understand how different types of texts are structured to achieve their purposes, for example how narratives follow a sequence of events.

Understand how noun groups/phrases and verb groups/phrases can be expanded to provide more detail about the participants and actions in a text.

Understand how adverbials, including prepositional phrases, can be used to provide more detail about when, where and how events occur.

Understand how to use punctuation to guide the reader, including commas to separate items in a list and to mark off additional information.

Understand how to use quotation marks for direct speech and to indicate titles of books or other works.

Understand how to use knowledge of letter patterns, spelling generalisations, morphemic word families, common prefixes and suffixes and word origins to spell more complex words.

Read and write a large core of high frequency words including homophones and know how to use context to identify correct spelling.

Make connections between the ways different authors may represent similar storylines, ideas and relationships.

Discuss literary experiences with others, sharing responses and expressing a point of view.

Use metalanguage to describe the effects of ideas, text structures and language features of literary texts.

Discuss how authors and illustrators make stories exciting, moving and absorbing and hold readers' interest by using various techniques.

Understand, interpret and experiment with a range of devices and deliberate word play in poetry and other literary texts.

Create literary texts that explore students' own experiences and imagining.

Create literary texts by developing storylines, characters and settings.

Identify and explain language features of texts from earlier times and compare with the vocabulary, images, layout and content of contemporary texts.

Interpret ideas and information in spoken texts and listen for key points in order to carry out tasks and use information to share and extend ideas.

Use interaction skills, including agreeing and disagreeing politely and helping the group to reach a conclusion.

Read different types of texts for specific purposes and use strategies to build literal and inferred meaning.

Use comprehension strategies to build literal and inferred meaning to expand content knowledge, integrating and linking ideas and analysing and evaluating texts.

Read aloud with fluency and expression, and read a wide range of different types of texts for pleasure.

Identify and explain how different types of texts use language features to influence the audience.

Plan, draft and publish imaginative, informative and persuasive texts containing key information and supporting details for a widening range of audiences.

Use software at various stages of the writing process, including for word processing, editing and publishing.

Reread and edit for meaning by adding, deleting or moving words or phrases to improve content and structure.

Write using joined letters that are clearly formed and consistent in size.

Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations incorporating learned content and taking into account the particular purposes and audiences.

Understand that the pronunciation, spelling and meanings of words can be subject to change over time

Understand that patterns of language interaction vary across social contexts and types of texts and help to establish relationships

Understand how text structures and language features vary and are combined to achieve and support the purpose of the text

Understand how cohesive devices, including word associations, synonyms, and antonyms, create links across a text

Understand how to use a variety of sentence structures, including compound and complex sentences, to create different effects

Understand how noun groups/phrases and verb groups/phrases can be expanded to provide more detail about the ideas in a text

Investigate how vocabulary choices, including evaluative language can express shades of meaning, feeling and opinion

Understand the use of punctuation to support meaning in complex sentences and use punctuation to mark off quoted and reported speech

Use phonic knowledge as well as word origins, base words, prefixes and suffixes to learn and spell new words

Identify aspects of literary texts that convey details or information about particular historical, social and cultural contexts

Use metalanguage to describe the effects of ideas, text structures and language features of literary texts

Present a point of view about particular literary texts using appropriate metalanguage, and reflecting on the viewpoints of others

Identify, describe and discuss the similarities and differences between texts, including those by the same author or illustrator

Understand, interpret and experiment with sound devices and imagery, including simile, metaphor and personification, in narrative and poetry

Create literary texts that experiment with structures, language features and images to entertain and inform audiences

Clarify understanding of content as it unfolds in formal and informal situations, connecting ideas to own experiences

Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations for defined audiences and purposes incorporating multi-modal elements

Participate in and contribute to discussions, clarifying and interrogating ideas, developing and supporting arguments

Use comprehension strategies to analyse information, integrating and linking ideas from a variety of print and digital sources

Analyse how text structures and language features work together to meet the purpose of a text

Analyse the effect of different devices used to enhance meaning and shape the audience’s reaction

Navigate and read texts for specific purposes applying appropriate text processing strategies, for example predicting and confirming

Plan, draft and publish imaginative, informative and persuasive print and multimodal texts, choosing appropriate text structures

Reread and edit own and others’ work using agreed criteria and explaining editing choices

Use a range of software including word processing programs with fluency to construct, edit and publish written text

Understand that different social and geographical dialects or accents are used in Australia in addition to Standard Australian English

Understand that usage can be influential, such as in the use of evocative language in advertisements or the use of inclusive language in community texts

Understand the use of punctuation to support meaning in complex sentences with multiple clauses and phrases

Investigate how text structures can achieve particular effects, such as in the use of flashbacks or shifts in time in narratives

Understand how cohesive devices can be used to link ideas within and across paragraphs

Understand that cohesive links can be made in texts by omitting or replacing words

Investigate how complex sentences can be used in a variety of ways to elaborate, extend and explain ideas

Understand how noun and adjective groups can be expanded in a variety of ways to provide a fuller description

Investigate vocabulary typical of academic texts and the role of abstract nouns, classification, and generalisation

Investigate how vocabulary choices, including evaluative language can express shades of meaning, feeling and opinion

Understand how to use phonic and word knowledge to spell and write at least two-syllable words

Understand how to use knowledge of word origins, Greek and Latin roots, base words, suffixes and prefixes

Make connections between students’ own experiences and those of characters and events in historical and cultural contexts

Identify and explore ideas and viewpoints about events, issues and characters represented in different contexts

Identify and explain how choices in language, for example modality, emphasis, and metaphor, influence personal response

Identify and discuss similarities and differences between texts and evaluate characteristics of an author’s style

Identify the relationship between words, sounds, imagery and language patterns in narratives and poetry

Identify and explain how choices in language features and images create meaning and influence audience response

Experiment with text structures and language features and their effects in creating literary texts

Create literary texts that adapt or combine aspects of texts students have experienced in innovative ways

Create literary texts using realistic and fantasy settings and characters that draw on represented worlds

Analyse how text structures and language features work together to meet the purpose of a text

Use interaction skills, varying conventions of spoken interactions such as voice volume, tone, pitch and pace

Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations, selecting and sequencing appropriate content and multimodal elements

Participate in and contribute to a range of types of discussions to explore and clarify ideas

Use comprehension strategies to interpret and analyse information and ideas, comparing content from various sources

Select, navigate and read texts for a range of purposes, applying appropriate text processing strategies

Analyse strategies authors use to influence readers

Investigate how the use of different techniques can influence audience response

Plan, draft and publish imaginative, informative and persuasive texts, choosing appropriate structures and features

Re-read and edit students' own and others' work using agreed criteria and explaining editing choices

Develop a handwriting style that is legible, fluent and automatic and varies according to audience and purpose

Use a range of software, including word processing programs, learning new functions as required to create texts

Understand how language expresses and creates personal and social identities.

Recognise language used to evaluate texts and how evaluations can be substantiated by reference to the text and other sources.

Identify and describe how texts are structured differently depending on their purpose and how language features vary in texts.

Understand that the cohesion of texts relies on devices that signal structure and guide readers, such as overviews and paragraphs.

Understand how complex and compound-complex sentences can be used to elaborate, extend and explain ideas.

Understand how consistency of tense through verbs and verb groups achieves clarity in sentences.

Analyse how techniques such as vectors, angle and/or social distance in visual texts can be used to create a perspective.

Investigate the role of vocabulary in building specialist and technical knowledge, including terms with everyday and technical meanings.

Understand the use of punctuation including colons and brackets to support meaning.

Identify and explore ideas, points of view, characters and issues in literary texts from historical, social and cultural contexts.

Form an opinion about characters, settings and events in texts, identifying areas of agreement and difference and justifying a response.

Explain the ways that literary devices and language features are used to create character and influence emotions and opinions.

Discuss the aesthetic and social value of literary texts using relevant and appropriate metalanguage.

Identify and explain the ways that characters, settings and events combine to create meaning in narratives.

Identify and explain how literary devices create layers of meaning in texts including poetry.

Create and edit literary texts that experiment with language features and literary devices encountered in texts.

Explain the effect of current technology on reading, creating and responding to texts including media texts.

Use interaction skills when discussing and presenting ideas and information including evaluations of the features of spoken texts.

