The NESA syllabuses outline the learning standards for students in New South Wales from Kindergarten to Year 12. The framework is currently undergoing a major C
New South Wales, Australia
The NESA syllabuses outline the learning standards for students in New South Wales from Kindergarten to Year 12. The framework is currently undergoing a major Curriculum Reform (2022-2027) to provide a more streamlined and evidence-based approach to learning.
The NESA syllabuses outline the learning standards for students in New South Wales from Kindergarten to Year 12. The framework is currently undergoing a major Curriculum Reform (2022-2027) to provide a more streamlined and evidence-based approach to learning.
Year Adopted: 2022 (Phased rollout 2022-2027)
Kindergarten, Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade 5, Grade 6, Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, Grade 10, Grade 11, Grade 12
communicates effectively by using interpersonal conventions and language with familiar peers and adults
Key skills: Interpersonal communication, Active listeningunderstands and effectively uses Tier 1 words and Tier 2 words in familiar contexts
Key skills: Word usage, Vocabulary acquisitionidentifies, blends, segments and manipulates phonological units in spoken words as a strategy for reading and creating texts
Key skills: Phonemic awareness, Sound manipulationtracks written text from left to right and from top to bottom of the page and identifies visual and spatial features of print
Key skills: Directionality, Print conceptsuses single-letter grapheme-phoneme correspondences and common digraphs to decode and encode words when reading and creating texts
Key skills: Decoding, Encodingreads decodable texts aloud with automaticity
Key skills: Oral reading, Reading speedcomprehends independently read texts using background knowledge, word knowledge and understanding of how sentences connect
Key skills: Text understanding, Literal comprehensioncreates written texts that include at least 2 related ideas and correct simple sentences
Key skills: Sentence construction, Idea developmentapplies phonological, orthographic and morphological generalisations and strategies to spell taught familiar and high-frequency words
Key skills: Spelling strategies, Word structureproduces all lower-case and upper-case letters to create texts
Key skills: Letter formation, Legibilityunderstands and responds to literature read to them
Key skills: Literary response, Text appreciationcommunicates effectively by using interpersonal skills and appropriate language to share and exchange information and ideas
Key skills: Interpersonal communication, Listening and speakingunderstands and uses a widening range of vocabulary in different contexts
Key skills: Word meanings, Contextual usagedecodes and encodes words using phonic knowledge and skills
Key skills: Decoding, Encoding, Phonic patternsreads decodable and authentic texts with increasing fluency, intonation and phrasing
Key skills: Reading fluency, Phrasing, Intonationunderstands and interprets texts by using a range of strategies
Key skills: Literal comprehension, Inferential meaningspells words using phonic knowledge, morphology and orthographic patterns
Key skills: Spelling strategies, Morphology, Orthographyproduces legible handwriting using correct letter formation and appropriate size and spacing
Key skills: Letter formation, Legibility, Spacingplans, creates and revises written texts for different purposes and audiences
Key skills: Writing process, Grammar and punctuationidentifies and describes the features of a range of literary texts and responds to them
Key skills: Literary analysis, Textual responseCommunicates effectively by using interpersonal conventions and language to extend and elaborate ideas for social and learning interactions.
Key skills: Interpersonal communication, Extending ideas, Social interactionUnderstands and effectively uses Tier 1, taught Tier 2 and Tier 3 vocabulary to extend and elaborate ideas.
Key skills: Vocabulary usage, Tier 2/3 words, Elaborating ideasUses initial and extended phonics, including vowel digraphs and trigraphs, to decode and encode words when reading and creating texts.
Key skills: Phonic decoding, Vowel digraphs, Encoding wordsSustains reading unseen texts with automaticity and prosody and self-corrects errors.
Key skills: Reading automaticity, Prosody, Self-correctionComprehends independently read texts that require sustained reading by activating background and word knowledge, connecting and understanding sentences and whole text.
Key skills: Text comprehension, Background knowledge, Monitoring meaningPlans, creates and revises texts written for different purposes, including paragraphs, using knowledge of vocabulary, text features and sentence structure.
Key skills: Text creation, Paragraph writing, Sentence structureApplies phonological, orthographic and morphological generalisations and strategies when spelling words in a range of writing contexts.
Key skills: Spelling strategies, Orthographic generalisations, Morphological awarenessUses a legible, fluent and automatic handwriting style and digital technology, including word-processing applications, when creating texts.
Key skills: Legible handwriting, Digital technology, Word processingUnderstands and responds to literature by creating texts using similar structures, intentional language choices and features appropriate to audience and purpose.
Key skills: Literary response, Creative writing, Intentional languagecommunicates with familiar audiences for social and learning purposes, by interacting, understanding and presenting
Key skills: Interpersonal communication, Oral presentationbuilds knowledge and use of Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 vocabulary through interacting, wide reading and writing, and by defining and analysing words
Key skills: Word analysis, Vocabulary acquisitionsustains independent reading with accuracy, automaticity, rate and prosody suited to purpose, audience and meaning
Key skills: Reading rate, Oral reading expressionreads and comprehends texts for wide purposes using knowledge of text structures and language, and by monitoring comprehension
Key skills: Text analysis, Comprehension monitoringplans, creates and revises written texts for imaginative purposes, using text features, sentence-level grammar, punctuation and word-level language for a target audience
Key skills: Creative writing, Text revisionplans, creates and revises written texts for informative purposes, using text features, sentence-level grammar, punctuation and word-level language for a target audience
Key skills: Informative writing, Structural planningplans, creates and revises written texts for persuasive purposes, using text features, sentence-level grammar, punctuation and word-level language for a target audience
Key skills: Persuasive writing, Rhetorical featuresselects, applies and describes appropriate phonological, orthographic and morphological generalisations and strategies when spelling in a range of contexts
Key skills: Spelling strategies, Morphological awarenessforms legible joined letters to develop handwriting fluency
Key skills: Cursive writing, Fine motor controluses digital technologies to create texts
Key skills: Digital typing, Word processingidentifies and describes how ideas are represented in literature and strategically uses similar representations when creating texts
Key skills: Literary analysis, Creative representationcommunicates to wide audiences with social and cultural awareness, by interacting and presenting, and by analysing and evaluating for understanding
Key skills: Interacting and presenting, Listening for understanding, Social and cultural awarenessextends Tier 2 and Tier 3 vocabulary through interacting, wide reading and writing, morphological analysis and generating precise definitions for specific contexts
Key skills: Tier 2 and 3 vocabulary, Morphological analysis, Contextual definitionsfluently reads and comprehends texts for wide purposes, analysing text structures and language, and by monitoring comprehension
Key skills: Reading fluency, Text analysis, Comprehension monitoringplans, creates and revises written texts for multiple purposes and audiences through selection of text features, sentence-level grammar, punctuation and word-level language
Key skills: Planning and revising, Sentence-level grammar, Text featuresautomatically applies taught phonological, orthographic and morphological generalisations and strategies when spelling in a range of contexts, and justifies spelling strategies used
Key skills: Phonological strategies, Orthographic patterns, Morphological generalisationssustains a legible, fluent and automatic handwriting style
Key skills: Handwriting legibility, Writing fluency, Automaticityselects digital technologies to suit audience and purpose to create texts
Key skills: Digital text creation, Technology selection, Audience awarenessanalyses representations of ideas in literature through narrative, character, imagery, symbol and connotation, and adapts these representations when creating texts
Key skills: Literary analysis, Characterisation, Imagery and symbolismanalyses representations of ideas in literature through genre and theme that reflect perspective and context, argument and authority, and adapts these representations
Key skills: Genre and theme, Perspective and context, Argument and authorityuses a range of personal, creative and critical strategies to read texts that are complex in their ideas and construction
Key skills: Reading strategies, Critical analysis, Text complexityanalyses how meaning is created through the use of and response to language forms, features and structures
Key skills: Language forms, Textual features, Meaning creationexamines and explains how texts represent ideas, experiences and values
Key skills: Representation of ideas, Cultural values, Personal experiencesidentifies and explains ways of valuing texts and the connections between them
Key skills: Valuing texts, Intertextuality, Textual connectionscreates personal, creative and critical texts for a range of audiences by using linguistic and stylistic conventions of language
Key skills: Text composition, Stylistic conventions, Audience awarenessuses processes of planning, monitoring, revising and reflecting to support and develop composition of texts
Key skills: Writing process, Planning and revising, Self-reflectionReading, viewing and listening skills: Apply reading pathways to determine form, purpose and meaning
Key skills: Reading pathways, Determining purposeReading, viewing and listening for meaning: Explore main ideas and thematic concerns posed by a text
Key skills: Thematic analysis, Meaning makingReading for challenge, interest and enjoyment: Read texts selected to challenge thinking and promote enjoyment
Key skills: Sustained reading, Personal responseReflecting: Reflect on how reading promotes a broad and balanced understanding of the world
Key skills: Self-reflection, Global perspectiveRepresentation: Explore how language and text are acts of representation that range from objective to subjective
Key skills: Representation, SubjectivityCode and convention: Use appropriate metalanguage to describe how meaning is constructed through linguistic elements
Key skills: Metalanguage, Textual codesConnotation, imagery and symbol: Analyse how figurative language and devices can represent ideas and feelings
Key skills: Figurative language, SymbolismCharacterisation: Analyse how engaging characters are constructed through language features and structures
Key skills: Character analysis, Construction of identityNarrative: Understand how narrative structures and devices shape meaning and audience response
Key skills: Narrative structure, Audience positioningStyle: Describe the distinctive rhetorical and aesthetic qualities of a text that contribute to its style
Key skills: Rhetorical devices, Aesthetic qualitiesPoint of view: Analyse how point of view is used to position the audience and represent perspectives
Key skills: Point of view, PerspectiveTheme: Understand how repetition and language features communicate ideas about social and ethical issues
Key skills: Thematic development, Ethical questioningPerspective and context: Understand how perspectives are shaped by language, text, and context
Key skills: Contextual analysis, Perspective takingArgument and authority: Analyse how arguments are constructed and how authority is established in texts
Key skills: Argumentation, Authorial voiceTextual integrity: Describe how thematic and stylistic qualities contribute to the ways texts are valued
Key skills: Textual integrity, Aesthetic valueIntertextuality: Understand how a genre addresses its purpose through patterns of textual elements
Key skills: Genre study, Intertextual linksWord-level language: Select and use vocabulary for specific effects and to shape meaning
Key skills: Vocabulary selection, DictionSentence-level language: Use a variety of sentence structures to create effects and control pace
Key skills: Sentence variety, Grammatical controlPunctuation: Use punctuation to support meaning and create stylistic effects
Key skills: Punctuation, ClarityText-level structures: Apply understanding of structural codes and conventions to shape meaning
Key skills: Structural organization, CohesionSpeaking: Deliver spoken texts with effective control of intonation, emphasis, volume, and pace
Key skills: Oral delivery, Public speakingRepresenting: Compose visual and multimodal texts to represent ideas, experiences and values
Key skills: Multimodal composition, Visual literacyPlanning, monitoring and revising: Engage with features of model texts to plan and revise own work
Key skills: Drafting, EditingReflecting: Reflect on own processes of composition and how these have developed over time
Key skills: Reflective practice, Skill developmentA student uses a range of personal, creative and critical strategies to interpret complex texts.
