Why Do Different Trees' Leaves Turn Different Colors in the Fall? (For 12-Year-Olds)

In the fall, many trees’ leaves change colors, and it can be a beautiful sight! But have you ever wondered why this happens? Let’s explore this step by step:

1. Chlorophyll Breakdown: During the growing season, leaves are green because they contain a pigment called chlorophyll. This pigment helps trees make food through a process called photosynthesis. As days get shorter and temperatures drop in the fall, trees get ready for winter and stop producing chlorophyll.
2. Other Pigments Become Visible: Once chlorophyll begins to break down, other pigments in the leaves become visible. For example, carotenoids are pigments that give leaves yellow and orange colors. These pigments are always in the leaves, but we usually can’t see them when chlorophyll is present.
3. Red and Purple Leaves: Some trees also produce another pigment called anthocyanins. These pigments create red and purple colors. Interestingly, these pigments are not always present and can be produced in response to certain conditions like bright sunlight and cooler temperatures.
4. Tree Species Differences: Different types of trees produce different pigments and can change colors in various ways. For example, maple trees are famous for their vibrant reds and oranges, while oak trees may turn brown or yellow.
5. Weather Influence: The weather can also play a role in how colorful the leaves become. A warm, sunny fall can promote more vibrant colors, while rainy or cloudy weather can lead to more muted hues.

So, different trees have different combinations of these pigments, and that’s why their leaves can turn so many colors in the fall!