Analyse the ways in which language features shape meaning and vary according to audience and purpose.

Explain the structure of ideas such as the use of taxonomies, cause and effect, extended metaphors and chronology.

Use comprehension strategies such as visualising, predicting, summarising and inferring to analyse and summarise information.

Plan, create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts using text structures and language features to convey ideas.

Plan, create, rehearse and deliver presentations for purposes and audiences using features of voice and visual features.

Understand how to use spelling rules and word origins to learn new words and how to spell them.

Understand how language use can have inclusive and exclusive social effects, and can empower or disempower people

Understand how conventions of speech adopted by communities influence the identities of people in those communities

Understand how rhetorical devices are used to persuade and how different layers of meaning are developed through metaphor, irony and parody

Understand how particular perspectives of the same event are portrayed through the combination of images and words in various media texts

Understand the use of punctuation conventions, including colons, semicolons, dashes and brackets in formal and informal texts

Analyse and examine how effective authors control and use a variety of clause structures, including clauses embedded within noun groups or phrases

Understand how cohesion in texts is improved by strengthening the internal structure of paragraphs with examples, quotations and substantiation

Understand how coherence is created in complex texts through devices like lexical cohesion, ellipsis, grammatical theme and text connectives

Understand the effect of nominalisation in the writing of informative and persuasive texts

Apply learnt word knowledge to spell new words and apply strategies to maintain accuracy

Explore the ways that ideas and viewpoints in literary texts can be interpreted in different ways

Explore the interconnectedness of Country/Place, People, Identity and Culture in texts including those by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander authors

Share, reflect on, clarify and evaluate opinions and arguments about aspects of literary texts

Recognise and explain differing viewpoints about the world, cultures, individual people and concerns represented in texts

Understand how combinations of words and images lead readers to interpret visual texts in particular ways, according to audience and purpose

Recognise, explain and analyse the ways literary texts draw on readers' knowledge of other texts and enable appreciation of aesthetic qualities

Identify and evaluate devices that create tone, for example humour, wordplay, innuendo and parody in poetry, prose, drama or visual texts

Interpret and analyse language choices, including sentence patterns, dialogue, imagery and other language features, in short stories, essays and plays

Create literary texts that draw upon text structures and language features of other texts for particular purposes and effects

Experiment with particular language features drawn from different types of texts, including combinations of language and visual choices

Analyse and explain how language has evolved over time and how technology and the media have influenced language use

Interpret the stated and implied meanings in spoken texts, and use evidence to support or challenge different perspectives

Use interaction skills for identified purposes, using voice and language conventions to suit different situations and selecting vocabulary for effect

Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations, selecting and sequencing appropriate content, including multimodal elements

Analyse and evaluate the ways that text structures and language features vary according to the purpose and how sources add authority

Apply increasing knowledge of vocabulary, text structures and language features to understand the content of texts

Use comprehension strategies to interpret and evaluate texts by reflecting on the validity of content and the credibility of sources

Use a range of software to confidently create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts, selecting visual features to suit purpose

Create imaginative, informative and persuasive texts that raise issues, report events and advance opinions, using deliberate language choices

Experiment with text structures and language features to refine and clarify ideas to improve the effectiveness of students' own texts

Understand that Standard Australian English is a living language within which the use of grammar and vocabulary can vary according to context and purpose.

Understand how language use can have inclusive and exclusive social effects, and can empower or disempower people.

Understand how the use of text structures can achieve particular effects and influence an audience.

Understand how the selection of text structures is influenced by the selection of mode and medium.

Understand how the selection of language features can be used for particular purposes and to create particular effects.

Understand how the selection of language features can be used to represent particular perspectives and influence an audience.

Understand how to use a variety of language features to create different levels of meaning and to achieve particular effects.

Understand how to use a variety of language features to represent particular perspectives and to influence an audience.

Understand how to use a variety of language features to create a particular tone, style and voice.

Understand how to use a variety of language features to create a particular mood and atmosphere.

Interpret and compare how representations of people and culture in literary texts are drawn from different historical, social and cultural contexts.

Present an argument about a literary text based on initial impressions and subsequent analysis of the whole text.

Reflect on, discuss and explore notions of literary value and how and why such notions vary according to context.

Explore and reflect on personal understanding of the world and significant human experience gained from interpreting various representations of life matters in texts.

Analyse texts from familiar and unfamiliar contexts, and discuss and evaluate their content and the appeal of an individual author's literary style.

Investigate and experiment with the use and effect of extended metaphor, metonymy, allegory, icons, myths and symbolism in texts.

Analyse text structures and language features of literary texts, and make relevant comparisons with other texts.

Create literary texts, including hybrid texts, that innovate on aspects of other texts, for example by using parody, allusion and appropriation.

Experiment with the ways that language features, image and sound can be adapted in literary texts.

Analyse how the construction and interpretation of texts, including media texts, can be influenced by cultural perspectives and other texts.

Listen to spoken texts constructed for different purposes and analyse how language features position listeners to respond in particular ways.

Use interaction skills to present and discuss an idea and to influence and engage an audience by selecting persuasive language and varying voice.

Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations, selecting and sequencing appropriate content and multimodal elements for aesthetic and playful purposes.

Interpret, analyse and evaluate how different perspectives of issue, event, situation, individuals or groups are constructed to serve specific purposes.

Use comprehension strategies to interpret and analyse texts, comparing and evaluating representations of an event, issue, situation or character.

Explore and explain the combinations of language and visual choices that authors make to present information, opinions and perspectives.

Create imaginative, informative and persuasive texts that present a point of view and advance or illustrate arguments.

Review and edit students' own and others' texts to improve clarity and control over content, organisation, paragraphing and sentence structure.

Use a range of software, including word processing programs, flexibly and imaginatively to publish texts.

Understand that Standard Australian English in its spoken and written forms has a history of evolution and change and continues to evolve.

Understand how language use can have inclusive and exclusive social effects and can empower or disempower people.

Understand that people's evaluations of texts are influenced by their value systems, the context and the purpose and mode of communication.

Compare the purposes, text structures and language features of traditional and contemporary texts in different media.

Understand how paragraphs and images can be arranged for different purposes, audiences, perspectives and stylistic effects.

Understand conventions for citing others, and how to reference these in different ways.

Analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of a wide range of sentence and clause structures as authors design and craft texts.

Analyse how higher order concepts are developed in complex texts through language features including nominalisation and clause combinations.

Refine vocabulary choices to discriminate between shades of meaning, with deliberate attention to the effect on audiences.

Evaluate the impact on audiences of different choices in the representation of still and moving images.

Understand how to use knowledge of the spelling system to spell unusual and technical words accurately.

Compare and evaluate a range of representations of individuals and groups in different historical, social and cultural contexts.

Evaluate the social, moral and ethical positions represented in texts.

Reflect on, extend, endorse or challenge others' interpretations of and responses to literature.

Analyse and explain how text structures, language features and visual features of texts may influence audience response.

Evaluate the social, moral and ethical positions represented in texts.

Identify, explain and discuss how narrative viewpoint, structure, characterisation and devices shape different interpretations.

Compare and evaluate how 'voice' as a literary device can be used in a range of different types of texts.

Compare and evaluate how 'voice' as a literary device can be used in a range of different types of texts.

Create imaginative texts that make relevant thematic and intertextual connections with other texts.

Create literary texts that reflect an emerging sense of personal style and explore relationship between self and world.

Create literary texts that reflect an emerging sense of personal style and explore relationship between self and world.

Analyse and evaluate how people, cultures, places, events, objects and concepts are represented in texts through language and visual choices.

Identify and explore the purposes and effects of different text structures and language features of spoken texts.

Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations, selecting and sequencing appropriate content and multimodal elements.

Participate in and manage collaborative discussions and presentations in a range of contexts.

Identify and analyse implicit or explicit values, beliefs and assumptions in texts.

Choose a reading technique and reading path appropriate for the type of text to retrieve and connect ideas.

Use comprehension strategies to compare and contrast information within and between texts.

Analyse and evaluate how text structures and language features are used to influence audience response and shape meaning.

Create sustained texts for imaginative, informative or persuasive purposes that reflect upon challenging and complex issues.

Review, edit and refine students' own and others' texts for control of content, organisation and language features.

Use a range of software to confidently create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts.