Key skills: Text interpretation, Critical reading, Listening and viewingA student analyses how meaning is created through the use and interpretation of increasingly complex language forms, features and structures.
Key skills: Textual analysis, Language features, Structural analysisA student evaluates how texts represent ideas and experiences, and how they can affirm or challenge values and attitudes.
Key skills: Evaluating representation, Critical perspective, Thematic analysisA student investigates and explains ways of valuing texts and the relationships between them.
Key skills: Intertextuality, Literary value, Textual relationshipsA student crafts personal, creative and critical texts for a range of audiences by experimenting with and controlling language forms and features.
Key skills: Creative writing, Text composition, Audience engagementA student uses processes of planning, monitoring, revising and reflecting to purposefully develop and refine composition of texts.
Key skills: Writing process, Self-reflection, Editing and refiningresponds to and composes increasingly complex texts for understanding, interpretation, critical analysis, imaginative expression and pleasure
Key skills: Text analysis, Compositionuses and evaluates processes, skills and knowledge required to effectively respond to and compose texts in different modes, media and technologies
Key skills: Process evaluation, Multimodal responseanalyses and uses language forms, features and structures of texts, considers appropriateness for purpose, audience and context and explains their effects on meaning
Key skills: Language forms, Contextual analysisapplies knowledge, skills and understanding of language concepts and literary devices into new and different contexts
Key skills: Concept application, Literary devicesthinks imaginatively, creatively, interpretively and critically to respond to and compose texts that include considered and detailed information, ideas and arguments
Key skills: Critical thinking, Creative responseinvestigates and explains the relationships between texts
Key skills: Textual relationships, Comparative studyunderstands and explains the diverse ways texts can represent personal and public worlds
Key skills: Representation, Personal/Public worldsidentifies and explains individual and collective identity and values in and through texts
Key skills: Identity, Valuesreflects on, assesses and monitors own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes as a self-reliant learner
Key skills: Self-reflection, Collaborative learningresponds to, interprets and theoretically examines the ways meaning is shaped in and through texts
Key skills: Theoretical examination, Meaning shapinguses and evaluates processes, skills and knowledge required to effectively respond to and compose texts in different modes, media and technologies
Key skills: Process evaluation, Multimodal responseanalyses and uses language forms, features and structures of texts and justifies their appropriateness for purpose, audience and context and explains effects on meaning
Key skills: Language justification, Contextual analysisstrategically uses knowledge, skills and understanding of language concepts and literary devices in new and different contexts
Key skills: Strategic application, Literary devicesthinks imaginatively, creatively, interpretively and critically to respond to and compose texts that include considered and detailed information, ideas and arguments
Key skills: Critical thinking, Creative responseinvestigates and evaluates the relationships between texts
Key skills: Textual evaluation, Comparative studyevaluates the diverse ways texts can represent personal and public worlds
Key skills: Representation evaluation, Personal/Public worldsexplains and evaluates responses to and compositions of a wide range of texts in different contexts
Key skills: Response evaluation, Contextual compositionreflects on, assesses and monitors own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes as a self-reliant learner
Key skills: Self-reflection, Collaborative learningresponds to and composes a range of complex texts for understanding, interpretation, critical analysis, imaginative expression and pleasure
Key skills: Text analysis, Compositioncommunicates information, ideas and opinions in a range of familiar and unfamiliar personal, social and academic contexts
Key skills: Communication, Academic contextuses and evaluates processes, skills and knowledge required to effectively respond to and compose texts in different modes, media and technologies
Key skills: Process evaluation, Multimodal responseidentifies, selects and uses language forms, features and structures of texts appropriate to a range of purposes, audiences and contexts, and analyses their effects on meaning
Key skills: Language selection, Contextual analysisapplies knowledge, skills and understanding of language concepts and literary devices into new and different contexts
Key skills: Concept application, Literary devicesthinks imaginatively, creatively, interpretively and critically to respond to and compose texts that include considered and detailed information, ideas and arguments
Key skills: Critical thinking, Creative responseinvestigates and explains the relationships between texts
Key skills: Textual relationships, Comparative studyunderstands and explains the diverse ways texts can represent personal and public worlds
Key skills: Representation, Personal/Public worldsidentifies and explains individual and collective identity and values in and through texts
Key skills: Identity, Valuesreflects on, assesses and monitors own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes as a self-reliant learner
Key skills: Self-reflection, Collaborative learningcomprehends and responds to a range of texts, including short and extended texts, literary texts and texts from academic, community, workplace and social contexts
Key skills: Text comprehension, Source synthesisidentifies and uses strategies to comprehend and respond to texts for a variety of purposes, audiences and contexts
Key skills: Comprehension strategies, Audience responseidentifies, selects and uses language forms, features and structures of texts appropriate to a range of purposes, audiences and contexts, and analyses their effects on meaning
Key skills: Language selection, Meaning analysisapplies knowledge, skills and understanding of language concepts and devices in new and different contexts
Key skills: Concept application, Device usagethinks imaginatively, creatively, interpretively and critically to respond to and compose texts that include considered information, ideas and arguments
Key skills: Critical thinking, Creative responseinvestigates and explains the relationships between texts
Key skills: Textual relationships, Comparative studyexplains the diverse ways texts can represent personal and public worlds
Key skills: Representation, Personal/Public worldsidentifies and explains individual and collective identity and values in and through texts
Key skills: Identity, Valuesidentifies and uses a range of strategies to monitor and refine own learning and to work independently and collaboratively
Key skills: Learning strategies, Independent workdemonstrates and applies considered understanding of the ways in which texts shape and are shaped by their complex contexts
Key skills: Contextual understanding, Text shapingdevelops and justifies an individualised further study of texts, forms and ideas
Key skills: Independent study, Textual justificationevaluates and reflects on the ways in which the study of texts can broaden and deepen understanding of nature and value of literature
Key skills: Literary value, Reflective studymaintains a process of reflection and evaluation in the development of an individualised study of texts, forms and ideas
Key skills: Process reflection, Individualised studyComprehends and responds to the relationships between the language, forms, features and structures of texts, with a focus on how they shape meaning.
Key skills: Textual analysis, Meaning constructionUses, interprets and evaluates the ways language is used to shape representations of experiences in a range of texts.
Key skills: Representation analysis, Experience interpretationAnalyses and uses language forms, features and structures of texts and justifies their appropriateness for purpose, audience and context.
Key skills: Language justification, Contextual applicationAdapts and applies knowledge, skills and understanding of language concepts and literary devices to new and different contexts.
Key skills: Skill adaptation, Literary devicesThinks imaginatively, creatively, interpretively and critically to respond to and compose texts that include considered and detailed information.
Key skills: Creative composition, Critical responseInvestigates and explains the relationships between texts.
Key skills: Intertextuality, Comparative analysisExplains and evaluates the diverse ways texts can represent personal and public worlds.
Key skills: World representation, EvaluationExplains and assesses cultural assumptions in texts and their effects on meaning.
Key skills: Cultural assessment, Meaning effectsReflects on, assesses and monitors own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes as a self-reliant learner.
Key skills: Self-reflection, Collaborative learningComprehends and responds to the relationships between the language, forms, features and structures of texts, with a focus on how they shape meaning.
Key skills: Structural analysis, Meaning shapingUses, interprets and evaluates the ways language is used to shape representations of experiences in a range of texts.
Key skills: Representation evaluation, Textual interpretationCritically analyses and uses language forms, features and structures of texts justifying appropriateness for specific purposes and audiences.
Key skills: Critical analysis, Language justificationStrategically adapts and applies knowledge, skills and understanding of language concepts and literary devices in new and different contexts.
Key skills: Strategic adaptation, Contextual applicationThinks imaginatively, creatively, interpretively and critically to respond to and compose texts that embody complex ideas and perspectives.
Key skills: Complex composition, Critical thinkingInvestigates and evaluates the relationships between texts.
Key skills: Intertextual evaluation, Textual investigationEvaluates the diverse ways texts can represent personal and public worlds and recognises how these are valued.
Key skills: Representation evaluation, Value recognitionExplains and evaluates nuanced cultural assumptions and values in texts and their effects on meaning.
Key skills: Nuanced evaluation, Cultural valuesReflects on, evaluates and monitors own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes as an independent learner.
Key skills: Independent learning, Self-evaluationResponds to and composes a range of complex texts for a variety of contexts.
Key skills: Complex composition, Contextual responseCommunicates information, ideas and opinions in a range of familiar and unfamiliar contexts.
Key skills: Idea communication, Contextual flexibilityUses, interprets and evaluates the ways language is used to shape representations of experiences in a range of texts.
Key skills: Representation analysis, Experience evaluationIdentifies, selects and uses language forms, features and structures of texts appropriate to a range of purposes and audiences.
Key skills: Language selection, Purposeful useApplies and adapts knowledge, skills and understanding of literary devices and mechanics of Standard Australian English.
Key skills: SAE mechanics, Literary adaptationThinks imaginatively, creatively, interpretively and critically to respond to and compose texts.
Key skills: Creative response, Critical compositionInvestigates and explains the relationships between texts.
Key skills: Intertextuality, Textual relationshipsExplains and evaluates the diverse ways texts can represent personal and public worlds.
Key skills: World representation, EvaluationReflects on, assesses and monitors own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes.
Key skills: Self-monitoring, Process refinementComprehends and responds to the relationships between the language, forms, features and structures of texts.
Key skills: Structural comprehension, Textual responseIdentifies and uses language forms and features in a variety of texts and contexts.
Key skills: Language identification, Contextual useAccesses, comprehends and uses information in a range of texts and contexts.
Key skills: Information access, ComprehensionComposes and adapts texts in different forms and modes for a variety of purposes, audiences and contexts.
Key skills: Textual adaptation, Multimodal compositionDevelops knowledge, understanding and skills in using language for a variety of purposes.
Key skills: Language development, Purposeful skillUses appropriate strategies to compose texts for different purposes and audiences.
Key skills: Compositional strategies, Audience awarenessMonitors and reflects on own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes.
Key skills: Self-reflection, Process refinementUses language to work effectively with others and to participate in a range of contexts.
Key skills: Collaborative language, ParticipationUses language to explore and express ideas and values.
Key skills: Idea expression, Value explorationUses language to explore and express personal and public worlds.
Key skills: World exploration, Personal expressionDemonstrates and applies insightful understanding of the ways that texts contribute to awareness of the diversity of ideas.
Key skills: Insightful understanding, Idea diversityEvaluates the ways in which texts are valued in a range of contexts and cultures.
Key skills: Value evaluation, Cultural contextComposes texts that experiment with textual form and language features for a range of purposes and audiences.
Key skills: Experimental composition, Form manipulationReflects on and evaluates own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes.
Key skills: Self-evaluation, Process refinementDemonstrates and applies insightful understanding of the ways that texts contribute to awareness of the diversity of ideas.
Key skills: Insightful understanding, Idea diversityEvaluates the ways in which texts are valued in a range of contexts and cultures.
Key skills: Value evaluation, Cultural contextComposes texts that experiment with textual form and language features for a range of purposes and audiences.