Use a range of software to confidently create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts.

Use a range of software to confidently create, edit and publish written and multimodal texts.

Exploring and developing curiosity and knowledge of numbers and algebra

Learning to count to and from 10

Connecting number names with numerals and connecting numbers with groups of objects

Recognising the quantity of objects in a small group without needing to count them (subitising)

Exploring patterns and sequencing

Problem-solving and categorising objects by attributes such as colour or size

Looking at objects and exploring concepts of more, less, equal, or not equal

Using number lines to help solve simple mathematical problems

Exploring and developing curiosity and knowledge of measurement and geometry

Learning to measure weight in a variety of ways, such as using balancing scales or by hand

Learning about the concept of time through daily routines like lunch time and home time

Naming simple 2D shapes and recognising them within the environment

Exploring and using positional language such as up, down, inside, and outside

Describing the relative positions of objects using terms like above, below, and next to

Modeling objects using basic shapes and constructing complex shapes from simple ones

Exploring and developing curiosity and knowledge of statistics and probability

Answering questions to collect information, such as using yes/no responses

Grouping items in response to meaningful questions, such as class favourite pets

Using everyday language to state opinions on the possibility of an event happening

Children begin to understand how symbols and pattern systems work

Using language to communicate thinking about quantities and describe attributes of objects

Explaining mathematical ideas and processes to others

Establish understanding of the language and processes of counting by naming numbers in sequences, initially to and from 20, moving from any starting point

Connect number names, numerals and quantities, including zero, initially up to 10 and then beyond

Subitise small collections of objects

Compare, order and make correspondences between collections, initially to 20, and explain reasoning

Represent practical situations to model addition and sharing

Sort and classify familiar objects and explain the basis for these classifications. Copy, continue and create patterns with objects and drawings

Use direct and indirect comparisons to decide which is longer, heavier or holds more, and explain reasoning in everyday language

Compare and order the duration of events using the everyday language of time

Connect days of the week to familiar events and actions

Sort, describe and name familiar two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional objects in the environment

Describe position and movement

Answer simple questions to collect information and make simple inferences

Develop confidence with number sequences to and from 100 by ones from any starting point. Skip count by twos, fives and tens starting from zero.

Recognise, model, read, write and order numbers to at least 100. Locate these numbers on a number line.

Count collections to 100 by partitioning numbers using place value.

Represent and solve simple addition and subtraction problems using a range of strategies including counting on, partitioning and rearranging parts.

Recognise and describe one-half as one of two equal parts of a whole.

Recognise, describe and order Australian coins according to their value.

Investigate and describe number patterns formed by skip counting and patterns with objects.

Measure and compare the lengths and capacities of pairs of objects using uniform informal units.

Tell time to the half-hour.

Describe duration using months, weeks, days and hours.

Recognise and classify familiar two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional objects using obvious features.

Give and follow directions to familiar locations.

Identify outcomes of familiar events involving chance and describe them using everyday language such as ‘will happen’, ‘won’t happen’ or ‘might happen’.

Choose simple questions and gather responses and make simple inferences.

Represent data with objects and drawings where one object or drawing represents one data value. Describe the displays.

Investigate number sequences, initially those increasing and decreasing by twos, threes, fives and ten from any starting point, then moving to other sequences

Recognise, model, represent and order numbers to at least 1000

Group, partition and rearrange collections up to 1000 in hundreds, tens and ones to facilitate more efficient counting

Explore the connection between addition and subtraction

Solve simple addition and subtraction problems using a range of efficient mental and written strategies

Recognise and represent multiplication as repeated addition, groups and arrays

Recognise and represent division as grouping into equal sets and solve simple problems using these representations

Recognise and interpret common uses of halves, quarters and eighths of shapes and collections

Count and order small collections of Australian coins and notes according to their value

Describe patterns with numbers and identify missing elements

Solve problems by using number sentences for addition or subtraction

Compare and order several shapes and objects based on length, area, volume and capacity using appropriate uniform informal units

Compare masses of objects using balance scales

Tell time to the quarter-hour, using the language of 'past' and 'to'

Name and order months and seasons

Use a calendar to identify the date and determine the number of days in each month

Describe and draw two-dimensional shapes, with and without digital technologies

Describe the features of three-dimensional objects

Interpret simple maps of familiar locations and identify the relative positions of key features

Investigate the effect of one-step slides and flips with and without digital technologies

Identify and describe half and quarter turns

Identify practical activities and everyday events that involve chance. Describe outcomes as 'likely' or 'unlikely' and identify some events as 'certain' or 'impossible'

Identify a question of interest based on one categorical variable. Gather data relevant to the question

Collect, check and classify data

Create displays of data using lists, table and picture graphs and interpret them

Investigate the conditions required for a number to be odd or even and identify odd and even numbers.

Recognise, model, represent and order numbers to at least 10 000.

Apply place value to partition, rearrange and regroup numbers to at least 10 000 to assist calculations.

Recognise and explain the connection between addition and subtraction.

Recall addition facts for single-digit numbers and related subtraction facts to develop mental strategies.

Recall multiplication facts of two, three, five and ten and related division facts.

Represent and solve problems involving multiplication using mental and written strategies and technologies.

Model and represent unit fractions including 1/2, 1/4, 1/3, 1/5 and their multiples to a complete whole.

Represent money values in multiple ways and count the change required for simple transactions.

Describe, continue, and create number patterns resulting from performing addition or subtraction.

Measure, order and compare objects using familiar metric units of length, mass and capacity.

Tell time to the minute and investigate the relationship between units of time.

Make models of three-dimensional objects and describe key features.

Identify angles as measures of turn and compare angle sizes in everyday situations.

Create and interpret simple grid maps to show position and pathways.

Identify symmetry in the environment.

Conduct chance experiments, identify and describe possible outcomes and recognise variation in results.

Identify questions or issues for categorical variables. Identify data sources and plan collection methods.

Collect data, organise into categories and create displays using lists, tables, and graphs.

Interpret and compare data displays.

Investigate and use the properties of odd and even numbers

Recognise, represent and order numbers to at least tens of thousands

Apply place value to partition, rearrange and regroup numbers to at least tens of thousands to assist calculations

Investigate number sequences involving multiples of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9

Recall multiplication facts up to 10 × 10 and related division facts

Develop efficient mental and written strategies and use appropriate digital technologies for multiplication and division

Investigate equivalent fractions used in contexts

Count by quarters, halves and thirds, including with mixed numerals; locate and represent these on a number line

Recognise that the place value system can be extended to tenths and hundredths; make connections between notations

Solve problems involving purchases and the calculation of change to the nearest five cents

Explore and describe number patterns resulting from performing multiplication

Solve word problems by using number sentences involving multiplication or division where there is no remainder

Find unknown quantities in number sentences involving addition and subtraction

Use scaled instruments to measure and compare lengths, masses, capacities and temperatures

Compare objects using familiar metric units of area and volume

Convert between units of time

Use 'am' and 'pm' notation and solve simple time problems

Compare the areas of regular and irregular shapes by informal means

Compare and describe two-dimensional shapes that result from combining and splitting common shapes

Use simple scales, legends and directions to interpret information contained in basic maps

Create symmetrical patterns, pictures and shapes with and without digital technologies

Compare angles and classify them as equal to, greater than, or less than, a right angle

Describe possible everyday events and order their chances of occurring

Identify everyday events where one cannot happen if the other happens

Identify events where the chance of one will not be affected by the occurrence of the other

Select and trial methods for data collection, including survey questions and recording sheets

Construct suitable data displays from given or collected data, including tables, column and picture graphs

Evaluate the effectiveness of different displays in illustrating data features including variability

Identify and describe factors and multiples of whole numbers and use them to solve problems

Use estimation and rounding to check the reasonableness of answers to calculations

Solve problems involving multiplication of large numbers by one- or two-digit numbers using efficient strategies

Solve problems involving division by a one digit number, including those that result in a remainder

Use efficient mental and written strategies and apply appropriate digital technologies to solve problems

Compare and order common unit fractions and locate and represent them on a number line

Investigate strategies to solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with the same denominator

Recognise that the place value system can be extended beyond hundredths

Compare, order and represent decimals

Create simple financial plans

Describe, continue and create patterns with fractions, decimals and whole numbers resulting from addition and subtraction

Find unknown quantities in number sentences involving multiplication and division and identify equivalent number sentences

Choose appropriate units of measurement for length, area, volume, capacity and mass

Calculate the perimeter and area of rectangles using familiar metric units

Compare 12- and 24-hour time systems and convert between them

Connect three-dimensional objects with their nets and other two-dimensional representations

Estimate, measure and compare angles using degrees. Construct angles using a protractor

Use a grid-reference system to describe locations. Describe routes using landmarks and directional language

Describe translations, reflections and rotations of two-dimensional shapes. Identify line and rotational symmetries

Apply the enlargement transformation to familiar two dimensional shapes and explore the properties of the resulting image

List outcomes of chance experiments involving equally likely outcomes and represent probabilities using fractions

Recognise that probabilities range from 0 to 1

Pose questions and collect data, which involves discrete and continuous variables, and describe the data

Construct displays, including column graphs, dot plots and tables, appropriate for data type

Describe and interpret different data sets in context

Identify and describe properties of prime, composite, square and triangular numbers

Select and apply efficient mental and written strategies and appropriate digital technologies to solve problems involving all four operations with whole numbers

Investigate everyday situations that use integers. Locate and represent these numbers on a number line

Compare fractions with related denominators and locate and represent them on a number line

Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with the same or related denominators

Find a simple fraction of a quantity where the result is a whole number, with and without digital technologies

Add and subtract decimals, with and without digital technologies, and use estimation and rounding to check the reasonableness of answers

Multiply decimals by whole numbers and perform divisions by non-zero whole numbers where the results are terminating decimals

Multiply and divide decimals by powers of 10

Make connections between equivalent fractions, decimals and percentages

Investigate and calculate percentage discounts of 10%, 25% and 50% on sale items, with and without digital technologies

Continue and create sequences involving whole numbers, fractions and decimals. Describe the rule used to create the sequence

Explore the use of brackets and order of operations to write number sentences

Connect decimal representations to the metric system

Convert between common metric units of length, mass and capacity

Solve problems involving the comparison of lengths and areas using appropriate units

Connect volume and capacity and their units of measurement

Interpret and use timetables

Construct simple prisms and pyramids

Investigate combinations of translations, reflections and rotations, and identify line and rotational symmetries

Introduce the Cartesian coordinate system using all four quadrants

Investigate angles on a straight line, angles at a point and vertically opposite angles. Use results to find unknown angles

Describe probabilities using fractions, decimals and percentages

Conduct chance experiments with both small and large numbers of trials using appropriate digital technologies

Compare observed frequencies across experiments with expected frequencies

Interpret and compare a range of data displays, including side-by-side column graphs for two categorical variables

Interpret secondary data presented in digital media and elsewhere

Investigate index notation and represent whole numbers as products of powers of prime numbers

Investigate square roots of perfect square numbers

Apply the associative, commutative and distributive laws to aid mental and written computation

Compare, order, add and subtract integers

Compare fractions using equivalence. Locate and represent positive and negative fractions and mixed numbers on a number line

Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions, including those with unrelated denominators

Multiply and divide fractions and decimals using efficient written strategies and digital technologies

Express one quantity as a fraction of another, with and without the use of digital technologies

Round decimals to a specified number of decimal places

Connect fractions, decimals and percentages and carry out any required conversions

Find percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a percentage of another, with and without digital technologies

Recognize and solve problems involving simple ratios

Investigate and calculate 'best buys', with and without digital technologies

Introduce the concept of variables as a way of representing numbers using letters

Create algebraic expressions and evaluate them by substituting a given value for each variable

Extend and apply the laws and properties of arithmetic to algebraic terms and expressions

Given coordinates, plot points on the Cartesian plane, and find coordinates for a given point

Solve simple linear equations that help to solve a problem

Investigate, interpret and analyse graphs from authentic data and the media

Establish the formulas for areas of rectangles, triangles and parallelograms and use these in problem solving

Calculate volumes of rectangular prisms

Use units of measurement for area and volume and convert between units

Draw different views of prisms and solids formed from combinations of prisms

Describe translations, reflections in an axis, and rotations of 90, 180 and 270 degrees. Identify line and rotational symmetries

Identify corresponding, alternate and co-interior angles when two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal

Investigate conditions for two lines to be parallel and solve simple problems using these conditions

Classify triangles according to their side and angle properties and describe quadrilaterals

Demonstrate that the angle sum of a triangle is 180 degrees and use this to find the angle sum of a quadrilateral

Construct sample spaces for single-step experiments with equally likely outcomes

Assign probabilities to the outcomes of events and determine probabilities for events

Identify and investigate issues involving numerical data collection from primary and secondary sources

Construct and compare a range of data displays including stem-and-leaf plots and dot plots

Calculate mean, median, mode and range for sets of data. Interpret these statistics in the context of data

Describe and interpret data displays using median, mean and range

Use index notation with numbers to establish the index laws with positive integral indices and the zero index

Carry out the four operations with rational numbers and integers, using efficient mental and written strategies

Investigate terminating and recurring decimals

Investigate the concept of irrational numbers, including π

Solve problems involving the use of percentages, including percentage increases and decreases

Solve a range of problems involving rates and ratios, with and without digital technologies

Solve problems involving profit and loss, with and without digital technologies

Extend and apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic expressions

Factorise algebraic expressions by identifying numerical common factors

Simplify algebraic expressions involving the four operations

Plot linear relationships on the Cartesian plane with and without the use of digital technologies

Solve linear equations using algebraic and graphical techniques. Verify solutions by substitution

Choose appropriate units of measurement for area and volume and convert from one unit to another

Find perimeters and areas of parallelograms, rhombuses and kites

Investigate the relationship between features of circles. Use formulas to solve problems involving circumference and area

Develop the formulas for volumes of rectangular and triangular prisms and prisms in general

Solve problems involving duration, including using 12-hour and 24-hour time within a single time zone

Define congruence of plane shapes using transformations

Develop the conditions for congruence of triangles

Establish properties of quadrilaterals using congruent triangles and angle properties

Identify complementary events and use the sum of probabilities to solve problems

Describe events using language of 'at least', exclusive 'or', inclusive 'or' and 'and'

Represent events in two-way tables and Venn diagrams and solve related problems

Explain issues related to the collection of data, including census versus sampling and sources of bias

Explore the variation of means and medians in 20 samples of different sizes from the same population

Investigate the effect of individual data values, including outliers, on the mean and median

Apply index laws to numerical expressions with integer indices.

Express numbers in scientific notation.

Solve problems involving simple interest.

Extend and apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic expressions, including binomials, and collecting like terms.

Factorise algebraic expressions by taking out a common algebraic factor.

Solve linear equations using algebraic and graphical techniques.

Solve linear inequalities and graph their solutions on a number line.

Find the distance between two points, and the midpoint and gradient of a line segment on the Cartesian plane.

Sketch linear graphs using the coordinates of two points and solve linear equations.

Graph simple non-linear relations with and without the use of digital technologies.

Calculate the areas of composite shapes and the perimeter of parts of circles.

Calculate the surface area and volume of right prisms and cylinders.

Use the enlargement transformation to explain similarity and develop the conditions for triangles to be similar.

Solve problems using ratio and scale factors in similar figures.

Investigate Pythagoras’ Theorem and its application to solving problems involving right-angled triangles.

Use similarity to investigate the constancy of the sine, cosine and tangent ratios for a given angle in right-angled triangles.

Solve problems involving the use of trigonometry and Pythagoras’ Theorem.

List all outcomes for two-step chance experiments, both with and without replacement.

Calculate relative frequencies from given data to estimate probabilities of events and their complements.

Identify everyday questions involving numerical and categorical variables, and collect data from primary and secondary sources.

Construct back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots and histograms and describe data using terms including ‘skewed’, ‘symmetric’ and ‘bi-modal’.

Compare data displays using mean, median and range to describe and interpret numerical data sets in terms of location and spread.

Investigate reports of surveys in digital media for information on how data were obtained to estimate population means and medians.

Connect the compound interest formula to repeated applications of simple interest using appropriate digital technologies.

Factorise algebraic expressions by taking out a common algebraic factor.

Simplify algebraic products and quotients using index laws.