Key skills: Experimental composition, Form manipulationReflects on and evaluates own learning and refines individual and collaborative processes.
Key skills: Self-evaluation, Process refinementDevelops understanding and fluency in mathematics through exploring and connecting mathematical concepts, choosing and applying mathematical techniques to solve problems, and communicating their thinking and reasoning coherently and clearly.
Key skills: Problem solving, Mathematical reasoning, Communicating thinkingDemonstrates an understanding of how whole numbers indicate quantity.
Key skills: Counting collections, Subitising, Number quantityReads numerals and represents whole numbers to at least 20.
Key skills: Reading numerals, Writing numbers, Representing 20Reasons about number relations to model addition and subtraction by combining and separating, and comparing collections.
Key skills: Addition and subtraction, Comparing collections, Modeling operationsRepresents the relations between the parts that form the whole, with numbers up to 10.
Key skills: Part-whole relations, Number partitioning, Additive relationsRecognises, describes and continues repeating patterns.
Key skills: Identifying patterns, Continuing patterns, Pattern descriptionForms equal groups by sharing and counting collections of objects.
Key skills: Sharing equally, Grouping objects, Counting groupsDescribes position and gives and follows simple directions.
Key skills: Positional language, Following directions, Spatial awarenessDescribes and compares lengths.
Key skills: Comparing length, Direct comparison, Length descriptionIdentifies half the length and the halfway point.
Key skills: Finding halfway, Halving length, Spatial estimationSorts, describes, names and makes two-dimensional shapes, including triangles, circles, squares and rectangles.
Key skills: Naming shapes, Sorting 2D shapes, Creating shapesDescribes and compares areas of similar shapes.
Key skills: Comparing area, Area description, Direct comparisonManipulates, describes and sorts three-dimensional objects.
Key skills: Sorting 3D objects, Object manipulation, Describing featuresDescribes and compares volumes.
Key skills: Comparing volume, Capacity comparison, Volume descriptionDescribes and compares the masses of objects.
Key skills: Comparing mass, Hefting, Mass descriptionSequences events and reads hour time on clocks.
Key skills: Sequencing events, Reading hour time, Time durationContributes to collecting data and interprets data displays made from objects.
Key skills: Data collection, Interpreting displays, Organising dataDevelops understanding and fluency in mathematics through exploring and connecting mathematical concepts, choosing and applying problem-solving skills and mathematical techniques, communication and reasoning.
Key skills: Problem solving, Mathematical reasoningRepresents and orders numbers to 100, and represents and orders numbers to 1000.
Key skills: Number sequencing, Place valueReasons about the relative size of whole numbers to 1000.
Key skills: Comparing numbers, EstimationExtends and applies knowledge of addition and subtraction facts to 20.
Key skills: Recall facts, Mental strategiesUses strategies for addition and subtraction involving twenty and beyond.
Key skills: Multi-digit addition, Subtraction strategiesUses a range of strategies and informal recording methods for multiplication and division.
Key skills: Grouping and sharing, Array modelingRepresents and models halves, quarters and eighths.
Key skills: Fractional parts, Partitioning shapesRecognises, describes and creates additive and repeating patterns.
Key skills: Pattern identification, Sequence creationMeasures, records, compares and estimates lengths, masses and capacities using uniform informal units and standard units.
Key skills: Measurement comparison, Unit estimationTells time to the half-hour and quarter-hour and uses a calendar to identify days, weeks and months.
Key skills: Time telling, Calendar readingRecognises, describes and creates 2D shapes.
Key skills: Shape identification, Geometric propertiesRecognises, describes and creates 3D objects.
Key skills: Object identification, 3D featuresDescribes and represents position and movement.
Key skills: Directional language, Path mappingCollects, represents and interprets data in lists, tables and picture graphs.
Key skills: Data collection, Graph interpretationIdentifies and describes the element of chance in everyday events.
Key skills: Probability language, Event likelihoodDevelops understanding and fluency in mathematics through exploring and connecting mathematical concepts, choosing and applying mathematical techniques to solve problems, and communicating thinking and reasoning.
Key skills: Problem solving, Mathematical reasoning, Communicating thinkingApplies an understanding of place value and the role of zero to read, write and order two- and three-digit numbers.
Key skills: Place value, Three-digit numbers, Ordering numbersReasons about representations of whole numbers to 1000, partitioning numbers to use and record quantity values.
Key skills: Partitioning, Numbers to 1000, Quantity valuesUses number bonds and the relationship between addition and subtraction to solve problems involving partitioning.
Key skills: Addition and subtraction, Number bonds, Inverse operationsUses the structure of equal groups to solve multiplication problems, and shares or groups to solve division problems.
Key skills: Multiplication, Division, Equal groupsRepresents and describes the positions of objects in familiar locations.
Key skills: Position, Directions, Simple mapsMeasures, records, compares and estimates lengths and distances using uniform informal units, as well as metres and centimetres.
Key skills: Length measurement, Metres and centimetres, EstimationCreates and recognises halves, quarters and eighths as part measures of a whole length.
Key skills: Fractions of length, Halves and quarters, EighthsRecognises, describes and represents shapes including quadrilaterals and other common polygons.
Key skills: 2D shapes, Quadrilaterals, PolygonsMeasures and compares areas using uniform informal units in rows and columns.
Key skills: Area measurement, Informal units, Grid structuresRecognises, describes and represents familiar three-dimensional objects.
Key skills: 3D objects, Geometric features, Object representationMeasures, records, compares and estimates internal volumes (capacities) and volumes using uniform informal units.
Key skills: Volume, Capacity, Informal unitsMeasures, records, compares and estimates the masses of objects using uniform informal units.
Key skills: Mass measurement, Equal-arm balance, EstimationDescribes, compares and orders durations of events, and reads half- and quarter-hour time.
Key skills: Time duration, Half-hour time, Quarter-hour timeGathers and organises data, displays data in lists, tables and picture graphs.
Key skills: Data collection, Picture graphs, TablesReasons about representations of data to describe and interpret the results.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Describing data, Analyzing resultsRecognises and describes the element of chance in everyday events.
Key skills: Chance, Probability language, Everyday eventsDevelops understanding and fluency through exploring concepts, applying techniques to solve problems, and communicating thinking and reasoning clearly.
Key skills: Problem solving, Mathematical reasoningApplies an understanding of place value and the role of zero to represent numbers to at least tens of thousands.
Key skills: Place value, Large numbersRepresents and compares decimals up to 2 decimal places using place value.
Key skills: Decimals, Place valueSelects and uses mental and written strategies for addition and subtraction involving 2- and 3-digit numbers.
Key skills: Addition strategies, Subtraction strategiesCompletes number sentences involving addition and subtraction by finding missing values.
Key skills: Number sentences, Missing valuesRepresents and uses the structure of multiplicative relations to 10 × 10 to solve problems.
Key skills: Multiplication, DivisionCompletes number sentences involving multiplication and division by finding missing values.
Key skills: Multiplication facts, Number sentencesRepresents and compares halves, quarters, thirds and fifths as lengths on a number line and their related fractions.
Key skills: Fractions, Number linesUses grid maps and directional language to locate positions and follow routes.
Key skills: Grid maps, DirectionsMeasures and estimates lengths in metres, centimetres and millimetres.
Key skills: Length measurement, EstimationIdentifies angles and classifies them by comparing to a right angle.
Key skills: Angles, Right anglesCompares two-dimensional shapes and describes their features.
Key skills: 2D shapes, Shape featuresPerforms transformations by combining and splitting two-dimensional shapes.
Key skills: Transformations, SymmetryEstimates, measures and compares areas using square centimetres and square metres.
Key skills: Area measurement, Square unitsMakes and sketches models and nets of three-dimensional objects including prisms and pyramids.
Key skills: 3D objects, NetsEstimates, measures and compares capacities using litres, millilitres and volumes using cubic centimetres.
Key skills: Volume, CapacityEstimates, measures and compares the masses of objects using kilograms and grams.
Key skills: Mass measurement, Kilograms and gramsRepresents and interprets analog and digital time in hours, minutes and seconds.
Key skills: Time, Analog and digitalCollects discrete data and constructs graphs using a given scale.
Key skills: Data collection, GraphingInterprets data in tables, dot plots and column graphs.
Key skills: Data interpretation, TablesRecords and compares the results of chance experiments.
Key skills: Chance experiments, ProbabilityDevelops understanding and fluency through exploring concepts, applying techniques to solve problems, and communicating thinking and reasoning clearly.
Key skills: Problem solving, Mathematical reasoning, CommunicationApplies an understanding of place value and the role of zero to represent the properties of numbers.
Key skills: Place value, Large numbers, Number propertiesCompares and orders decimals up to 3 decimal places.
Key skills: Decimal comparison, Ordering decimals, Place valueDetermines percentages of quantities, and finds equivalent fractions and decimals for benchmark percentage values.
Key skills: Percentages, Equivalent fractions, Benchmark valuesSelects and applies appropriate strategies to solve addition and subtraction problems.
Key skills: Addition strategies, Subtraction strategies, Problem solvingSelects and applies appropriate strategies to solve multiplication and division problems.
Key skills: Multiplication, Division, Mental strategiesConstructs and completes number sentences involving multiplicative relations, applying the order of operations to calculations.
Key skills: Number sentences, Order of operations, Algebraic thinkingCompares and orders fractions with denominators of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12.
Key skills: Fraction comparison, Ordering fractions, DenominatorsDetermines 1/2, 1/4, 1/5 and 1/10 of measures and quantities.
Key skills: Unit fractions, Fractional quantities, CalculationLocates and describes points on a coordinate plane.
Key skills: Coordinates, Cartesian plane, PositioningSelects and uses the appropriate unit and device to measure lengths and distances including perimeters.
Key skills: Length measurement, Perimeter, Measuring toolsMeasures and constructs angles, and identifies the relationships between angles on a straight line and at a point.
Key skills: Angle measurement, Constructing angles, Geometric reasoningInvestigates and classifies two-dimensional shapes, including triangles and quadrilaterals based on their properties.
Key skills: Shape classification, Geometric properties, Triangles and quadrilateralsSelects and uses the appropriate unit to calculate areas, including areas of rectangles.
Key skills: Area calculation, Metric units, RectanglesCombines, splits and rearranges shapes to determine the area of parallelograms and triangles.
Key skills: Area of triangles, Parallelograms, Shape manipulationVisualises, sketches and constructs three-dimensional objects, including prisms and pyramids.
Key skills: 3D visualization, Constructing objects, Prisms and pyramidsSelects and uses the appropriate unit to estimate, measure and calculate volumes and capacities.
Key skills: Volume, Capacity, EstimationSelects and uses the appropriate unit and device to measure the masses of objects.
Key skills: Mass measurement, Metric units, Measuring devicesMeasures and compares duration, using 12- and 24-hour time and am and pm notation.
Key skills: Time duration, 24-hour time, Time notationConstructs graphs using many-to-one scales.
Key skills: Graph construction, Scaling, Data representationInterprets data displays, including timelines and line graphs.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Line graphs, TimelinesConducts chance experiments and quantifies the probability.