Apply the four operations to simple algebraic fractions with numerical denominators.

Expand binomial products and factorise monic quadratic expressions using a variety of strategies.

Substitute values into formulas to determine an unknown and restructure simple formulas.

Solve problems involving linear equations, including those derived from formulas.

Solve linear inequalities and graph their solutions on a number line.

Solve linear simultaneous equations, using algebraic and graphical techniques, including using digital technology.

Solve problems involving parallel and perpendicular lines.

Explore the connection between algebraic and graphical representations of relations such as simple quadratics, circles and exponentials.

Solve simple quadratic equations using a range of strategies.

Describe, interpret and sketch parabolas, hyperbolas, circles and exponential functions and their transformations.

Solve problems involving surface area and volume for a range of prisms, cylinders and composite solids.

Formulate proofs involving congruent triangles and angle properties.

Apply logical reasoning to numerical and algebraic problems involving surface area and volume of right pyramids, cones and spheres.

Solve right-angled triangle problems including those involving direction and angles of elevation and depression.

Describe results of multi-step experiments, assign probabilities to outcomes and determine probabilities of events.

Investigate conditional probability and identify common numerical misinterpretations.

Determine quartiles and interquartile range.

Construct and interpret box plots and use them to compare data sets.

Compare shapes of box plots to corresponding histograms and dot plots.

Use scatter plots to investigate and comment on relationships between two numerical variables.

Investigate and describe bivariate numerical data where the independent variable is time.

Evaluate statistical reports in the media by linking claims to displays, statistics and representative data.

Define rational and irrational numbers and perform operations with surds and fractional indices.

Use the definition of a logarithm to establish and apply the laws of logarithms.

Investigate the concept of a polynomial and apply the factor and remainder theorems to solve problems.

Describe, interpret and sketch parabolas, hyperbolas, circles and exponential functions and their transformations.

Factorise monic and non-monic quadratic expressions and solve a wide range of quadratic equations.

Solve simple exponential equations.

Solve problems involving surface area and volume of right pyramids, cones, spheres and related composite solids.

Prove and apply angle and chord properties of circles.

Establish the sine, cosine and area rules for any triangle and solve related problems.

Use the unit circle to define trigonometric functions, and graph them with and without digital technologies.

Solve simple trigonometric equations.

Apply Pythagoras’ Theorem and trigonometry to solving three-dimensional problems in right-angled triangles.

Investigate reports of studies in digital media for information on their planning and implementation.

Calculate and interpret the mean and standard deviation of data and use these to compare data sets.

Children become socially responsible and show respect for the environment.

Show growing appreciation and care for natural and constructed environments.

Explore relationships between other living things and the environment.

Children develop a range of skills and processes such as problem solving, enquiry, experimentation, hypothesising, researching and investigating.

Use reflective thinking to consider why things happen and what can be learnt from these experiences.

Children resource their own learning through connecting with people, place, technologies and natural and processed materials.

Science involves observing, asking questions about, and describing changes in, objects and events.

Pose and respond to questions about familiar objects and events.

Participate in guided investigations and make observations using the senses.

Share observations and ideas with others.

Living things have basic needs, including food and water

Objects are made of materials that have observable properties

Daily and seasonal changes in our environment affect everyday life

The way objects move depends on a variety of factors, including their size and shape

Science involves observing, asking questions about, and describing changes in, objects and events

Pose and respond to questions about familiar objects and events

Participate in guided investigations and make observations using the senses

Engage in discussions about observations and represent ideas

Share observations and ideas

Living things have a variety of external features

Living things live in different places where their needs are met

Everyday materials can be physically changed in a variety of ways

Observable changes occur in the sky and landscape

Light and sound are produced by a range of sources and can be sensed

Science involves asking questions about, and describing changes in, objects and events

People use science in their daily lives, including when caring for their environment and living things

Pose and respond to questions, and make predictions about familiar objects and events

Participate in guided investigations to explore and answer questions

Use informal measurements to collect and record observations, using digital technologies as appropriate

Use a range of methods to sort information, including drawings and provided tables

Compare observations with those of others

Represent and communicate observations and ideas using oral and written language and drawings

Living things grow, change and have offspring similar to themselves

Different materials can be combined, including by mixing, for a particular purpose

Earth’s resources, including water, are used in a variety of ways

A push or a pull affects how an object moves or changes shape

Science involves observing, asking questions about, and describing changes in, objects and events

People use science in their daily lives, including when caring for their environment and living things

Pose and respond to questions, and make predictions about familiar objects and events

Participate in guided investigations to explore and answer questions

Use informal measurements to collect and record observations, using digital technologies as appropriate

Use a range of methods to sort information, including drawings and provided tables and through discussion, compare observations with predictions

Compare observations with those of others

Represent and communicate observations and ideas in a variety of ways

Living things can be grouped on the basis of observable features and can be distinguished from non-living things

A change of state between solid and liquid can be caused by adding or removing heat

Earth’s rotation on its axis causes regular changes, including night and day

Heat can be produced in many ways and can move from one object to another

Science involves making predictions and describing patterns and relationships

Science knowledge helps people to understand the effect of their actions

With guidance, identify questions in familiar contexts that can be investigated scientifically and make predictions based on prior knowledge

With guidance, plan and conduct scientific investigations to find answers to questions, considering the safe use of appropriate materials and equipment

Consider the elements of fair tests and use formal measurements and digital technologies as appropriate, to aid observations and collect data

Use a range of methods including tables and column graphs to represent data and to identify patterns and trends

Compare results with predictions, suggesting possible reasons for findings

Reflect on investigations, including whether a test was fair or not

Represent and communicate observations, ideas and findings using formal and informal representations

Living things have life cycles

Living things depend on each other and the environment to survive

Natural and processed materials have a range of physical properties; these properties influence their use

Earth’s surface changes over time as a result of natural processes and human activity

Forces can be exerted by one object on another through direct contact or from a distance

Science involves making predictions and describing patterns and relationships

Science knowledge helps people to understand the effect of their actions

Identify questions in familiar contexts that can be investigated scientifically and make predictions based on prior knowledge

Plan and conduct scientific investigations to find answers to questions, considering the safe use of materials

Consider the elements of fair tests, and use formal measurements and digital technologies to make and record observations

Use a range of methods including tables and column graphs to represent data and to identify patterns and trends

Compare results with predictions, suggesting possible reasons for findings

Reflect on investigations, including whether a test was fair or not

Represent and communicate observations, ideas and findings using formal and informal representations

Living things have structural features and adaptations that help them to survive in their environment

Solids, liquids and gases have different observable properties and behave in different ways

The Earth is part of a system of planets orbiting around a star (the sun)

Light from a source forms shadows and can be absorbed, reflected and refracted

Science involves testing predictions by gathering data and using evidence to develop explanations of events and phenomena

Scientific knowledge is used to solve problems and inform personal and community decisions

With guidance, pose clarifying questions and make predictions about scientific investigations

Identify, plan and apply the elements of scientific investigations to answer questions and solve problems

Decide which variables should be changed and measured in fair tests and observe, measure and control variables

Construct and use a range of representations, including tables and graphs, to represent and describe observations

Compare data with predictions and use as evidence in developing explanations

Reflect on and suggest improvements to scientific investigations

Communicate ideas, explanations and processes using scientific representations in a variety of ways

The growth and survival of living things are affected by physical conditions of their environment

Changes to materials can be reversible or irreversible

Sudden geological changes and extreme weather events can affect Earth’s surface

Electrical energy can be transferred and transformed in electrical circuits and can be generated from a range of sources

Science involves testing predictions by gathering data and using evidence to develop explanations of events and phenomena

Important contributions to the advancement of science have been made by people from a range of cultures

Scientific knowledge is used to solve problems and inform personal and community decisions

With guidance, pose clarifying questions and make predictions about scientific investigations

Identify, plan and apply the elements of scientific investigations to answer questions and solve problems using equipment safely

Decide variables to be changed and measured in fair tests, and observe measure and record data with accuracy

Construct and use a range of representations, including tables and graphs, to represent and describe observations

Compare data with predictions and use as evidence in developing explanations

Reflect on and suggest improvements to scientific investigations

Communicate ideas, explanations and processes using scientific representations in a variety of ways, including multi-modal texts

There are differences within and between groups of organisms; classification helps organise this diversity