Key skills: Probability, Chance experiments, Quantifying likelihoodDevelops understanding and fluency through exploring concepts, applying techniques to solve problems, and communicating thinking and reasoning coherently.
Key skills: Problem solving, Mathematical reasoningCompares, orders and calculates with integers to solve problems.
Key skills: Integer operations, Directed numbersRepresents and operates with fractions, decimals and percentages to solve problems.
Key skills: Fraction arithmetic, Percentage calculationsSolves problems involving ratios and rates, and analyses distance–time graphs.
Key skills: Ratio and proportion, Rate analysisGeneralises number properties to operate with algebraic expressions including expansion and factorisation.
Key skills: Algebraic expansion, FactorisationOperates with primes and roots, positive-integer and zero indices involving numerical bases and establishes index laws.
Key skills: Index laws, Prime factorisationSolves linear equations of up to 2 steps and quadratic equations of the form ax^2 = c.
Key skills: Equation solving, Algebraic techniquesCreates and displays number patterns and finds graphical solutions to problems involving linear relationships.
Key skills: Linear patterns, Graphing relationshipsApplies knowledge of the perimeter of plane shapes and the circumference of circles to solve problems.
Key skills: Perimeter calculation, CircumferenceSolves problems involving the area of a circle and composite shapes, using appropriate terminology and units.
Key skills: Area of circles, Composite areaSolves problems involving the volume of prisms and cylinders and converts between units of volume.
Key skills: Volume calculation, Unit conversionClassifies and uses the properties of triangles and quadrilaterals to solve problems.
Key skills: Geometric classification, Shape propertiesApplies the properties of angles on a straight line, at a point, and vertically opposite angles to find unknown angles.
Key skills: Angle relationships, Geometric reasoningApplies Pythagoras' theorem to solve problems in various contexts.
Key skills: Pythagorean theorem, Right-angled trianglesAnalyses simple datasets using measures of centre, range and shape of the data.
Key skills: Data analysis, Measures of centreInterprets and compares data displays.
Key skills: Data interpretation, Comparative analysisSolves problems involving the probabilities of simple chance experiments.
Key skills: Probability calculation, Chance experimentsSolves problems involving time duration, and 12-hour and 24-hour time.
Key skills: Time duration, 24-hour time, Time zonesDevelops understanding and fluency in mathematics through exploring and connecting mathematical concepts, choosing and applying mathematical techniques to solve problems, and communicating thinking and reasoning.
Key skills: Problem solving, Mathematical reasoning, CommunicationSolves financial problems involving simple interest, earning money and spending money.
Key skills: Simple interest, Income calculation, BudgetingSolves financial problems involving compound interest and depreciation.
Key skills: Compound interest, Depreciation, Financial modelingSolves measurement problems by using scientific notation to represent numbers and rounding to a given number of significant figures.
Key skills: Scientific notation, Significant figures, Rounding accuracySimplifies algebraic expressions involving positive-integer and zero indices, and establishes the meaning of negative indices for numerical bases.
Key skills: Index laws, Negative indices, Algebraic simplificationApplies the index laws to operate with algebraic expressions involving negative-integer indices.
Key skills: Negative indices, Algebraic operations, Index lawsDescribes and performs operations with surds and fractional indices.
Key skills: Surds, Fractional indices, Radical operationsSimplifies algebraic fractions with numerical denominators and expands algebraic expressions.
Key skills: Algebraic fractions, Expansion, SimplificationSimplifies algebraic fractions involving indices, and expands and factorises algebraic expressions.
Key skills: Factorisation, Binomial expansion, Algebraic fractionsSelects and applies appropriate algebraic techniques to operate with algebraic fractions, and expands, factorises and simplifies algebraic expressions.
Key skills: Complex factorisation, Algebraic manipulation, SimplificationSolves linear equations and inequalities, and solves linear equations with algebraic fractions.
Key skills: Linear equations, Inequalities, Algebraic fractionsSolves monic quadratic equations, linear inequalities and cubic equations of the form ax^3 = b.
Key skills: Quadratic equations, Cubic equations, InequalitiesSolves more complex equations and inequalities.
Key skills: Simultaneous equations, Non-monic quadratics, Complex inequalitiesDetermines the midpoint, distance and gradient of a line segment and graphs linear relationships.
Key skills: Coordinate geometry, Linear graphing, Gradient calculationDetermines the equation of a line and solves problems involving parallel and perpendicular lines.
Key skills: Linear equations, Parallel lines, Perpendicular linesSolves problems involving linear relationships and their graphs.
Key skills: Linear modeling, Graphical analysis, Problem solvingIdentifies and describes features of parabolas and exponential curves.
Key skills: Parabolas, Exponential curves, Curve featuresCompares features of parabolas and exponential curves in various contexts.
Key skills: Comparative analysis, Non-linear modeling, Graphical featuresInterprets and compares non-linear relationships and their transformations, both algebraically and graphically.
Key skills: Transformations, Algebraic interpretation, Graphical comparisonIdentifies and solves problems involving direct and inverse variation and their graphical representations.
Key skills: Direct variation, Inverse variation, Variation graphingAnalyses and constructs graphs relating to rates of change.
Key skills: Rates of change, Graph construction, Data analysisDefines, operates with and graphs polynomials and applies the factor and remainder theorems to solve problems.
Key skills: Polynomial division, Factor theorem, Remainder theoremDefines and uses logarithms and applies the laws of logarithms to solve problems.
Key skills: Logarithm laws, Logarithmic equations, Problem solvingIdentifies and describes features of functions and their graphs.
Key skills: Function notation, Domain and range, Graphical featuresSolves problems involving the surface area of right prisms and practical problems involving the area of composite shapes.
Key skills: Surface area, Composite area, Right prismsSolves problems involving the surface area of right pyramids, cones and spheres.
Key skills: Surface area, Pyramids and cones, SpheresSolves problems involving the volume of composite solids consisting of right prisms and cylinders.
Key skills: Volume calculation, Composite solids, CylindersApplies knowledge of the volume of right pyramids, cones and spheres to solve problems involving related composite solids.
Key skills: Volume, Complex solids, Geometric modelingIdentifies and applies the properties of similar figures and scale drawings to solve problems.
Key skills: Similarity, Scale drawings, Geometric propertiesEstablishes conditions for congruent triangles and similar triangles and solves problems relating to properties of similar figures and plane shapes.
Key skills: Congruence, Similarity proofs, Plane geometryApplies deductive reasoning to prove properties of triangles and quadrilaterals.
Key skills: Deductive reasoning, Geometric proof, Quadrilateral propertiesApplies trigonometric ratios to solve right-angled triangle problems.
Key skills: Trigonometric ratios, Right-angled triangles, Pythagoras' theoremApplies trigonometry to solve problems, including bearings and angles of elevation and depression.
Key skills: Bearings, Elevation and depression, Practical trigonometryApplies trigonometry to solve problems in 3 dimensions.
Key skills: 3D trigonometry, Spatial reasoning, Problem solvingEstablishes and applies the properties of trigonometric functions and finds solutions to trigonometric equations.
Key skills: Trigonometric functions, Equations, Unit circleApplies deductive reasoning to prove circle theorems and solve related problems.
Key skills: Circle theorems, Deductive proof, Geometric reasoningSolves problems involving the characteristics of graphs/networks, planar graphs and Eulerian trails and circuits.
Key skills: Network theory, Planar graphs, Eulerian pathsCompares and analyses datasets using summary statistics and graphical representations.
Key skills: Summary statistics, Data comparison, Graphical analysisDisplays and interprets datasets involving bivariate data.
Key skills: Bivariate data, Scatter plots, Data interpretationPlans, conducts and reviews a statistical inquiry into a question of interest.
Key skills: Statistical inquiry, Data collection, Research reviewSolves problems involving probabilities in multistage chance experiments and simulations.
Key skills: Multistage probability, Simulations, Chance experimentsSolves problems involving Venn diagrams, 2-way tables and conditional probability.
Key skills: Conditional probability, Venn diagrams, Two-way tablesSolves problems involving direct proportion and rates.
Key skills: Direct proportion, Rate calculation, Unit conversionDevelops understanding and fluency in mathematics through exploring and connecting mathematical concepts, choosing and applying mathematical techniques to solve problems, and communicating their thinking and reasoning coherently and clearly.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, Problem solving, ReasoningSelects and applies algebraic techniques to solve problems involving equations and formulas.
Key skills: Algebraic manipulation, Solving equationsModels and interprets linear relationships to solve problems and make predictions in practical contexts.
Key skills: Linear modeling, Data interpretationSolves financial problems involving earning money and taxation.
Key skills: Income calculation, Taxation analysisSolves financial problems involving budgeting and purchasing.
Key skills: Budget management, Consumer arithmeticSolves problems involving measurement in practical contexts.
Key skills: Unit conversion, Practical measurementSolves problems involving time and location in practical contexts.
Key skills: Time calculations, Navigation skillsApplies network techniques to solve network problems.
Key skills: Network diagrams, Path optimizationDisplays and analyses datasets using summary statistics and graphical representations.
Key skills: Data visualization, Statistical analysisApplies algebraic techniques and the laws of indices and surds to manipulate expressions and solve problems.
Key skills: Indices and surds, Expression manipulationUses functions and relations to model, analyse and solve problems.
Key skills: Function modeling, Relational analysisAnalyses and solves algebraic and graphical problems involving transformations of functions and relations.
Key skills: Graph transformations, Algebraic analysisApplies trigonometry to solve problems involving geometric shapes.
Key skills: Geometric trigonometry, Shape analysisUses periodic functions to solve trigonometric equations and prove trigonometric identities.
Key skills: Periodic functions, Trigonometric proofsInterprets the meaning of the derivative and determines the derivative of functions to solve problems.
Key skills: Differentiation, Rate of changeApplies exponential and logarithmic laws to simplify expressions, solve equations and prove results.
Key skills: Logarithmic laws, Equation solvingAnalyses graphs of exponential and logarithmic functions.
Key skills: Graphical analysis, Function behaviorSolves problems involving probability in a variety of contexts.
Key skills: Probability theory, Contextual problem solvingDisplays and analyses datasets using summary statistics and graphical representations.
Key skills: Data analysis, Statistical graphingSolves problems involving inequalities, functions and their inverses, graphical relationships between functions, and parametric equations.
Key skills: Parametric equations, Inverse functionsApplies the remainder and factor theorem and sums and products of zeroes to solve problems involving polynomials.
Key skills: Polynomial division, Zeroes of functionsSolves problems in three dimensions using trigonometry and simplifies expressions, proves results and solves problems involving compound angles.
Key skills: 3D trigonometry, Compound angle identitiesUses permutations and combinations to solve problems involving counting, ordering and probability.
Key skills: Counting techniques, Combinatorial probabilityUses the binomial theorem to solve problems and prove identities.
Key skills: Binomial expansion, Identity proofUses algebraic and graphical techniques to evaluate and transmit information in everyday contexts.
Key skills: Algebraic modeling, Graphical analysisAnalyses representations of data in order to make predictions and draw conclusions.
Key skills: Data analysis, Trend predictionInterprets the results of measurements and calculations and makes judgements about their reasonableness.
Key skills: Measurement interpretation, Reasonableness checkAnalyses simple financial situations and makes informed decisions.
Key skills: Financial analysis, Decision makingUses networks to solve problems in practical contexts.
Key skills: Network modeling, Problem solvingRepresents and interprets situations using right-angled trigonometry.
Key skills: Trigonometric calculation, Spatial interpretationUses relative frequencies and probability to make predictions.
Key skills: Probability calculation, Frequency analysisSolves problems using appropriate technology.
Key skills: Technology use, Computational toolsChooses and uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
Key skills: Strategy selection, Problem solvingCommunicates mathematical ideas and relationships using appropriate language, notation and representations.
Key skills: Mathematical communication, Notation useUses algebraic and graphical techniques to evaluate and transmit information in everyday and scientific contexts.
Key skills: Algebraic modeling, Scientific contextAnalyses representations of data in order to make predictions and draw conclusions.
Key skills: Data analysis, Statistical inferenceInterprets the results of measurements and calculations and makes judgements about their reasonableness.
Key skills: Measurement precision, EstimationAnalyses complex financial situations and makes informed decisions.
Key skills: Complex finance, Investment analysisUses networks to solve problems in practical contexts.
Key skills: Critical path analysis, Network flowRepresents and interprets situations using trigonometry.
Key skills: Non-right trigonometry, Sine/Cosine rulesSolves problems involving the normal distribution and its applications.
Key skills: Normal distribution, Z-scoresSolves problems using appropriate technology.
Key skills: Software application, Calculator useChooses and uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
Key skills: Problem solving, Strategic thinkingCommunicates mathematical ideas and relationships using appropriate language, notation and representations.
Key skills: Formal communication, Mathematical notationUses algebraic and graphical techniques to solve problems and model relationships in a range of contexts.
Key skills: Function modeling, Graphical techniquesModels and solves problems and makes predictions using geometric and algebraic properties of functions.
Key skills: Function properties, Prediction modelingUses calculus to model and solve problems and to analyse the characteristics of functions.
Key skills: Differentiation, Function analysisApplies the concepts and techniques of arithmetic and geometric sequences and series to solve problems.
Key skills: Series summation, Financial modelingApplies the concepts and techniques of periodic functions to solve problems involving trigonometric functions.
Key skills: Periodic modeling, Trigonometric equationsApplies the concepts and techniques of differential and integral calculus to solve problems.
Key skills: Integration, Area under curvesApplies the concepts and techniques of probability to solve problems involving random variables.
Key skills: Random variables, Probability distributionsSolves problems using appropriate technology.
Key skills: Graphing software, Numerical methodsChooses and uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
Key skills: Problem solving, Analytical strategiesCommunicates mathematical ideas and relationships using appropriate language, notation and representations.
Key skills: Precise communication, Mathematical proofApplies the concepts and techniques of proof to solve problems.
Key skills: Mathematical induction, Deductive proofApplies the concepts and techniques of vectors to solve problems.
Key skills: Vector operations, Geometric proofApplies the concepts and techniques of trigonometry to solve problems.
Key skills: Compound angles, Trigonometric identitiesApplies the concepts and techniques of calculus to solve problems.
Key skills: Differential equations, Integration techniquesApplies the concepts and techniques of statistical analysis to solve problems.
Key skills: Binomial distribution, Sample proportionsSolves problems using appropriate technology.
Key skills: Computational modeling, CAS useChooses and uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
Key skills: Advanced problem solving, Strategic reasoningUnderstands and uses the nature of proof and its applications.
Key skills: Formal logic, Proof by contradictionUses vectors to model and solve problems in two and three dimensions.
Key skills: 3D vectors, Vector kinematicsUses complex numbers to solve problems.
Key skills: Argand diagrams, De Moivre's theoremApplies the concepts and techniques of integration to solve problems.
Key skills: Integration by parts, Partial fractionsApplies the concepts and techniques of mechanics to solve problems.
Key skills: Projectile motion, Resisted motionSolves problems using appropriate technology.
Key skills: Mathematical software, Complex computationChooses and uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
Key skills: Complex problem solving, Synthesis of conceptsCommunicates mathematical ideas and relationships using appropriate language, notation and representations.
Key skills: Concise communication, Rigorous notationobserves, questions and collects data to communicate ideas
Key skills: Observing, Questioning, Data collectiondevelops solutions to an identified need or opportunity by following a design process
Key skills: Problem solving, Designing, Makingexplores the characteristics, needs and uses of living things
Key skills: Identifying living things, Basic needs, Usesidentifies that objects are made of materials that have observable properties
Key skills: Material identification, Property observationobserves the way objects move and relates changes in motion to push and pull forces
Key skills: Movement observation, Push and pull forcesidentifies daily and seasonal changes that occur in our environment
Key skills: Daily changes, Seasonal changesidentifies digital systems and explores how instructions are used to control digital devices
Key skills: Digital systems, Instructions, Algorithmsshows interest in and enthusiasm for science and technology, and responds to their curiosity, questions and problems
Key skills: Curiosity, Enthusiasmdemonstrates a willingness to engage responsibly with local, national and global issues relevant to their lives
Key skills: Responsibility, Sustainabilitydevelops a sense of confidence and self-efficacy in using scientific and technological processes
Key skills: Confidence, Self-efficacyobserves, questions and collects data to communicate and compare ideas
Key skills: Observing and questioning, Collecting and recording datauses materials, tools and equipment to develop solutions for a need or opportunity
Key skills: Designing solutions, Using tools and materialsdescribes observable features of living things and their environments
Key skills: Identifying features, Describing environmentsidentifies how plants and animals are used for food and fibre products
Key skills: Identifying food/fibre sources, Understanding plant/animal usesidentifies that materials can be changed or combined
Key skills: Changing materials, Combining materialsdescribes how the properties of materials determine their use
Key skills: Describing properties, Selecting materialsdescribes common forms of energy and how some forms of energy can be transferred and transformed
Key skills: Identifying energy forms, Describing energy transferinvestigates how forces and the properties of materials affect the behaviour of a product or system
Key skills: Investigating forces, Testing product behaviorrecognises observable changes in the sky and on the land and identifies resources from the Earth
Key skills: Observing sky/land changes, Identifying Earth resourcesidentifies the components of digital systems and explores how data is represented
Key skills: Identifying digital systems, Representing datashows interest in and enthusiasm for science and technology, and responds to their curiosity
Key skills: Showing curiosity, Responding to wonderdemonstrates confidence in their own ability and a willingness to make a contribution to activities
Key skills: Demonstrating confidence, Contributing to activitiesdescribes, follows and represents algorithms to solve problems
Key skills: Algorithm design, Problem solving, Sequencingquestions, plans and conducts scientific investigations, collects and summarises data and communicates using scientific representations
Key skills: Scientific investigation, Data collection, Scientific communicationselects and uses materials, tools and equipment to develop solutions for a need or opportunity
Key skills: Design thinking, Material selection, Productiondefines problems, and describes, follows and represents algorithms to solve problems
Key skills: Problem definition, Algorithms, Computational thinkingcompares features and characteristics of living and non-living things
Key skills: Classification, Observation, Comparisondescribes how agricultural processes are used to grow plants and raise animals for food, clothing and shelter
Key skills: Agriculture, Sustainability, Resource managementdescribes how adding or removing heat causes a change of state
Key skills: States of matter, Heat transfer, Observationinvestigates why the characteristics of materials determine their use in design solutions
Key skills: Material properties, Design solutions, Testingdescribes the characteristics of forces and how they affect an object's motion and shape
Key skills: Forces, Motion, Shape changedescribes how forces can be used to produce movement in products and systems
Key skills: Movement, Systems, Mechanical designinvestigates regular changes caused by interactions between the Earth and the Sun, and changes to the Earth’s surface
Key skills: Earth-Sun relationship, Erosion, Surface changesdescribes how digital systems represent and transmit data
Key skills: Digital systems, Data representation, Data transmissionshows interest in and enthusiasm for science and technology, responding to their curiosity, questions and problems
Key skills: Curiosity, Enthusiasm, Engagementdemonstrates a willingness to engage responsibly with local, national and global issues relevant to their lives
Key skills: Responsibility, Sustainability, Global awarenessDescribes how agricultural processes are used to grow plants and raise animals for food, clothing and shelter.
Key skills: Agricultural systems, Resource managementplans and conducts scientific investigations to answer testable questions, and collects and summarises data to communicate conclusions
Key skills: Investigation, Data Analysisplans and uses materials, tools and equipment to develop solutions for a need or opportunity
Key skills: Prototyping, Tool Usedefines problems, and designs, modifies and follows algorithms to develop solutions
Key skills: Algorithms, Codingexamines how the environment affects the growth, survival and adaptation of living things
Key skills: Adaptation, Classificationexplains how food and fibre are produced sustainably in managed environments for health and nutrition
Key skills: Sustainability, Food Productionexplains the effect of structural properties and sustainability of materials when designing and producing a product
Key skills: Material Properties, Sustainabilityexplains how the properties of materials determine their use for a range of purposes
Key skills: Material Selection, Testingexplains how energy is transformed from one form to another
Key skills: Energy Transfer, Light and Heatinvestigates how electrical energy can control movement in products and systems
Key skills: Circuits, Electrical Systemsexplains regular changes caused by interactions between the Earth and the Sun, and changes to the Earth’s surface
Key skills: Solar System, Earth's Surfaceexplains how natural events cause rapid change to the Earth’s surface
Key skills: Natural Disasters, Geological ChangeExplains how the Earth's surface changes over time as a result of natural processes and human activity.
Key skills: Geological processes, Human impact, Temporal changeExplains how digital systems represent data, connect together to form networks and transmit data.
Key skills: Data representation, Digital networks, Data transmissionuses scientific tools and instruments for observations
Key skills: Scientific observation, Tool usageidentifies questions and makes predictions to guide scientific investigations
Key skills: Scientific questioning, Hypothesis formulationplans safe and valid investigations
Key skills: Experimental design, Risk managementfollows a planned procedure to undertake safe and valid investigations
Key skills: Practical investigation, Laboratory safetyuses a variety of ways to process and represent data
Key skills: Data representation, Graphinguses data to identify trends, patterns and relationships, and draw conclusions
Key skills: Data analysis, Pattern recognitionidentifies problem-solving strategies and proposes solutions
Key skills: Critical thinking, Solution designcommunicates scientific concepts and ideas using a range of communication forms
Key skills: Scientific reporting, Information literacyexplains how observations are used by scientists to increase knowledge and understanding of the Universe
Key skills: Astronomical observation, Scientific modelingdescribes the effects of forces in everyday contexts
Key skills: Force identification, Motion analysisdescribes the unique features of cells in living things and how structural features can be used to classify organisms
Key skills: Cell biology, Biological classificationexplains how the properties of substances are used to separate mixtures
Key skills: Separation techniques, Physical propertiesdescribes the role, structure and function of a range of living systems and their components
Key skills: System analysis, Biological functionexplains how uses of elements and compounds are influenced by scientific understanding and discoveries relating to their properties
Key skills: Atomic structure, Chemical propertiesexplains how energy causes geological and chemical change
Key skills: Energy transfer, Geological processesexplains how data is used by scientists to model and predict scientific phenomena
Key skills: Data modeling, Scientific predictionAppreciates the importance of science in their lives and the role of scientific inquiry in increasing understanding of the world around them.