Interactions between organisms can be described in terms of food chains and food webs; human activity can affect these interactions

Mixtures, including solutions, contain a combination of pure substances that can be separated using a range of techniques

Predictable phenomena on Earth, including seasons and eclipses, are caused by the relative positions of the sun, Earth and the moon

Some of Earth’s resources are renewable, but others are non-renewable

Water is an important resource that cycles through the environment

Change to an object’s motion is caused by unbalanced forces, including Earth’s gravitational attraction, acting on the object

Earth’s gravity pulls objects towards the centre of the Earth

Scientific knowledge changes as new evidence becomes available, and some discoveries have significantly changed understanding of the world

Science knowledge can develop through collaboration and connecting ideas across the disciplines of science

Science and technology contribute to finding solutions to contemporary issues; these may impact society and involve ethical considerations

Science understanding influences the development of practices in areas of human activity such as industry and agriculture

Identify questions and problems that can be investigated scientifically and make predictions based on scientific knowledge

Collaboratively and individually plan and conduct a range of investigation types, ensuring safety and ethical guidelines are followed

In fair tests, measure and control variables, and select equipment to collect data with accuracy appropriate to the task

Construct and use a range of representations, including graphs, keys and models to represent and analyse patterns or relationships

Summarise data, from students’ own investigations and secondary sources, and use identified patterns and relationships to make conclusions

Reflect on the method used to investigate a question or solve a problem, including evaluating the quality of the data collected

Use scientific knowledge and findings from investigations to evaluate claims

Communicate ideas, findings and solutions to problems using scientific language and appropriate representations

Explain the role of specialised cell structures and organelles in cellular function

Analyse the relationship between structure and function at organ and body system levels

Classify and represent different types of matter at the atomic level

Distinguish between physical and chemical change and recognise that chemical reactions involve energy

Explain how the properties of rocks relate to their formation and influence their use

Apply an understanding of the theory of plate tectonics to explain patterns of change in the geosphere

Compare different forms of energy and represent transfer and transformation of energy in simple systems

Identify questions and problems that can be investigated scientifically and make predictions based on scientific knowledge

Plan and conduct safe, reproducible investigations to test relationships and explore models

Select and use equipment to generate and record data with precision

Select and construct appropriate representations to organise and process data and information

Analyse data and information to describe patterns, trends and relationships and identify anomalies

Identify assumptions and sources of error in methods and analyse conclusions and claims

Construct evidence-based arguments to support conclusions and evaluate claims

Select and use language and text features appropriately for their purpose when communicating ideas

Illustrate how different factors influence development of and lead to changes in scientific knowledge

Illustrate the key considerations that inform scientific responses and how these responses impact society

Illustrate the importance of science communication in shaping viewpoints, policies and regulations

Multi-cellular organisms rely on coordinated and interdependent internal systems to respond to changes to their environment

Ecosystems consist of communities of interdependent organisms and abiotic components of the environment; matter and energy flow through these systems

All matter is made of atoms which are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons; natural radioactivity arises from the decay of nuclei in atoms

Chemical reactions involve rearranging atoms to form new substances; during a chemical reaction mass is not created or destroyed

Chemical reactions, including combustion and the reactions of acids, are important in both non-living and living systems and involve energy transfer

The theory of plate tectonics explains global patterns of geological activity and continental movement

Energy transfer through different mediums can be explained using wave and particle models

Scientific understanding, including models and theories, is contestable and is refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community

Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in technology and technological advances are often linked to scientific discoveries

People use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they accept claims, explanations or predictions

Advances in science and emerging sciences and technologies can significantly affect people's lives, including generating new career opportunities

Values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research

Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically

Plan, select and use appropriate investigation types, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data

Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to collect and record data systematically and accurately

Analyse patterns and trends in data, including describing relationships between variables and identifying inconsistencies

Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence

Evaluate conclusions, including identifying sources of uncertainty and possible alternative explanations

Critically analyse the validity of information in primary and secondary sources and evaluate the approaches used to solve problems

Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including constructing evidence-based arguments

Transmission of heritable characteristics from one generation to the next involves DNA and genes

The theory of evolution by natural selection explains the diversity of living things and is supported by scientific evidence

The atomic structure and properties of elements are used to organise them in the Periodic Table

Different types of chemical reactions are used to produce a range of products and can occur at different rates

The universe contains features including galaxies, stars and solar systems, and the Big Bang theory explains its origin

Global systems, including the carbon cycle, rely on interactions involving the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

Energy conservation in a system can be explained by describing energy transfers and transformations

The motion of objects can be described and predicted using the laws of physics

Scientific understanding, including models and theories, is contestable and is refined over time through review

Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in technology and technological advances are linked to discoveries

People use scientific knowledge to evaluate claims and predictions, and advances in science can affect people’s lives

Values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research

Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically

Plan, select and use appropriate investigation types to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues

Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to collect and record data systematically and accurately

Construct and use a range of representations, including graphs, keys and models, to represent and analyse patterns in data

Analyse patterns and trends in data, including describing relationships between variables and identifying inconsistencies

Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence

Evaluate conclusions, including identifying sources of uncertainty and possible alternative explanations

Critically analyse the validity of information in primary and secondary sources, and evaluate approaches used to solve problems

Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, using appropriate scientific language and representations

The places people live in and belong to, the familiar features in the local area and why places are important to people (e.g. provides basic needs).

The reasons some places are special to people and how they can be looked after, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples' places of significance.

Who the people in their family are, where they were born and raised and showing how they are related to each other, using simple family trees.

The different structures of families and family groups today and what they have in common.

How they, their family and friends help and care for each other.

The globe as a representation of the Earth on which Australia and other countries can be located

The importance of places they live in and belong to (e.g. their home, classroom, school, local park)

The places people live in and belong to, why places are special, and their significance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

Who the people in their family are, where they were born and raised and how they are related to each other

How they, their family and friends commemorate past events that are important to them (e.g. birthdays, holidays, religious festivals)

How the stories of families and the past can be communicated and passed down through generations and how the stories may differ

Pose and respond to questions about the familiar

Explore a range of sources (e.g. observations, interviews, photographs, print texts, digital sources)

Sort and record information and/or data into simple categories (e.g. use graphic organisers, drawings)

Process information and/or data collected (e.g. sequence familiar events, answer questions, discuss observations)

Explore points of view (e.g. understand that people can have different views about a place or an event)

Draw simple conclusions based on information and/or data (e.g. what they liked about a place, what they learned from a story)

Present findings and/or ideas in a range of communication forms (e.g. oral, visual, written, digital)

Reflect on learning and respond to findings (e.g. what they now know about their family, how they can look after a place)

The diverse structures and sizes of families, the roles within families today, and how these have changed or remained the same over time.

How the present, past and future are signified by terms indicating time, as well as by personal, family and community events.

Differences and similarities between students' daily lives and life during their parents’ and grandparents’ childhoods.

The natural, managed and constructed features of local places, and their location.

How weather and seasons vary between places, and the terms used to describe them.

The activities that take place in the local community which create its distinctive features.

How places change and how they can be cared for by different groups, including First Nations Australians.

Reflect on current understanding of a topic.

Pose and respond to reflective questions about objects, people, places and events.

Locate information from provided sources.

Sort and record selected information.

Sequence familiar objects and events.

Explore a point of view.

Compare objects and events from the past and present.

Identify and describe features of places.

Interpret information and/or data.

Draw simple conclusions based on information and/or data.

Participate in decision-making processes.

Develop texts, including narratives, that describe an event or place.

Reflect on learning and respond to findings.

A local individual, group, place or building and the reasons for their importance, including social, cultural or spiritual significance.

How technological developments changed people's lives at home, and in the ways they worked, travelled and communicated.

How places can be spatially represented in geographical divisions from local to regional to state/territory, and how people and places are interconnected.

The ways Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples maintain special connections to Country/Place.

How purpose, distance and accessibility influence how people use places.

Pose questions about the familiar and unfamiliar.

Locate information from a variety of provided sources (e.g. books, television, people, images, plans, internet).

Sort and record selected information and/or data (e.g. use graphic organisers, take keywords).

Reflect on current understanding of a topic (e.g. think-pair-share, brainstorm).

Explore a point of view (e.g. How do we feel about...?).

Compare objects from the past and present.