Key skills: appreciation, scientific inquiryShows a willingness to engage in finding solutions to science-related personal, social and global issues, including sustainable futures.
Key skills: engagement, problem solvingDemonstrates confidence in making informed perceptions and decisions about any scientific-related issue.
Key skills: decision making, informed perceptionIdentifies questions and problems that can be investigated scientifically and makes predictions based on scientific knowledge.
Key skills: questioning, predictingCollaboratively and individually produces a plan to investigate questions and problems but with guidance.
Key skills: planning, investigationFollows a sequence of instructions to safely undertake a range of investigation types, collaboratively and individually.
Key skills: conducting, safetyProcesses and analyses data from a first-hand investigation and secondary sources to identify trends, patterns and relationships, and draw conclusions.
Key skills: data processing, analysisSelects and uses appropriate strategies, understanding and skills to produce creative and plausible solutions to identified problems.
Key skills: problem solving, solutionsPresents science ideas, findings and information to a given audience using appropriate scientific terms and representations.
Key skills: communication, representationDescribes the action of unbalanced forces in everyday situations.
Key skills: force analysis, motionDiscusses how scientific understanding and technological developments have contributed to finding solutions to problems involving energy transfers and transformations.
Key skills: energy transfer, technologyDescribes the dynamic nature of models, theories and laws in explaining phenomena of the solar system and universe.
Key skills: modeling, astronomyExplains how advances in scientific understanding of processes that occur within and on the Earth, influence the choices people make about resource use and management.
Key skills: resource management, geologyRelates the structure and function of living things to their classification, survival and reproduction.
Key skills: classification, biologyExplains how new biological evidence changes people's understanding of the world.
Key skills: evidence analysis, scientific changeDescribes the observed properties and behaviour of matter to help identify and self-correct misconceptions.
Key skills: matter properties, particle theoryExplains how scientific understanding of, and discoveries about, the properties of elements, compounds and mixtures relate to their uses in everyday life.
Key skills: chemistry, material useChange to an object's motion is caused by unbalanced forces acting on the object.
Key skills: force, motionScientific understanding of energy and its conservation, and technological developments, have contributed to finding solutions to problems and meeting needs in societies.
Key skills: energy conservation, societal impactEnergy appears in different forms including movement (kinetic energy), heat and potential energy, and causes change within systems.
Key skills: energy forms, system changeScience and technology contribute to finding solutions to a range of contemporary issues; these solutions may impact on other areas of society and involve ethical considerations.
Key skills: ethics, contemporary issuesSedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks contain minerals and are formed by processes that occur within Earth over a variety of timescales.
Key skills: rock cycle, mineralsScientific knowledge and understanding of the solar system and the universe have changed over time.
Key skills: solar system, scientific historyScientific knowledge influences the choices people make in regard to the use and management of the Earth's resources.
Key skills: resource use, sustainabilityScience and technology contribute to finding solutions to a range of contemporary issues; these solutions may impact on other areas of society and involve ethical considerations.
Key skills: ethics, problem solvingThere are differences within and between groups of organisms; classification helps organise this diversity.
Key skills: classification, diversityCells are the basic units of living things and have specialised structures and functions.
Key skills: cell structure, specialisationMulticellular organisms contain systems of organs that carry out specialised functions that enable them to survive and reproduce.
Key skills: organ systems, survivalScience and technology contribute to finding solutions to a range of contemporary issues; these solutions may impact on other areas of society and involve ethical considerations.
Key skills: ethics, biological issuesThe properties of different states of matter can be explained in terms of the motion and arrangement of particles.
Key skills: states of matter, particle modelScientific knowledge and developments in technology have changed our understanding of the structure and properties of matter.
Key skills: matter structure, technological changeMixtures, including solutions, contain a combination of pure substances that can be separated using a range of techniques.
Key skills: mixtures, separation techniquesIn a chemical change, new substances are formed, which may have specific properties; some chemical changes can be reversed, but many cannot.
Key skills: chemical change, reaction propertiesSelects and uses scientific tools and instruments for accurate observations.
Key skills: Scientific observation, Tool selection, AccuracyDevelops questions and hypotheses for scientific investigation.
Key skills: Hypothesis development, Scientific questioning, Inquiry designDesigns safe, ethical, valid and reliable investigations.
Key skills: Experimental design, Safety planning, EthicsFollows a planned procedure to undertake safe, ethical, valid and reliable investigations.
Key skills: Procedure execution, Data collection, Lab safetySelects and uses a range of tools to process and represent data.
Key skills: Data processing, Data representation, Digital toolsAnalyses data from investigations to identify trends, patterns and relationships, and draws conclusions.
Key skills: Data analysis, Trend identification, Conclusion drawingSelects suitable problem-solving strategies and evaluates proposed solutions to identified problems.
Key skills: Problem solving, Solution evaluation, Critical thinkingCommunicates scientific arguments with evidence, using scientific language and terminology in a range of communication forms.
Key skills: Scientific communication, Evidence-based argument, Terminology useEvaluates current and alternative energy use based on ethical and sustainability considerations.
Key skills: Energy evaluation, Sustainability, EthicsExplains how an understanding of the causes of disease can be used to prevent and manage the spread of disease.
Key skills: Disease management, Pathogen study, Prevention strategiesAssesses the uses of materials based on their physical and chemical properties.
Key skills: Material assessment, Chemical properties, Physical propertiesAnalyses the impact of human activity on the natural world.
Key skills: Environmental analysis, Human impact, SustainabilityDescribes the relationship between the diversity of living things and the theory of evolution.
Key skills: Evolutionary theory, Biodiversity, Biological changeExplains how DNA is responsible for the transmission of heritable characteristics and can be manipulated through genetic technologies.
Key skills: DNA transmission, Genetic technology, HeredityDescribes a range of reaction types.
Key skills: Chemical reactions, Reaction types, Chemical changeExplains the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions.
Key skills: Reaction rates, Catalysts, Concentration effectsDescribes the features and applications of different forms of waves.
Key skills: Wave features, Wave applications, Energy transferExplains the motion of objects using Newton's laws of motion.
Key skills: Newtonian physics, Motion analysis, Force and accelerationAssesses the use of scientific knowledge and data in evidence-based decisions and when verifying the legitimacy of claims.
Key skills: Data science, Evidence-based decision, Claim verificationAppreciates the importance of science in their lives and the role of scientific inquiry in increasing understanding of the world around them.
Key skills: Appreciation, Scientific InquiryShows a willingness to engage in finding solutions to problems through the application of the processes of Working Scientifically.
Key skills: Problem Solving, EngagementDemonstrates confidence in making informed, responsible decisions about the use and influence of science and technology on their lives.
Key skills: Decision Making, ResponsibilityDevelops questions or hypotheses to be investigated scientifically.
Key skills: Hypothesising, QuestioningProduces a plan to investigate identified questions, hypotheses or problems, individually and collaboratively.
Key skills: Planning, CollaborationUndertakes first-hand investigations to collect valid and reliable data and information, individually and collaboratively.
Key skills: Investigation, Data CollectionProcesses, analyses and evaluates data from first-hand investigations and secondary sources to identify trends and draw conclusions.
Key skills: Data Analysis, Conclusion DrawingApplies scientific understanding and critical thinking skills to suggest possible solutions to identified problems.
Key skills: Critical Thinking, Problem SolvingPresents science ideas and evidence for a particular purpose and to a specific audience, using appropriate scientific language.
Key skills: Communication, Scientific LiteracyApplies models, theories and laws to explain situations involving energy, force and motion.
Key skills: Modeling, Force AnalysisExplains how scientific understanding about energy conservation, transfers and transformations is applied in systems.
Key skills: Energy Transfer, System AnalysisDescribes changing ideas about the structure of the Earth and the universe to illustrate how models and laws are refined over time.
Key skills: Historical Context, Scientific ModelingExplains how scientific knowledge about global patterns of geological activity and interactions can be used to inform decisions.
Key skills: Global Systems, Decision MakingAnalyses interactions between components and processes within biological systems.
Key skills: Biological Analysis, System InteractionsExplains how biological understanding has advanced through scientific discoveries, technological developments and the needs of society.
Key skills: Scientific Discovery, Societal ImpactExplains how models of the structure and properties of matter have been used to address problems and challenges of society.
Key skills: Atomic Modeling, Material ScienceExplains how scientific understanding of chemical reactions has been applied to solve problems and help maintain a sustainable environment.
Key skills: Chemical Reactions, SustainabilityScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about energy transfers in a system.
Key skills: Energy Transfer, PredictionScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about energy conservation in a system.
Key skills: Energy Conservation, EfficiencyScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about the motion of objects.
Key skills: Motion Analysis, Speed CalculationScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about the motion of objects using Newton's laws.
Key skills: Newton's Laws, Force and AccelerationScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about the structure of the Earth and the universe.
Key skills: Earth Structure, CosmologyScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about the theory of plate tectonics.
Key skills: Plate Tectonics, Geological EventsScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about the universe.
Key skills: Big Bang Theory, Stellar EvolutionScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about global systems.
Key skills: Climate Change, Global CyclesScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about multicellular organisms.
Key skills: Body Systems, HomeostasisScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about ecosystems.
Key skills: Ecology, Energy FlowScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about genetics.
Key skills: DNA Structure, InheritanceScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about evolution.
Key skills: Natural Selection, Evolutionary TheoryScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about atomic structure and the periodic table.
Key skills: Atomic Structure, Periodic TableScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about chemical reactions.
Key skills: Reaction Types, Chemical EquationsScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about chemical reactions and the environment.
Key skills: Green Chemistry, Environmental ImpactScientific understanding of the world involves making predictions about models of the atom.