Interpret information and/or data displayed in pictures, texts and maps (e.g. identify symbols on a map, describe a sequence of events).

Identify the features of familiar and unfamiliar places (e.g. natural, managed, constructed).

Draw conclusions based on information and/or data displayed in pictures, texts and maps.

Participate in decision-making processes (e.g. engage in class voting, share ideas).

Present findings in a range of communication forms (e.g. oral, written, digital, visual), using relevant terms.

Develop texts, including narratives, that describe an event or place.

Reflect on learning and respond to findings (e.g. discussing what they have learned).

Who makes rules, why rules are important in the school and/or local community, and the consequences of rules not being followed.

Why people participate in community groups, and how students can actively participate and contribute to their local community.

The roles of local government and how members of the community use and contribute to their services.

The representation of contemporary Australia as states and territories, and as Countries/Places of First Nations Australians prior to colonisation.

The location of Australia’s neighbouring countries and the diverse characteristics of their places.

The main climate types of the world and the similarities and differences between the climates of different places.

The similarities and differences between places within and outside Australia and their connections with people.

The causes, effects and contributions of people to change in the local community.

Identify the ways people in Australia, and around the world, acknowledge days and events that have historical significance.

The role that people of diverse backgrounds have played in the development and character of the local community.

The importance of Country/Place to First Nations Australians and the ways in which they have maintained their connection to Country/Place.

Identify current understanding of a topic and develop a range of focus questions to investigate.

Locate and collect information and data from a variety of primary and secondary sources.

Record selected information and/or data using a variety of methods, including timelines and maps.

Interpret information and/or data to identify main points and/or patterns and draw simple conclusions.

Translate information and/or data from one format to another, such as from a table to a graph.

Identify different points of view/perspectives in information and/or data.

Draw simple conclusions based on information and/or data and reflect on learning to identify new understanding.

Propose actions in response to learning and consider the possible effects of these actions.

Present findings and/or conclusions in a range of communication forms using relevant subject-specific terms.

Reflect on learning and propose how it can be applied to other contexts.

The purpose of government and some of the services it provides (e.g. health, education, transport, libraries, sport and recreation).

The differences between rules and laws and why they are important.

How people can participate in their community and the importance of democratic values (e.g. respect, equality, fairness).

The main characteristics of Africa and Europe and the location of these continents in relation to Australia.

The importance of environments to animals and people, and different views on how they can be protected.

The custodial responsibility Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples have for Country/Place, and how this influences views about the environment.

The natural resources provided by the environment and different views on how they can be used sustainably.

The diversity of First Nations Australians, their social organisation and their continuous connection to Country/Place.

The journey(s) of at least one world navigator, explorer or trader up to the late 18th century, including impacts of contact.

The stories of the First Fleet, including causes and reasons for their journey, and their experiences following arrival.

The nature of contact between First Nations Australians and others and the effects of these interactions on people and environments.

Pose questions about the past and present.

Locate and collect information and data from different sources, including primary and secondary sources.

Record, sort and represent data and the location of places and their characteristics in different formats.

Sequence information about people’s lives and events.

Examine primary and secondary sources to determine their origin and purpose.

Interpret data and information displayed in different formats (e.g. maps, tables, graphs).

Identify different points of view/perspectives in information and/or data.

Draw and justify conclusions, and give explanations, based on the information and/or data.

Use decision-making processes to consider different points of view and plan for action.

Present findings, conclusions and/or arguments in a range of communication forms using subject-specific terminology.

Reflect on learning and respond to findings.

Reasons for the establishment of British colonies in Australia after 1800

The nature of convict or free settler life in the colonies

The impact of settlement on First Nations Australians, and the nature of their contact with settlers

The role that a significant individual or group played in shaping a colony

The influence of people on the environmental characteristics of places in Europe and North America

The way people alter the environmental characteristics of Australian places

The environmental and human influences on the location and characteristics of a place and the management of spaces

The impact of bushfires or floods on environments and communities, and how people can respond

The key features of the Westminster system and the role of the Queen's representative

The values of Australian democracy, including freedom, equality, fairness and justice

How regulations and laws affect the lives of citizens

The role of community groups and organisations in helping people in the community

The difference between needs and wants, and how they may differ between individuals

Resources can be natural, human or capital, and how these are used sustainably

How resources are used to satisfy needs and wants, and the role of scarcity

Develop and refine a range of questions to plan an inquiry

Locate and collect information and/or data from a range of appropriate primary and secondary sources

Record selected information and/or data using a variety of methods

Ethical protocols when investigating, including using and citing relevant sources

Organise and represent information and/or data in a variety of formats

Use a variety of methods to select, relevant information and/or data

Interpret information and/or data to identify key points or ideas, points of view, and patterns

Identify different points of view/perspectives

Draw evidence-based conclusions and/or arguments

Propose a course of action in response to an issue or challenge

Use decision-making processes

Present findings and conclusions in a range of communication forms

Use relevant terms and conventions appropriate to the audience and purpose

Reflect on learning and identify new understandings

The key institutions of Australia's democratic system of government based on the Westminster system, including the monarchy, parliaments and courts.

The roles and responsibilities of the three levels of government, including the shared roles and responsibilities within Australia's federal system.

How laws are initiated and passed through the parliament (state/territory and federal).

Who can be an Australian citizen, the formal rights and responsibilities, and shared values of Australian citizenship.

The impact consumer purchasing decisions can have on a family, the broader community and the environment.

Businesses provide goods and services in different ways (e.g. shopping centres, local markets, online stores) to earn revenue.

Influences on consumer choices and strategies that can be used to help make informed personal consumer and financial choices.

The location of the major countries of the Asia region in relation to Australia and the geographical diversity within the region.

Differences in the economic, demographic and social characteristics of a selection of countries across the world.

The world's cultural diversity, including that of its indigenous peoples who live in different regions of the world.

Australia's connections with other countries and how these connections change people and places.

Key figures, ideas and events that led to Australia's Federation and Constitution, including British and American influences.

Changes in Australia's political system and citizenship after Federation that impacted Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, migrants and women.

Stories of groups of people who migrated to Australia since Federation, the reasons they migrated and their contributions to society.

Develop and refine a range of questions to plan an inquiry.

Locate and collect relevant information and data from primary and secondary sources.

Record, sort and represent data and the findings of an inquiry in different formats.

Sequence information about people's lives and events.

Examine primary and secondary sources to determine their origin and purpose.

Interpret information and data to identify and describe points of view, patterns, trends and relationships.

Evaluate information and data to draw evidence-based conclusions and/or make predictions.

Propose actions in response to an issue or challenge and describe the possible effects of their proposal.

Present findings, conclusions and/or arguments, appropriate to audience and purpose, using relevant terms and digital technologies.

Reflect on learning to propose personal and/or collective action in response to an issue or challenge.

The key features of Australia's system of government, including democracy, the Australian Constitution, responsible government and federalism.

The characteristics of Australia's democracy, including freedom of speech, association, assembly, religion and movement.

The key principles and features of the Australian legal system, including the Australian Constitution, the rule of law and the court system.

How Australia's secular democracy and pluralist society draws upon diverse cultural origins, including First Nations and migrant communities.

How values based on freedom, respect, fairness and equality of opportunity can support social cohesion and democracy within Australian society.

Why opportunity cost exists as decisions are made to allocate limited resources to meet unlimited needs and wants.

The reasons businesses exist and how different types of businesses provide goods and services.

Characteristics of entrepreneurs and how these influence the success of a business.

The reasons individuals work, the types of work they are involved in, and how they may derive an income.

The rights and responsibilities of individuals and businesses in relation to consumer and financial products and services.

Classification of environmental resources and the way that water connects and changes places as it moves through environments.

The location and distribution of water resources in Australia, their implications, and strategies to manage the sustainability of water.

The economic, cultural, spiritual and aesthetic value of water for people, including First Nations Australians.

The causes and impacts of an atmospheric or hydrological hazard, and responses from communities and governments.

Factors that influence where people live and the choices they make about where to live.

The liveability of places and how this is assessed by different people.

Strategies to enhance the liveability of places, especially for young people.

Theories and historical interpretations about early human evolution and migration, including the theory that people moved out of Africa.

Theories about the causes and effects of the arrival of early First Nations Australians and their migration routes across the continent.