Key skills: Atomic Theory, Scientific ModelsDevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigation
Key skills: Questioning, HypothesisingDesigns and evaluates investigations in order to obtain primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Investigation design, Data planningConducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Practical skillsSelects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data processing, Media selectionAnalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data analysis, EvaluationSolves scientific problems using appropriate strategies and critical thinking
Key skills: Problem solving, Critical thinkingCommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Communication, Scientific terminologyDescribes the structures and functions of organisms at the cellular and tissue levels
Key skills: Cell structure, Cell functionExplains the structure and function of transport systems in multicellular organisms
Key skills: Transport systems, MulticellularityDescribes biological diversity by explaining the relationships between a range of organisms in terms of specialisation
Key skills: Biodiversity, AdaptationAnalyses ecosystem dynamics and the interrelationships of organisms within ecosystems
Key skills: Ecosystems, Population dynamicsDevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigation
Key skills: Questioning, HypothesisingDesigns and evaluates investigations in order to obtain primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Investigation design, Data planningConducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Practical skillsSelects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data processing, Media selectionAnalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data analysis, EvaluationSolves scientific problems using appropriate strategies and critical thinking
Key skills: Problem solving, Critical thinkingCommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Communication, Scientific terminologyExplores the properties and structure of matter and the relationships between atoms and elements
Key skills: Atomic structure, PeriodicityDescribes, explains and quantitatively analyses the all-important role of the mole concept and stoichiometry
Key skills: Mole concept, StoichiometryExplores the reactions of substances through investigations of a range of chemical reactions
Key skills: Chemical reactions, Reaction typesAnalyses the energy considerations in the driving force for chemical reactions and the factors that affect reactions
Key skills: Enthalpy, EntropyDevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigation
Key skills: Questioning, HypothesisingDesigns and evaluates investigations in order to obtain primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Investigation design, Data planningConducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Practical skillsSelects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data processing, Media selectionAnalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data analysis, EvaluationSolves scientific problems using appropriate strategies and critical thinking
Key skills: Problem solving, Critical thinkingCommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Communication, Scientific terminologyDescribes and analyses motion in terms of scalar and vector quantities in one dimension
Key skills: Kinematics, Vector analysisDescribes and explains events in terms of Newton’s Laws of Motion, momentum and energy
Key skills: Newton's Laws, MomentumExplains and analyses waves and the transfer of energy by sound and light
Key skills: Wave properties, ThermodynamicsExplains and quantitatively analyses electric fields, circuit components and magnetic fields
Key skills: Circuits, ElectromagnetismDevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigation
Key skills: Questioning, HypothesisingDesigns and evaluates investigations in order to obtain primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Investigation design, Data planningConducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Practical skillsSelects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data processing, Media selectionAnalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data analysis, EvaluationSolves scientific problems using appropriate strategies and critical thinking
Key skills: Problem solving, Critical thinkingCommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Communication, Scientific terminologyDescribes the compositional layers and the structure of the Earth
Key skills: Earth layers, MineralogyExplains the evidence for the theory of plate tectonics and the processes that drive it
Key skills: Plate tectonics, Geological evidenceDescribes the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in the Earth’s spheres
Key skills: Energy flow, Biogeochemical cyclesDescribes the impacts of human activity on the Earth’s resources and the environment
Key skills: Sustainability, Resource managementDevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigation
Key skills: Questioning, HypothesisingDesigns and evaluates investigations in order to obtain primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Investigation design, Data planningConducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Practical skillsSelects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data processing, Media selectionAnalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data analysis, EvaluationSolves scientific problems using appropriate strategies and critical thinking
Key skills: Problem solving, Critical thinkingCommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Communication, Scientific terminologyIdentifies that the nature of observations can be modified by technology and scientific understanding
Key skills: Observation, Technology in scienceDescribes that scientific hypotheses can be formulated through the analysis of observations and data
Key skills: Hypothesis formulation, Data analysisExplains that scientific models can be used to represent and test scientific theories and laws
Key skills: Scientific modeling, Theory testingDescribes the development of scientific theories and laws and the role of evidence in their validation
Key skills: Scientific laws, Evidence validationdevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigations
Key skills: Hypothesising, Questioningdesigns and evaluates primary and secondary-sourced investigations to collect evidence and information
Key skills: Experimental design, Risk assessmentconducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Safetyselects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data representation, Calculationsanalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Evaluation, Trend analysissolves scientific problems using primary and secondary data, critical thinking skills and scientific processes
Key skills: Critical thinking, Modellingcommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Scientific reporting, Terminologyexplains the structures of DNA and analyses the mechanisms of transmission and storage of information
Key skills: DNA analysis, Information storageexplains natural genetic change and the use of genetic technologies to induce genetic change
Key skills: Genetic change, Biotechnologyanalyses infectious disease in terms of cause, transmission, management and the organism’s response
Key skills: Disease transmission, Immune responseexplains non-infectious disease and disorders and a range of technologies and methods used to assist, control or prevent them
Key skills: Non-infectious disease, Medical technologydevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigations
Key skills: Hypothesising, Questioningdesigns and evaluates primary and secondary-sourced investigations to collect evidence and information
Key skills: Experimental design, Risk assessmentconducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Safetyselects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data representation, Calculationsanalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Evaluation, Trend analysissolves scientific problems using primary and secondary data, critical thinking skills and scientific processes
Key skills: Critical thinking, Modellingcommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Scientific reporting, Terminologyexplains the characteristics of equilibrium systems, and the factors that affect these systems
Key skills: Equilibrium, Le Chatelier's Principledescribes, explains and quantitatively analyses acids and bases using contemporary models
Key skills: Acid-base analysis, pH calculationsanalyses the structure of, and predicts reactions for, a range of organic compounds
Key skills: Organic chemistry, Reaction predictiondescribes and evaluates chemical systems used to identify and measure the quantities of chemical species
Key skills: Chemical identification, Quantitative analysisdevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigations
Key skills: Hypothesising, Questioningdesigns and evaluates primary and secondary-sourced investigations to collect evidence and information
Key skills: Experimental design, Risk assessmentconducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Safetyselects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data representation, Calculationsanalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Evaluation, Trend analysissolves scientific problems using primary and secondary data, critical thinking skills and scientific processes
Key skills: Critical thinking, Modellingcommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Scientific reporting, Terminologydescribes and analyses qualitatively and quantitatively circular motion and motion in a gravitational field
Key skills: Projectile motion, Circular motionexplains and analyses the interaction between charged particles and uniform electric and magnetic fields
Key skills: Electromagnetism, Field interactionsdescribes and analyses the evidence for the nature of light and the interaction of light with matter
Key skills: Nature of light, Quantum physicsexplains and analyses the evidence for the properties of the atom and the nucleus
Key skills: Atomic physics, Nuclear physicsdevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigations
Key skills: Hypothesising, Questioningdesigns and evaluates primary and secondary-sourced investigations to collect evidence and information
Key skills: Experimental design, Risk assessmentconducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Safetyselects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data representation, Calculationsanalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Evaluation, Trend analysissolves scientific problems using primary and secondary data, critical thinking skills and scientific processes
Key skills: Critical thinking, Modellingcommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Scientific reporting, Terminologydescribes and evaluates the evidence that explains the history of the Earth
Key skills: Geological history, Evidence evaluationdescribes and evaluates the causes and effects of natural hazards
Key skills: Natural hazards, Risk mitigationanalyses the evidence for, and the causes and effects of, climate change
Key skills: Climate science, Data analysisdescribes and evaluates the management of the Earth’s resources and the sustainability of human activities
Key skills: Sustainability, Resource managementdevelops and evaluates questions and hypotheses for scientific investigations
Key skills: Hypothesising, Questioningdesigns and evaluates primary and secondary-sourced investigations to collect evidence and information
Key skills: Experimental design, Risk assessmentconducts investigations to collect valid and reliable primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Data collection, Safetyselects and processes appropriate qualitative and quantitative data and information using a range of appropriate media
Key skills: Data representation, Calculationsanalyses and evaluates primary and secondary data and information
Key skills: Evaluation, Trend analysissolves scientific problems using primary and secondary data, critical thinking skills and scientific processes
Key skills: Critical thinking, Modellingcommunicates scientific understanding using suitable language and terminology for a specific audience or purpose
Key skills: Scientific reporting, Terminologydevelops and evaluates the process of design and scientific investigation
Key skills: Scientific process, Design evaluationdescribes and evaluates the relationship between science and technology
Key skills: Science and technology, Interdependenceuses evidence-based arguments to evaluate a claim or a device
Key skills: Evidence-based argument, Claim evaluationevaluates the ethical, social, economic and political influences on science and scientific research
Key skills: Ethics in science, Societal influencesrefines and applies the Working Scientifically processes in relation to a scientific research project
Key skills: Advanced research, Scientific processcreates a scientific research portfolio, including a research proposal, to document the scientific research process
Key skills: Portfolio management, Research proposalexamines the philosophy of science and its role in the development of scientific knowledge
Key skills: Philosophy of science, Epistemologyevaluates the application of ethical, social, economic and political influences on scientific research
Key skills: Research ethics, Societal impactevaluates the role of data and evidence in the development of scientific theories and laws
Key skills: Data evaluation, Theory developmentanalyses and evaluates the results of a scientific research project
Key skills: Result analysis, Critical evaluationcommunicates the findings of a scientific research project in a scientific research report
Key skills: Scientific writing, Formal reportingCommunicates an understanding of change and continuity in family life and personal history
Key skills: Identify change, Understand continuityDemonstrates developing skills of historical inquiry and communication
Key skills: Historical inquiry, CommunicationIdentify the people in their family, where they were born and raised and how they are related to each other
Key skills: Identify family, Identify birthplacesSequence significant events in their personal life
Key skills: Chronological sequencing, Identify milestonesUse a range of sources to find out about their personal and family history
Key skills: Source analysis, Information gatheringIdentify how they and their family celebrate important events
Key skills: Identify traditions, Describe celebrationsSequence familiar objects and events
Key skills: Chronology, SequencingDistinguish between the past and the present
Key skills: Time differentiation, Historical termsPose questions about the past
Key skills: Questioning, InquiryExplore and use a range of sources about the past
Key skills: Source exploration, Evidence useExplore a point of view
Key skills: Perspective taking, EmpathyDevelop a narrative about the past
Key skills: Storytelling, Narrative constructionUse a range of communication forms and digital technologies
Key skills: Digital literacy, CommunicationCommunicates an understanding of change and continuity in family life using appropriate historical terms.
Key skills: Change and continuity, Historical terminologyIdentifies and describes significant people, events, places and sites in the local community over time.
Key skills: Local history, SignificanceDescribes the effects of changing technology on people's lives over time.
Key skills: Technological change, Impact analysisDemonstrates skills of historical inquiry and communication.
Key skills: Historical inquiry, CommunicationDifferences and similarities between students' families and families in other times.
Key skills: Comparison, Family structuresidentifies celebrations and commemorations of significance in Australia and the world
Key skills: Identify celebrations, Understand significancedescribes and explains how significant individuals, groups and events contributed to changes in the local community over time
Key skills: Describe change, Identify individualsdescribes people, events and actions related to world exploration and its effects
Key skills: Describe exploration, Understand effectsdescribes and explains effects of British colonisation in Australia
Key skills: Explain colonisation, Describe effectsapplies skills of historical inquiry and communication
Key skills: Inquiry skills, CommunicationThe importance of Country and Place to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples who belong to the local area
Key skills: Cultural connection, Local heritageONE significant example of change and ONE significant example of continuity in the local area, region or state/territory
Key skills: Identify change, Identify continuityThe role that people of diverse backgrounds have played in the development and character of the local community
Key skills: Diversity analysis, Community developmentDays and weeks celebrated or commemorated in Australia and the importance of symbols and emblems
Key skills: Identify symbols, Describe commemorationsCelebrations and commemorations in other places around the world; for example, Bastille Day in France, Independence Day in the USA
Key skills: Global celebrations, Origin analysisThe diversity and longevity of Australia's first peoples and the ways Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples are connected to Country
Key skills: Cultural longevity, Connection to landThe journey(s) of AT LEAST ONE world explorer and the effects of their contact with other people
Key skills: Explorer journeys, Contact effectsStories of the First Fleet, including causes and reasons for the journey, who was on board, and their experiences following arrival
Key skills: First Fleet history, Settlement experiencesThe nature of contact between Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples and others and the effects of these interactions
Key skills: Interaction analysis, Impact assessmentSequence objects and events in chronological order and distinguish between the past, present and future
Key skills: Chronology, SequencingUse historical terms
Key skills: Terminology, VocabularyPose questions about the past
Key skills: Questioning, InquiryIdentify sources
Key skills: Source identification, EvidenceLocate relevant information from sources provided
Key skills: Information retrieval, Source analysisIdentify different points of view
Key skills: Perspectives, ViewpointsDevelop a narrative about the past
Key skills: Narrative construction, StorytellingUse a range of communication forms
Key skills: Communication, Digital technologyThe importance of Country and Place to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples who belong to the local area
Key skills: Cultural awareness, Local historyDescribes and explains the significance of people, groups, places and events to the development of Australia.