How First Nations Australians are the world's oldest continuing cultures, displaying evidence of both continuity and change over deep time.

How First Nations Australians have responded to environmental processes and changes over time.

The technological achievements of early First Nations Australians and how these contributed to daily life and resource management.

The social organisation and cultural practices of early First Nations Australians, and their continuity and change over time.

The cultural obligations of First Nations Australians about significant heritage sites and the role of collaboration for cultural preservation.

An overview of the ancient world, including the development of societies and the nature of sources.

The key features of one ancient society (Egypt, Greece, Rome, India or China), including its social, political and economic organisation.

Develop questions to investigate events, developments, issues and phenomena.

Locate, select and organise information and data from a range of primary and secondary sources.

Use ethical protocols when gathering information and data, including acknowledging the work of others.

Interpret information and data to identify patterns, trends and relationships.

Identify different points of view and perspectives in information and data.

Draw and justify conclusions and give explanations based on evidence.

Use decision-making processes to identify issues, develop possible solutions and plan for action.

Present findings, conclusions and arguments in a range of communication forms using subject-specific terminology.

Reflect on learning, identify new understandings and act on findings in different ways.

Develop a range of questions to investigate an issue, event, development or phenomena.

Identify and select a range of primary and secondary sources to locate relevant information and data.

Record and organise information and data from a range of sources using ethical protocols.

Use a range of methods to represent information and data (e.g. maps, tables, graphs, models).

Interpret information and data to identify key relationships, patterns and/or trends.

Analyse information and data to identify points of view, bias and/or use of evidence.

Evaluate the reliability and usefulness of sources based on origin, purpose and context.

Draw and justify conclusions and give explanations based on the analysis of information and data.

Use decision-making processes to develop possible solutions and plan for action.

Present findings, conclusions and/or arguments in a range of communication forms.

Reflect on learning, identify new understandings and act on findings in different ways.

The freedoms that enable active participation in Australia's democracy within the bounds of law.

The roles of political parties and independent representatives in Australia's system of government.

How citizens can participate in Australia's democracy (e.g. electoral system, lobby groups, direct action).

How statute law is made in Australia through parliaments and the role of the courts.

How markets influence decisions about the allocation of resources to the production of goods and services.

How the demand and supply model shows the interactions between consumers and businesses.

Australia's system of taxation and why the government collects taxation revenue.

The reasons individuals work, the types of work they are involved in, and how they derive income.

Factors that influence the way people work now and in the future.

The different types of landscapes in Australia and their distinctive landform features.

The spiritual, cultural and aesthetic value of landscapes and landforms for people, including First Nations Australians.

Geomorphological processes that produce different landscapes and significant landforms.

The location and distribution of Australia's distinctive landscapes and significant landforms.

The interconnections between human activity and geomorphological processes.

The causes and impacts of a geomorphological hazard on people, places and environments.

The causes and consequences of urbanisation in Australia and one other country from the Asia region.

The reasons for, and effects of, internal migration in Australia.

The reasons for, and effects of, international migration in Australia.

The management of urban settlements and the role of government in this process.

The way of life in medieval Europe (e.g. social, cultural, economic and political features).

The role of significant individuals in the medieval period (e.g. Charlemagne, Joan of Arc).

The transformation of the medieval world to the early modern world, including the Black Death.

Key features of the medieval world (feudalism, trade routes, voyages of discovery, contact and conflict).

The social, economic, political, technological and/or environmental causes of the Industrial Revolution.

The population movements and changing settlement patterns during the Industrial Revolution.

The role of political parties and independent representatives in Australia’s system of government, including the formation of governments.

The process for constitutional change through a referendum.

The role of the High Court in interpreting the Constitution.

Australia’s international legal obligations and the role of international treaties.

Australia’s interdependence with other economies, such as trade and tourism, trade links with partners in the Asia region.

Why and how participants in the global economy are dependent on each other, including transnational corporations and supply chains.

Why and how people manage financial risks and rewards in the current Australian and global financial landscape.

The nature of innovation and how and why businesses seek to create and maintain a competitive advantage in the global market.

The distribution and characteristics of biomes as regions with distinctive climates, soils, vegetation and productivity.

The ways that humans in the production of food and fibre have altered some biomes.

The environmental, economic and technological factors that impact agricultural productivity in Australia and a country in Asia.

Challenges to sustainable food production and food security in Australia and appropriate management strategies.

The capacity of the world’s environments to sustainably feed the projected future population to achieve food security.

The perceptions and meanings of places, and how these influence people’s connections with places.

The way that transportation and information and communication technologies are used to connect people to services and information.

The ways that places and people are interconnected through trade in goods and services and the effects of these interconnections.

The effects of the production and consumption of goods on places and environments throughout the world.

The effects of people’s travel, recreational, cultural or leisure choices on places, and the implications for the future.

The Making of the Modern World (1750-1918) overview.

The social, economic, political, technological and/or environmental causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution on Europe.

The short-, medium- and long-term effects of population movements and changing settlement patterns during this period.

The different perspectives and experiences of men, women and children during the Industrial Revolution.

The ideas that emerged and influenced change in society, such as nationalism, capitalism, imperialism, and socialism.

The role of a significant individual or group in promoting and enacting some of the ideas that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

The causes of the First World War and the reasons why Australians enlisted to fight in the war.

The places of significance where Australians fought, their perspectives and experiences, including Gallipoli and the Western Front.

Significant events and turning points of the war and the nature of warfare, including the Battle of the Somme.

The effects of the First World War on Australian society, such as the role of women and conscription debates.

The commemoration of the First World War, including interpretations and debates about the Anzac legend.

Identify current personal knowledge, gaps, misconceptions, currency of information, personal perspective and possible perspectives of others.

Develop and modify a range of questions to guide an inquiry.

Locate, select and use information from a range of primary and secondary sources.

Record and organise information and data from different sources using a range of methods.

Apply subject-specific skills and concepts in familiar, new and hypothetical situations.

Interpret and analyse information and data from different sources to identify points of view, bias, and use of evidence.

Identify and explain patterns, trends, and relationships in information and data.

Evaluate the reliability and usefulness of information and data from different sources.

Draw evidence-based conclusions and propose courses of action.

Consider the potential consequences of alternative actions.

Develop texts, particularly descriptions and explanations, using appropriate subject-specific terminology and concepts.

Present findings and arguments in a range of communication forms.

Reflect on learning to review original understandings and/or determine actions in response to an issue or challenge.

The roles and responsibilities of Australia’s three levels of government, including the High Court of Australia.

Australia’s roles and responsibilities at a global level, including its international legal obligations.

The values and practices that enable a resilient democracy, such as social cohesion, secularism and freedom of speech.

The role of the High Court in interpreting the Constitution and its impact on the Australian system of government.

Challenges to Australia’s democracy and the ways in which these challenges can be addressed.

Indicators of economic performance (GDP, unemployment, inflation) and how they measure living standards.

The ways government intervenes in the economy to improve economic performance and living standards.

The role of the financial sector and its effect on economic decision-making by individuals and businesses.

Factors that influence major consumer and financial decisions and the short- and long-term consequences.

The human-induced changes that challenge the sustainability of places and environments.

The environmental worldviews of people and their implications for environmental management.

The application of systems thinking to understanding environmental change and management.

The role of environmental management in achieving sustainability at various scales.

The different ways of measuring and mapping human well-being and development.

The reasons for spatial variations between countries in human well-being and development.

The role of international and national government and non-government organisations in improving well-being.

The causes and course of World War II, including the rise of dictatorships and the failure of peace.

The experience of Australians during World War II, including the home front and prisoners of war.

The impact of World War II on Australia and the world, including the Holocaust and the use of atomic bombs.

The significance of World War II to Australia’s international relationships and the post-war world.

The struggle for rights and freedoms of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

The significance of the 1967 Referendum and the Mabo decision in the struggle for rights.

The struggle for rights and freedoms of other groups, such as women and migrants.

Develop and modify questions to frame an investigation about a historical or contemporary issue.

Locate, select and use information from a range of primary and secondary sources as evidence.

Interpret and analyse information and data to identify patterns, trends and relationships.

Draw evidence-based conclusions and propose actions in response to an issue.

Present findings and arguments using a range of communication forms and digital tools.