Key skills: Historical significance, Chronological sequencingDescribes and explains different experiences of people living in Australia over time.
Key skills: Empathetic understanding, Perspective analysisIdentifies change and continuity and describes the causes and effects of change on Australian society.
Key skills: Change and continuity, Cause and effectDescribes and explains the struggles for rights and freedoms in Australia’s history.
Key skills: Rights and freedoms, Social justiceIdentifies the effects of change on particular communities in the past.
Key skills: Community impact, Historical inquiryRespond, read and write, to show understanding of historical events and periods, using historical terms and concepts and sequencing events and people.
Key skills: Chronology, Historical terminologyDescribes the nature of history and heritage and their role in society
Key skills: Defining history, Heritage conservationDescribes major periods of historical time and sequences events, people and societies from the past
Key skills: Chronology, Sequencing eventsDescribes and assesses the motives and actions of past individuals and groups in the context of past societies
Key skills: Individual motives, Social contextDescribes and explains the causes and effects of events and developments of past societies over time
Key skills: Cause and effect, Historical changeIdentifies the meaning, purpose and context of historical sources
Key skills: Source analysis, Context identificationUses evidence from sources to support historical narratives and explanations
Key skills: Evidence usage, Historical narrativeIdentifies and describes different contexts, perspectives and interpretations of the past
Key skills: Perspective analysis, InterpretationsLocates, selects and organises information from sources to develop an historical inquiry
Key skills: Research skills, Information organizationUses a range of historical terms and concepts when communicating an understanding of the past
Key skills: Historical terminology, Conceptual communicationSelects and uses appropriate oral, written, visual and digital forms to communicate about the past
Key skills: Communication modes, Digital literacyexplains and assesses the historical forces and factors that shaped the modern world and Australia
Key skills: Historical analysis, Assessing forcessequences and explains the significant patterns of continuity and change in the development of the modern world and Australia
Key skills: Chronology, Continuity and changeexplains and analyses the motives and actions of past individuals and groups in the historical contexts that shaped the modern world and Australia
Key skills: Contextual analysis, Motive evaluationexplains and analyses the causes and effects of events and developments in the modern world and Australia
Key skills: Cause and effect, Event analysisidentifies and evaluates the usefulness of sources, including sites and remains, as evidence in an historical inquiry
Key skills: Source evaluation, Evidence identificationuses relevant evidence from sources to support historical narratives, explanations and arguments
Key skills: Argumentation, Evidence synthesisexplains different contexts, perspectives and interpretations of the modern world and Australia
Key skills: Perspective analysis, Interpretationselects and analyses a range of historical sources to guide historical inquiry
Key skills: Inquiry methodology, Source selectionapplies a range of relevant historical terms and concepts when communicating an understanding of the past
Key skills: Terminology, Conceptual communicationselects and uses appropriate oral, written, visual and digital forms to communicate about the past
Key skills: Communication modes, Digital literacyRecognises the importance of the past.
Key skills: Historical awareness, Value of historyDemonstrates an understanding of time and chronology.
Key skills: Time sequencing, Chronological orderExplores the nature of the past through a range of sources.
Key skills: Source exploration, Evidence identificationIdentifies the actions of people in the past.
Key skills: Action identification, Historical figuresRecognises that there are different perspectives of the past.
Key skills: Perspective recognition, Diverse viewpointsIdentifies causes and effects of historical events.
Key skills: Cause and effect, Event analysisIdentifies significant patterns of continuity and change.
Key skills: Change identification, ContinuityUses a range of historical terms and concepts.
Key skills: Vocabulary, Concept useParticipates in historical inquiry.
Key skills: Inquiry participation, InvestigationCommunicates an understanding of the past.
Key skills: Communication, Expression of ideasdescribes the nature of ancient history and the methods used by historians and archaeologists
Key skills: Historical methods, Archaeological methodsproposes ideas about the varying causes and effects of events and developments
Key skills: Causation, Historical eventsexplains the role and significance of forces, features, events and individuals in shaping the past
Key skills: Historical significance, Shaping the pastaccounts for the different perspectives of individuals and groups in their historical context
Key skills: Historical perspectives, Contextual analysisexamines the significance of historical features, people, places, events and developments of the ancient world
Key skills: Ancient world features, Historical significanceanalyses and interprets different types of sources for evidence to support an historical account or argument
Key skills: Source analysis, Evidence evaluationexplains differing interpretations and representations of the past
Key skills: Historical interpretation, Representations of the pastplans and conducts historical investigations and presents conclusions using evidence, historical terms and concepts
Key skills: Historical investigation, Research skillscommunicates historical understanding, using historical knowledge, terms and concepts, for different purposes and audiences
Key skills: Communication, Historical terminologydescribes the nature of modern history and its periodisation
Key skills: Modern history nature, Periodisationproposes ideas about the varying causes and effects of events and developments
Key skills: Causation, Historical developmentsexplains the role and significance of forces, ideas, events and individuals in shaping the modern world
Key skills: Historical significance, Modern world shapingaccounts for the different perspectives of individuals and groups in their historical context
Key skills: Historical perspectives, Contextual analysisexamines the significance of historical features, people, places, events and developments of the modern world
Key skills: Modern world features, Historical significanceanalyses and interprets different types of sources for evidence to support an historical account or argument
Key skills: Source analysis, Evidence evaluationexplains differing interpretations and representations of the past
Key skills: Historical interpretation, Representations of the pastplans and conducts historical investigations and presents conclusions using evidence, historical terms and concepts
Key skills: Historical investigation, Research skillscommunicates historical understanding, using historical knowledge, terms and concepts, for different purposes and audiences
Key skills: Communication, Historical terminologyrecognises and responds to concepts of time and chronology
Key skills: Chronology, Time conceptsidentifies continuity and change in the ancient world
Key skills: Continuity, Changerecognises causes and effects of events or developments
Key skills: Causation, Event identificationdescribes features of places or societies in the ancient world
Key skills: Ancient societies, Place featuresinvestigates people, events or developments of the ancient world
Key skills: Investigation, Ancient peopleidentifies different perspectives of the past
Key skills: Perspectives, Past identificationuses sources to form conclusions about the past
Key skills: Source use, Conclusion formingidentifies different interpretations of the past
Key skills: Interpretations, Past identificationcompares representations of the past
Key skills: Representations, Comparisoncommunicates information about the past using historical terms and concepts
Key skills: Communication, Historical termsparticipates in a historical investigation
Key skills: Participation, Investigationidentifies the significance or reliability of historical information
Key skills: Significance, Reliabilityrecognises and responds to concepts of time and chronology
Key skills: Chronology, Time conceptsidentifies continuity and change in the modern world
Key skills: Continuity, Changerecognises causes and effects of events or developments
Key skills: Causation, Event identificationdescribes features of places or societies in the modern world
Key skills: Modern societies, Place featuresinvestigates people, events or developments of the modern world
Key skills: Investigation, Modern peopleidentifies different perspectives of the past
Key skills: Perspectives, Past identificationuses sources to form conclusions about the past
Key skills: Source use, Conclusion formingidentifies different interpretations of the past
Key skills: Interpretations, Past identificationcompares representations of the past
Key skills: Representations, Comparisoncommunicates information about the past using historical terms and concepts
Key skills: Communication, Historical termsparticipates in a historical investigation
Key skills: Participation, Investigationidentifies the significance or reliability of historical information
Key skills: Significance, Reliabilityaccounts for the nature of continuity and change in the modern world
Key skills: continuity and change, historical analysisproposes arguments about the varying causes and effects of events and developments
Key skills: cause and effect, argumentationevaluates the role and significance of forces, ideas, events and individuals in shaping the modern world
Key skills: historical significance, evaluationanalyses the different perspectives of individuals and groups in their historical context
Key skills: historical perspectives, contextual analysisassesses the significance of historical heritage and representations of the past
Key skills: historical heritage, representationsanalyses different types of sources for evidence and evaluates their usefulness and reliability
Key skills: source analysis, reliability evaluationexplains and evaluates different historical interpretations and representations of the past
Key skills: historiography, interpretation evaluationplans and conducts historical investigations and presents reasoned conclusions, using relevant evidence
Key skills: historical investigation, evidence-based conclusionscommunicates historical understanding, using historical knowledge, concepts and terms, in appropriate forms
Key skills: historical communication, conceptual terminologyaccounts for the nature of continuity and change in the ancient world
Key skills: continuity and change, ancient history analysisproposes arguments about the varying causes and effects of events and developments
Key skills: cause and effect, argumentationevaluates the role of historical features, individuals and groups in shaping the past
Key skills: historical features, evaluationanalyses the different perspectives of individuals and groups in their historical context
Key skills: historical perspectives, contextual analysisassesses the significance of historical heritage and representations of the past
Key skills: historical heritage, representationsanalyses and interprets different types of sources for evidence to support an historical account or argument
Key skills: source interpretation, evidence usagediscusses and evaluates different historical interpretations and representations of the past
Key skills: historiography, interpretation evaluationplans and conducts historical investigations and presents reasoned conclusions, using relevant evidence
Key skills: historical investigation, evidence-based conclusionscommunicates historical understanding, using historical knowledge, concepts and terms, in appropriate forms
Key skills: historical communication, conceptual terminologyanalyses and evaluates different approaches to history and the complexity of factors that shape interpretations
Key skills: historiographical analysis, evaluationplans, conducts and presents a substantial historical investigation involving analysis, synthesis and evaluation
Key skills: substantial investigation, synthesiscommunicates through detailed, well-structured texts to explain, argue, discuss, analyse and evaluate historical issues
Key skills: structured communication, analytical writingconstructs a position about an area of historical inquiry and discusses and challenges other positions
Key skills: position construction, critical discussionNSW educators use a 'Stage' system: Early Stage 1 (Kindergarten), Stage 1 (Years 1-2), Stage 2 (Years 3-4), Stage 3 (Years 5-6), Stage 4 (Years 7-8), and Stage 5 (Years 9-10). The current Curriculum Reform means new syllabuses for English and Mathematics are mandatory as of 2024, while Science and HSIE are in a 'plan and prepare' phase for full implementation by 2027.
Student achievement is assessed using common grade scales (A-E) for Stages 1 through 5. Mandatory external assessments include NAPLAN (Years 3, 5, 7, 9) and the Higher School Certificate (HSC) in Year 12. Formative and summative assessments are evidence-based and aligned with syllabus outcomes.
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Western Australia
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